中国水土保持科学
Home
About Journal
Editorial
Publication Ethics
Instruction
Subscription
Contact Us
中文
Editorial 1
Editorial 2
Editorial 3
Editorial 4
For Author
Scope for Articles
Writing Format
中国水土保持科学
Paper Search
Adv Search
2018 Vol.16 No.1
Published 2018-02-28
1
ZHANG Hongjiang, CUI Peng
A review on Professor GUAN Junwei's scientific ideologies in soil and water conservation
[Background]
This review is for the tribute to Professor GUAN Junwei at his 100th anniversary birthday.
[Methods]
We are Professor GUAN's students, have learnt his knowledge system, and understand Mr. GUAN's academic achievements, thus we are trying to review them here.
[Results]
The discipline of water and soil conservation in China was firstly established by Professor GUAN Junwei and his team, which has been a cradle for education, science and research, management and practice of water and soil conservation, bringing up a majority of excellent and talents in water and soil conservation field. In the long-term research and construction practice of protection forest, Professor GUAN proposed original theories and unique understandings on the composition of protection forest species and its configuration, structure and function in different areas such as mountainous area, hilly area, the Loess Plateau area, arid and sandy area, etc. He presented principles of "site conditions" and "matching species with the site", laid the theoretical foundation for the construction of protection forest system in China, and carved out a road which suits the construction of protection forest system under our national circumstances. Throughout all his life, he also studied the occurrence and movement of debris flow, and systematically established prediction methods of debris as well. Professor GUAN applied large system control and sustainable development theories into soil and water conservation and desertification control, put forward the theory of ecological control system engineering, and analyzed the ecosystem evolution, function, effect and human adaptation from the perspective of oriental thinking. He discussed the relationship between man and nature and their organic coordination, and offered new theories and methods for the practice of soil and water conservation and desertification control of our country. Professor GUAN's contribution to the science of soil and water conservation in China has won the recognition of the academic field and he was selected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 1995.
[Conclusions]
We understand his strict academic philosophy and noble style as a teacher while reviewing his academic ideologies, from which we in the field of soil and water conservation benefit. We will work as Professor GUAN did and take challenges in the deterioration of global environment and ecological construction during drastic development of economy in China.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 1-8 [
Abstract
] (
703
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1116KB] (
570
)
9
LIU Baoyuan, YANG Yang, LU Shaojuan
Discriminations on common soil erosion terms and their implications for soil and water conservation
Soil erosion is the main cause for land degradation and has become one of the major global environmental problems. Understanding and standardizing soil erosion terms are of great importance to soil erosion research, soil erosion survey, as well as soil and water conservation planning. In the current study, a few common soil erosion terms were classified into 6 groups and the discriminations within each group were thoroughly discussed. These groups of terms included 1) soil erosion, soil loss, and soil and water losses; 2) ancient erosion and modern erosion; 3) geological erosion and accelerated erosion; 4) sheet erosion, raindrop splash erosion, surface erosion and interrill erosion; 5) rill erosion, ephemeral gully erosion, gully erosion and tile back landform; and 6) modern incised valley, ancient incised valley and river valley. Besides illustrating the connection and difference within each group, their implications for soil and water conservation were also analyzed.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 9-16 [
Abstract
] (
695
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
5126KB] (
831
)
17
ZHANG Keli, LIU Hongyuan
Research progresses and prospects on freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China
[Background]
Freeze-thaw erosion is one of the major types of soil erosion. Freeze-thaw cycling changes soil properties and influences the processes of runoff and erosion on slopes, resulting in severe soil and water losses. The aim of this review is to clarify the existing research results and to contribute to the future research on freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China.
[Methods]
We collected all relevant literature and sorted them, and finally used the critical 55 references for this review. Based on these 55 references, we analyzed the mechanisms and research progresses of freeze-thaw action on soil erosion. Further we tried to analyze the issues and prospect the research on freeze-thaw erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China.
[Results]
1) Freeze-thaw does not directly lead to the transport and movement of soil particles, and its action in soil erosion happens in rainfall strikes, runoff scouring, strong wind blowing or gravity. Mechanisms of freeze-thaw action on soil erosion are as follows, a) alternation of soil freeze-thaw changes the nature of soil, thus affects the sediment production process in the course of rainfall, and finally affects the degree of water and soil erosion; b) the depth change of the thawing layer directly affects the infiltration of snowmelt runoff and rainfall runoff, and subsequently the runoff and sediment yield; c) freeze-thaw cycles change erosion process of slope rill and gully and increase erosion intensity; d) the response difference from different land use of alternate freeze-thaw process leads to spatial heterogeneity of soil erosion intensified; and e) changes in the response of different underlying soil to global climate change lead to changes in regional soil erosion patterns. 2) The studies of freeze-thaw soil erosion started 1960s abroad and 1980s in China, mainly focused on the influence of freeze-thaw action on soil physical and chemical properties, soil moisture temperature and soil erosion process and intensity, and most of which adopted indoor simulation experiment. 3) There are 3 major issues in this research topic, a) few in-situ field studies, most were simulated ones; b) no quantitative evaluations on freeze-thaw contributions to soil erosion; and c) not considering the differences of underlying soil on the responses of freeze-thaw cycling. 4) Regarding above issues and the unique interactive character in the black soil region of Northeast China, the future research should focus on the freeze-thaw cycle patterns and influence factors in the field, quantifying the contribution of freeze-thaw cycles to runoff and sediment on slopes and in watersheds, and finding reasonable evaluation methods.
[Conclusions]
The mechanisms of freeze-thaw action are complicated and not completely known yet, especially for the black soil region of Northeast China where there is interaction of freeze-thaw and water erosion. We need to have more in-situ field studies for better understanding it. Moreover, we should try to invent reasonable evaluation methods to quantify the contributions of freeze-thaw actions on the soil erosion in the black soil region of Northeast China.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 17-24 [
Abstract
] (
802
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
841KB] (
577
)
25
XIE Yun, YUE Tianyu
Application of soil erosion models for soil and water conservation
[Backgroud]
Soil erosion models, achievements of theoretical researches on soil erosion, have already been studied for nearly 80 years, and have become more and more important in soil conservation. Although in China, both monitoring and model researching have started almost simultaneously with the United States, the gap has widened. To review and summarize the researching and application history of soil erosion models are of great significance for the researches of soil erosion models in China.
[Methods]
This paper reviewed the development of USLE(Universal Soil Loss Equation), Chinese empirical models such as CSLE(Chinese Soil Loss Equation), some physically-based models such as WEPP(Water Erosion Prediction Project), EUROSEM(European Soil Erosion Model), and also several representative application models such as EPIC(Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator), CREAMS(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems). It also introduced s application cases and from which enlightenment were given. Furthermore, it put forward points or issues in the application of USLE in China, and compared different models in their application and their merit and demerit.
[Results]
As for USLE, runoff plot monitoring plays a vital role in the model's building. For the factors affecting erosion have interaction between each other, it's critical to choose independent index in the models for calculating soil loss. The parameters in USLE must be calibrated before applying to other countries. USLE uses US Units, to which the great attentions should be drawn. The unit plot is not the standard for plot construction, but the tool to calculate the soil erodibility, steepness and slope length factors. When building steepness or slope length models, the researched plots must be built as the same size as the unit plot, which has the steepness of 9%, and the slope length of 22.13 m, or the results cannot be compared to others. As for the physically-based models, they are still under research and have not been applied widely. The application models are mainly for the effect caused by soil erosion of the loss of productivity on-site, and the pollution and sedimentation downstream off-site. They are usually based on the empirical or physically-based soil erosion models mentioned above.
[Conclusions]
Soil erosion models have been successfully applied in regional soil erosion survey as well as the assessment of effects of soil conservation practices, and will continue to play a more significant role in ecological and environmental monitoring and assessment, including designing and planning of soil conservation practices, predicting sediment delivery and non-point source pollution, evaluating the effects of soil conservation practices on heavy rainstorm events or major projects. Long-term high quality monitoring and experiment are the foundation of building soil erosion model. The top level design and building the user-oriented model are the premises of application of soil erosion model. Multidisciplinary cooperation, long-term adherence and constantly updating with new technology and researches, are also necessary for maintaining vitality of the models.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 25-37 [
Abstract
] (
676
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
958KB] (
740
)
38
ZHENG Jiangkun, YANG Fan, WANG Wenwu, LANG Dengxiao, MA Xing, LIAO Feng, CHEN Xuli
Effects of tillage measures on runoff and sediment yield of farmland under different rainfall levels
[Background]
As an agricultural measure, tillage practices play an important role in soil and water conservation. To provide the basis for effective prevention and control of soil erosion in different rainfall levels, soil erosion characteristics of sandy soil was explored under cross-ridge and straight-ridge cultivation in the hilly area of western Sichuan.
[Methods]
Based on the measured data of 1984-1987 in 4 runoff plots (20 m×5 m of each) in Chaoyang reservoir, Pujiang County, western Sichuan, runoff, rainfall duration, and sediment yields between cross-ridge plots and straight-ridge plots, and between slope 10° plot and slope 20° plot were analyzed using SPSS 20.0 and compared. Rainfall was measured using siphon rain gauge. The generated rainfall runoff, the depth of runoff and runoff coefficient were calculated when each rainfall process finished and the water level in each plot was recorded.
[Results]
Heavy rain and rainstorm were erosive rainfall patterns which mainly occurred in July and August in western Sichuan. It was difficult for light rain and moderate rain to cause soil erosion. Runoff coefficient of every runoff plot gradually increased along with rainfall levels. The runoff coefficient of straight-ridge cultivation plot was 1.33 to 3.81 times that of the cross-ridge of cultivation plot, which reached the biggest value during the period of rainstorm. Under the same cultivation measures, the runoff coefficient of 10ånd 20°slope was equal. The soil concentration increased with the rainfall level first and then decreased, and the soil concentration was the largest during the period of heavy rain, and the effect of the slope was more obvious. With the increase of rainfall level, the dispersion degree of runoff in every plot was decreasing. It showed that the effect of large rainstorm and extraordinary rainstorm on soil's initial water content was not obvious. The sediment yield was irregular, for example, the sediment yield of extraordinary rainstorm was less than that of large rainstorm. By establishing the regression equation between runoff and sediment yield and rainfall duration, we may see that the simulation effect of runoff depth was better than that of sediment yield.
[Conclusions]
Overall, runoff volume did not increase with the increase of rainfall level in the farmland of hilly region of western Sichuan. Under extraordinary rainstorm, sediment yield of the cross-ridge area was higher than that of the straight-ridge area. Meanwhile, the sediment yield of extraordinary rainstorm was less than that of the large rainstorm. It indicated that the mechanism of sediment yield was relatively complex under different rainfall levels.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 38-45 [
Abstract
] (
627
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
894KB] (
474
)
46
GUO Meili, JIAO Feng, XUE Chaoyu
Spatial distribution of soil moisture and its relationships with environmental factors in loess hilly region
[Background]
Soil moisture content is one of the key factors affecting various ecosystem processes, especially for semi-arid and arid areas. At present, few researches are focused on the spatial distribution of soil moisture content and its relationships with multi-environmental factors in large scale, which is of significance in planning ecological vegetation in soil and water conservation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of soil moisture content in the loess hilly region and further analyze its relationships with other environmental factors.
[Methods]
The study was carried out in Yanhe watershed, north of the Loess Plateau. Ten sample areas were chosen by using nature separation method. We investigated the characteristics of soil moisture and 8 environmental factors (annual average rain, annual average evapotranspiration, annual average temperature, elevation, aspect, slope, slope position, and landuse) at each sample area. Firstly, we analyzed the distribution of soil moisture in different sample areas based on sampling analysis and statistical analysis. Then, the redundancy analysis (RDA) was used to determine the key factors leading to these differences.
[Results]
Soil moisture content in Wanhuashan was significantly higher than that in other sample areas (
P
<0.05). While, the lowest soil moisture content was observed in Liandaowan (
P
<0.05). Moreover, the Yanhe watershed can be divided into four water gradients by moisture content of 14.64%, 12.36%, 10.32%, and 8.76%, which was in decreasing trend from south to north. Soil moisture content of Gaoqiao, Xiannangou and Zhaoanzhen increased with soil depth, while soil moisture content of the other seven sample areas increased at first and then decreased. Significant environmental gradient were observed in the spatial distribution of soil moisture content. All sampling sites were plotted out 3 groups by RDA. The dominant factor of soil moisture content in the southeastern, southwestern and northern Yanhe watershed were annual average temperature, annual average rain and annual average evapotranspiration, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that annual average evapotranspiration and annual average rain were the dominant factors influencing soil moisture content spatial distribution pattern in the whole watershed region. Topography and landuse had no significant effect on soil moisture content distribution in the Yanhe watershed.
[Conclusions]
The comprehensive effect of environmental factors led to the spatial gradient of soil moisture content. These results are essential in explaining the spatial distribution of soil moisture content and its relationships with environmental factors in the loess hilly region. This study provides a theoretical basis for vegetation restoring and reconstructing in the Loess Plateau.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 46-55 [
Abstract
] (
621
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2974KB] (
425
)
56
HE Liangliang, ZHANG Shulan, LI Zhenhua, YU Pengtao, XU Lihong, XIONG Wei, LI Nan, WANG Yanhui
Yearly and monthly difference in the hydrological impact of increasing forest coverage in the upstream of Jinghe River
[Background]
Many activities of vegetation restoration have been implemented in the Loess Plateau of northwest China since the 1950s in order to improve the ecological environment. These have led to a significant increase in the forest coverage, which is being and going to be enhanced in the future due to its unique role in active responses to the global climate change. However, a series of recent studies confirmed that the increase of forest coverage caused a significant runoff reduction and concequently endangered the safe and sustainable usage of water resources. Therefore, based on the forest-water relationship a quantitative evaluation of regional hydrology on the impact of afforestation is urgent and benificial to the vegetation restoration and watershed management.
[Methods]
Collecting the measured meteorological data during the period of 1997-2003 in the upper reaches of Jinghe River in the Loess Plateau of northwest China, we used the calibrated eco-hydrological model of SWIM to evaluate the hydrological impacts of forest coverage change on the the evapotranspiration and runoff. The evaluation was based on simulation results from many scenarios of forest/vegetation restoration.
[Results]
1) Under the scenarios of converting grassland to forestland, the yearly evapotranspiration increased and runoff decreased linearly with the rising forest coverage. Within the studied period of forest coverage increase (0-18.13%), the changing rate corresponding to an increase of forest area of 10% of watershed area was 8.93 mm increase for the yearly evapotranspiration, but a 6.04 mm decrease of the yearly runoff. 2) The impact on yearly evapotranspiration by forest coverage change showed a yearly difference because of the difference in annual precipitation. A 10% increase of forest coverage led to an increase of yearly evapotranspiration of 10.1 mm in dry years, 8.6 mm in normal years, and 8.5 mm in wet years; but a decrease of yearly runoff of 9.0 mm in dry years, 5.6 mm in normal ears, and 5.1 mm in wet years, respectively. 3) There was also a monthly difference in the responces of yearly evapotranspiration and water yield to the increase of forest coverage. The evapotranspiration was increased in the Spring (March-May) and the early Summer (June), decreased in the period from the mid Summer (July and August) to the mid Autumn (September and Octomber), and not significally changed in the late Autumn (November) and Winter (December, January and Februry); whereas the runoff decreased in the Spring and Summer, but increased in the mid Autumn (September, Octomber), and not obviously changed in Winter.
[Conclusions]
In summary, the increase of forest coverage in the studied watershed led to an increase of yearly evapotranspiration and a decrease of yearly runoff. These hydrological impacts were more significant in dry years than in normal years and wet years. The hydological impacts of forest coverage change on the evapotranspiration and runoff diffred among the months, much significantly in the Spring and Summer than in the Autumn and Winter.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 56-64 [
Abstract
] (
584
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
885KB] (
501
)
65
NIAN Yuxin, DENG Jifeng, LI Guozhong, CAO Zhongjie, WANG Gang, JIN Yu
Effects of
Armeniaca vulgaris×sibirica
plantation in sandy land on surface runoff and soil erosion at plot scale in the West Liaoning
[Background]
The current situation of soil erosion after rainfall in sandy land in western Liaoning province is quite severe.
Armeniaca vulgaris×sibirica
is a kernel, shell meat, and economic species, its economic benefit is very considerable. Thus in this region, it is feasible to plant
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
to prevent soil erosion. In this study, typical
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plantation in sandy land runoff plots in western Liaoning were selected to analyze the runoff characteristics in the year of 2012, 2013 and 2016, for providing a scientific basis for the utilization of economic forest in local area.
[Methods]
In the monitoring site, three runoff plots were set (two plots were in
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plantation, the other one was CK). The soil underneath and surrounding environment in CK was consistent with other two runoff plots. Runoff plots were 20 m long, 5 m wide, covered an area of 100 m
2
, long side and slope direction were the same at plot slope of 10°. The boundary of the plot was pouring with concrete, which was tightly connected and deeply embedded, and the surface was exposed to 20 cm. The slope of the plot was equipped with a collector groove, and the flow channel was perpendicular to the water flow (runoff) direction, and the length was the same as the width of the runoff area, and the width was 20 cm. The collector bucket was set up, and the PVC pipe with a diameter of 20 cm was connected with the collector groove, which was used to take the runoff into the collector bucket. The diameter of the collector bucket was 1 m, and there were five water holes along the upper part of the bucket.
[Results]
1) During the period of monitoring, the vegetation coverage and the number of plant species obviously increased both in
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plots and CK. The arbor coverage of
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plots was 65% higher than CK, the shrub coverage was 5% higher than CK, the herbaceous coverage was 20% lower than CK, and the vegetation coverage was 2% higher than CK. 2)
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plantation in sandy land had obvious effect on water loss and soil erosion control. The runoff and soil loss in 2012 were 109.95 m
3
/hm
2
and 0.69 m
3
/hm
2
respectively, and no runoff and soil erosion occurred in 2013 and 2016. The runoff and soil loss in the control area decreased from 902.3 m
3
/hm
2
and 52.21 m
3
/hm
2
in 2012 to 178 m
3
/hm
2
and 4.1 m
3
/hm
2
in 2013, and no runoff and soil loss events occurred until 2016.
[Conclusions]
To sum up,
A. vulgaris
×
sibirica
plantation in sandy land can eventually form a relatively high vegetation density, then reducing the surface runoff and soil erosion in western Liaoning region, it has promising ecological and economic benefits.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 65-71 [
Abstract
] (
568
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
900KB] (
366
)
72
SUN Dan, LIU Suping, SHEN Weijun, RAO Xingquan, GUO Zhifeng, LI Yongqiang
Soil and water conservation effects of different plantations in southern subtropical area of China
[Background]
Soil and water conservation is one of the major ecological functions of plantations, which may be affected by plant species composition and age of the plantations. There are 69 million ha plantations in China, which is composed of tens of thousands of plant species including both native and exotic species. These plantations have played important role in soil and water conservation. A study at Heshan National Field Research and Observation Station of Forest Ecosystem was conducted.
[Methods]
Five kinds of young plantations and four mature plantations were selected, and runoff fields were built under all plantations in order to have the long-term data. Runoff was monitored by automatic level logger placed in every plot. Bed load sediment data was collected at the end of each year. Characteristics of runoff and bed load sediment of each plantation were analyzed with ANOVA.
[Results]
Mature plantations functioned better than young plantations in terms of runoff reduction, the former reduced runoff by 64.2% compared to young ones in six years (2008-2013). The annual mean runoff of young plantations was 159.4 mm, with the order of EU1 (
Eucalyptus urophylla
) < M1 (
Eucalyptus urophylla
) < AC(
Acacia crassicarpa
) < M2 (30 species mixed forest) < CH (
Castanopsis hystrix
). Monthly mean runoff was 13.29 mm within the range of 9.22 to 16.59 mm. The annual mean runoff of mature plantations was 57.1 mm, with the order of EU (
Eucalyptus urophylla
) < AM (
Acacia mangium
) < SS (
Schima superba
) < PM (
Pinus massoniana
). Monthly mean runoff was 4.34 mm within the range of 3.22 to 6.04 mm. On the study of soil erosion, the average bed load sediment of young plantations (3-7 years) was 7.14 times of mature plantations (24-28 years). Bed load sediment varied with plantation type in the order of AC < M1 < M2 < EU1 < CH for young plantations and in the order of SS[Conclusions] Soil and water erosion from different plantations show a significant downward trend through young plantation stage.
Eucalyptus
spp. is a better candidate for water conservation both in young and mature plantations, but
Castanopsis hystrix
and
Eucalyptus
spp. do not act well in reducing bed load sediment in young plantations.
Pinus massoniana's
bed load sediment is significantly higher than other forest types of mature ones, though the differences of quantity in runoff among different forest types are not big in the long-term restoration. In both young and mature forests, the mixed forests are better than monoculture forests in water and soil conservation.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 72-79 [
Abstract
] (
655
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
926KB] (
441
)
80
ZHAO Longshan, HOU Rui, WU Faqi
Indexes of soil and water loss monitoring for rural settlements in Karst mountain areas
[Background]
Monitoring soil erosion is the basic work for research and application of soil and water conservation. After monitoring, people may obtain real-time and well-rounded soil and water loss information, which can be further used for soil and water conservation planning and management in the target areas. However, because of the constraints of the conditions, soil and water loss monitoring still faces many problems and uncertainties that need to be solved at next step. At present, index system of soil and water loss monitoring is one of them. Although rural settlement is one of the major sources of soil and water loss, there have few special index systems for soil and water loss monitoring in this area.
[Methods]
Connecting the previous studies with the present situation of soil erosion in rural areas of Karst mountainous area, this paper presents a scientific and reasonable monitoring index system of soil and water loss. In particular, we have carefully read other colleagues' researches on the soil and water loss monitoring index system, soil and water loss mechanism and process in Karst area, environment change and spatial characteristics of rural settlement when the indexes were selected.
[Results]
Compared with watershed, hillslope, construction land, agricultural land and grazing areas, rural settlements generally have unique characteristics of soil and water loss. Those characteristics give us an obvious message that the common indexes of soil and water loss monitoring are not be appropriate for soil and water loss monitoring in rural settlements, especially in the Karst mountain area. According to the function of rural settlements in the Karst mountain area, we put forwards an index system which is composed of 5 first class indexes and 23 second class indexes. The first class indexes include agricultural production, living, economic development, ecological conservation and tourism. The second class indexes include population, land area, surface runoff, vegetation coverage, ground soil loss and underground soil loss, income, livestock farming, tourist facilities, and so on. These indexes can be divided into two types of categories of qualitative and quantitative indicators. In particular, some of indexes are special selected into system because those indexes significantly relate with the process of soil and water loss in the Karst area, such as rocky desertification of the land and underground leakage of soils. In addition, some of indexes are new features of land-use changes along with the development of rural economic, such as tourism.
[Conclusions]
In the context of rural revitalization and beautiful countryside construction, the index system built in this study can be used as necessary technical support for soil and water conservation work in the rural settlements, and also provides a scientific support for further investigating the mechanism and process of soil and water loss in Karst area.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 80-87 [
Abstract
] (
578
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
818KB] (
443
)
88
GE Rile, LIU Yanqi, A Ruhan, NA Risu, SI Qin, ZHANG Yongliang
Root number characteristic of three typical soil and water conservation plants in an open-pit coal mine dump of Inner Mongolia
[Background]
Root system is a critical organ for plants to absorb water and nutrients. The more the number of roots and the longer the root is, the deeper and wider the distribution is, and the stronger the ability of soil consolidation of plant roots is. That is, the quantitative and structural characteristics of the root system have an important impact on the soil consolidation of plant roots. There are many open-pit coal mines in Inner Mongolia, which have caused the growing difficulties of plant roots and a large amount of surface runoff.
[Methods]
In Heidaigou opencast dump site of Zhunger coalfield at Erdos City of Inner Mongolia, choosing the sample plots where 3-4 years old
Hedysarum laeve
,
Astragalus adsurgens
, and
Melilotus suaveolens
grew well, we randomly selected 50 of each plant as the sample, and measured their ground diameters (maximum diameter, plant height and crown width). Further we chose 5 plants closest to the average value from the 50 plants as standard plants. Then we determined the root diameter class by digging whole plant, measuring root diameter with electronic Vernier caliper, and measuring root length with tape. The method of determining the represented root is to classify the root system at an interval of 0.5 mm, calculate the cumulative root number, the cumulative root length and the cumulative root surface area of each diameter class. The relatively large diameter groups were taken as their represented roots.
[Results]
1) In the total number of roots, the order of their branching abilities was
M. suaveolens
(79) >
A. dadanensis
(67) >
H. leave
(52), this was related to the plant's own biological characteristics. According to the number of different lateral roots, there were lateral roots Ⅲ for 3 plants. Among them, the number of lateral roots Ⅲ was > the number of lateral roots Ⅱ > the number of lateral roots Ⅰ for
H. leave
and
A. adsurgens
. The percentages of number of lateral roots Ⅱ and Ⅲ were 87% and 80% respectively, obviously larger than the percentage of lateral roots Ⅰ at 13% and 20%. For
M. suaveolens
, the number of lateral roots Ⅲ was higher than that of lateral rootsⅠ > number of lateral roots Ⅱ, and the percentage of the number of lateral roots Ⅱ and Ⅲ was 71%, significantly larger than that of lateral roots Ⅰ, 28%. The results indicated that the root system of three species was mainly fine root in soil. 2) Their represented root diameter classes were
H. laeve
0 mm-2.5 mm,
A. adsurgens
and
M. suaveolens
0 mm-1.5 mm, respectively. The roots of 3 plants in soil were mainly distributed with ≤ 2.5 mm.
[Conclusions]
The represented root diameter should be taken as the main research scope while studying biomechanical properties of root system fixing soil and resisting erosion.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 88-95 [
Abstract
] (
549
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
862KB] (
396
)
96
WU Yi, SUN Baoping, ZHANG Jianfeng, SONG Shuangshuang, SHEN Haojie, CHEN Chuan, HE Yan
Effects of water-retaining agent in different dosage on the growth and root morphology of 4 woody plants
[Background]
Water is the main limiting factor of plant growth and ecological restoration in vegetation afforestation in arid area. The inefficient use of soil moisture will lead to the waste of soil water in vegetation construction, soil dry layer, low ecological efficiency and poor vegetation growth. The application of water-retaining agents in arid zones can compensate for these shortcomings, and the best use of it for different plants needs to be studied.
[Methods]
In order to study the optimal amount of water-retaining agent for the growth of afforestation vegetation in arid area, 4 kinds tree species conserving soil and water, including two kinds of shrubs (
Syzygium aromaticum
and
Swida alba
Opiz) and two kinds of trees (
Pinus tabulaeformis
Carr, and
Fraxinus chinensis
Roxb.) were selected as the research object. During the growth period, the height and ground diameter of the plants were measured with steel tape and vernier calipers, and the soil water content was measured with a soil moisture meter. Then the plants were separated from the soil, the plants were washed and dried, and the root length, root surface area, root mean diameter, apical number and bifurcation number were analyzed by WinRHIZO root scanner and data analysis software. And the aboveground biomass and underground biomass were weighed.
[Results]
The soil water content of the test group was higher than that of the control group, and the soil water content increased with the increase of the concentration of the water-retaining agent. For two shrubs, the plant height, ground diameter and root index increased with the increase of water-retaining agent, and the biomass growth rate of clove and red wood was 20.73%-64.40% and 24.92%-98.21% respectively. The optimal amount of water-retaining agent was 20 g/plant. The plant height, ground diameter and root index of
P. tabulaeformis
and white wax decreased with the increase of the concentration of water retaining agent, the growth rate of biomass was 10.1%-56.58% and 7.04%-35.61% respectively. The higher concentration of water-retaining agent had inhibitory effect on the growth, and the two best water-retaining agent dosages were 5 g/plant and 10 g/plant.
[Conclusions]
The application of the water-retaining agent significantly affected plant growth and root morphology changes. 5-50 g/plant of the water-retaining agent applied to the clove and red Ruimu can promote the growth, the most suitable amount of 20 g/plant, Chinese pine water-retaining agent application range of 5-20 g/plant, the most suitable amount of 5 g/plant, white wax water-retaining agent application range of 5-30 g/plant, the most suitable amount of 10 g/plant.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 96-102 [
Abstract
] (
538
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1015KB] (
437
)
103
ZHU Yanyan, CHEN Qibo, ZHAO Cheng, LI Jianqiang
Regional layout for soil and water conservation of Yunnan Province in the new era
[Background]
Yunnan Province, situated in the southwest of China at the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and the sources and upper reaches of several rivers, including Yangtze River, Pearl River, Lantsang River, and Nujiang River, is bounded by Vietnam, Laos and Burma. Yunnan Province plays an important role as a frontier and window of China's opening to the West in the Belt and Road Initiative owing much to its geographic position. Building the ecological security barrier of Yunnan is of great significance to ensure the ecological security of China and the surrounding areas. The topography of Yunnan is characterized by complicated geological structures and great difference elevation, with the mountainous areas ratio of 94%. The soil and water loss in Yunnan Province is characterized of serious soil erosion, variations of soil and water loss and regional differentiation due to the natural factors above mentioned and anthropogenic actions.
[Methods]
In order to plan the prevention and control countermeasures of soil erosion in the future 15 years, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were applied to regionalize soil and water conservation.
[Results]
The whole territory of Yunnan Province was regionalized into 20 regions with the basic function of water conservation, soil conservation, water storage, ecological maintenance, disaster prevention and reduction, soil barring and living environment maintenance. And on the base of soil and water conservation regionalization, the regional soil and water conservation layout of One Center and One Region, Two Wings and Two Belts and Three Corners and Three Areas was proposed. One Center and One Region refers to the living environment maintenance region of lake basin area in central Yunnan Plateau around Kunming City, and the sand barring and reduction region of middle and low mountains-the Jinsha river lower reaches area in the east of central Yunnan. Two Wings and Two Belts refers to the ecological maintenance and water conservation region in East and West Yunnan, and the water storage and conservation region of Karst rocky stone desertification area in central and Southeast Yunnan. Three Corners and Three Areas refers to the soil conservation region in Northeast, Southwest and East Yunnan, and the disaster prevention and reduction region in rivers basin of West Yunnan, Hong river basin of South-east Yunnan, and Jinsha river of central-east Yunnan. Key areas that need comprehensive prevention and control of soil and water loss in Yunnan Province in the new era include the rivers, mountains and canyons of the Southwest Yunnan, middle and lower reaches of Jinsha River in the Yangtze River economic zone, and Karst rocky desertification area in eastern Yunnan.
[Conclusions]
This is the document to guide for the regionalization of soil and water conservation, to build the general strategy of soil and water loss prevention and control, to determine the key control area of soil and water loss, and scientifically formulate the system of soil and water loss prevention and control measures.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 103-108 [
Abstract
] (
515
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
811KB] (
513
)
109
ZHAO Rongwei, ZHANG Jianjun, LIU Xiaoyi
Wetted soil characteristics and forestation effect of infiltrating irrigation via water-supplying bag
[Background]
The drought and steep slopeland in the loess region of western Shanxi is one of the areas where the vegetation restoration has been very difficult in China due to little precipitation but high evaporation. Varied techniques (infiltration bag, high-pressure water gun, etc) have been applied for increasing the seedling survival rate, but they have shortcomings.
[Methods]
Here we designed a low-cost water-supplying bag, and studied the forestation effect of infiltrating irrigation via it. We carried out surface infiltrating irrigation test with acid blue in setting different water supplying amount (1, 2, 3, and 4 liter) and reforestation test in setting different infiltrating irrigation aperture (0.22, 0.45, and 1.20 μm) of water-supplying bag in Caijiachuan Watershed. Meanwhile we measured the track of acid blue, soil moisture content, seedling survival rate and growth in different test treatments to explore the relationship between wetted soil volume and water-supplying amount and the effect of water-supplying bag in different infiltrating irrigation aperture.
[Results]
1) The wetted soil of infiltrating irrigation was approximate half ellipsoid. The maximum vertical infiltration depth was greater than the maximum horizontal wetting radius, and they increased with the increasing of water-supplying amount and soil moisture content. Wetted soil volume and water-supplying amount were in power relationship. 2) We carried out the infiltrating irrigation test with water-supplying bag from April 1 to May 20, 2015. We found that infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the medium-aperture water-supplying bag, soil moisture content increased from 15.02% to 18.90%, and then stayed around 19.07%. Infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the big-aperture water-supplying bag, soil moisture content increased rapidly from 15.02% to 19.55%, and then decreased to 7.17%. Watering 1 liter water to the plantation every 5 days, soil moisture content stayed around 17.28%. Infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the small-aperture water-supplying bag, soil moisture content decreased from 15.02% to 6.15%. For the plantation without treatment, soil moisture content decreased from 15.02% to 5.06%. 3) After the growing season (April to October, 2015), watering 1 liter water to the plantation every 5 days and infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the medium-, big-and small-aperture water-supplying bag, seedling survival rate were 86.7%, 90.0%, 73.3% and 63.3%, respectively. Compared with plantation without treatment, they increased by 26.7, 30.0, 13.3 and 3.3 percentage points, seedling height growth were 10.8, 10.6, 7.5, and 6.9 cm, respectively, compared with plantation without treatment, they increased by 92.86%, 89.29%, 33.93% and 23.21%. Watering 1 liter water to the plantation every 5 days and infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the medium-aperture water-supplying bag were more effective in improving soil moisture content and promoting seedlings survival rate and growth, however, infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the medium-aperture water-supplying bag saved 11.20 tons of water per hectare than watering 1 liter water to the plantation every 5 days.
[Conclusions]
Infiltrating and irrigating the plantation with the medium-aperture water-supplying bag is recommended in planting for drought and steep slopeland in the loess region of western Shanxi.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 109-115 [
Abstract
] (
523
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
953KB] (
443
)
116
NIE Xingshan
Potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the reclaimed soil of Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine
[Background]
Mineral is a key resource for social and economic development. However, environment issues from mining are more and more serious. Shanxi is a resource province, a lot of land were destructed during the mining, and should be reclaimed after mining. In order to understand the potential pollution characteristics and the pollution risk of heavy metals in reclaimed soil, the heavy metal elements Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As, Ni and Zn of reclaimed soils at Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine were analyzed.
[Methods]
On April in 2016, 6 groups and 18 soil samples were collected from reclaimed land of in Xihedi village where corn was planted. Soil samples were passed 100 mesh sieves after natural air-drying. Then seven heavy mental elements were measured using inductively-coupled plasma spectrometer after digestion and decomposition by nitric acid-perchloric acid-hydrofluoric acid. Based on the heavy mental contents, pollution degree and potential ecological risk of heavy mental were evaluated using Hakanson ecological risk index.
[Results]
The mean content values of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were respectively 5.19, 40.47, 2.65, 65.13, 8.64, 13.05 and 28.98 mg/kg. The Cd was higher than 0.45 mg/kg that is the national second standard, while others were lesser. Mainly pollution element was Cd, and all 7 element contents exceeded the background values, and exited accumulated effects. The main pollution resource was from reclaimed soil, agricultural actions, dust precipitation and other anthropogenic activities in the mine area. The contents of Cu, Pb, and Ni had higher difference than that of As, Cr, Zn and Cd at different sampling places. The contents of Cd, Cr, and As have significant correlations, and presented combined pollution. The mean pollution index of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were respectively 11.54, 0.20, 0.02, 0.82, 0.28, 0.15 and 0.11, and as Cd > Pb > As > Cr > Ni > Zn > Cu. The Cd was at the highest pollution level, while other elements were in the lower. The comprehensive pollution index was 1.88, and at middle comprehensive pollution degree. The mean potential ecological risk index (RI) of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn were respectively 230.87, 0.40, 0.13, 4.07, 1.44, 1.45 and 0.03, and as Cd > Pb > Ni > As > Cr > Cu > Zn. The ecological risk index was 238.39, and at the medium ecological risk level.
[Conclusions]
The reclaimed soil in Xiaoyi Bauxite Mine is in medium grade pollution risk, and mainly pollution element was Cd. Element Cd, Cs and As have higher homology than other elements. We should pay enough attentions to control and cut down the input of pollution sources, reduce the risk of pollution, especially the input of Cd. Hakanson ecological risk index method could magnify the evaluation result, but it could increase the attention about pollution risk.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 116-122 [
Abstract
] (
566
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
802KB] (
398
)
123
LIN Xingna, NIU Jianzhi, JIA Jingwei, LUO Ziteng, DU Jie
Spatial-temporal variation of vegetation in Qingshui RiverBasin, Zhangjiakou
[Background]
Vegetation as the natural link between soil, atmosphere and water, plays an essential role in soil erosion control, water resource regulation, water quality improvement, regional microclimate improvement and soil and water conservation function. Qingshui River Basin is located in Chongli County, which is one of the host cities of 2022 Winter Olympics. But the region has a special geologic structure with a lot of gravels, and faces other problems like soil erosion and water shortage, which cause a low afforestation survival rate. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the change of vegetation coverage and its driving factors for local vegetation recovery and water and soil conservation.
[Methods]
Based on the meteorological data and SPOT vegetation NDVI data of 1999-2015 in the upstream basin of Qingshui River, Zhangjiakou, we studied the temporal and spatial variation of vegetation coverage of the study area in 1999-2015. Using the methods of trend analysis and partial correlation analysis, we analyzed the driving factors of NDVI changes combining NDVI and RUE with the precipitation data, temperature data and land use map in the study area.
[Results]
1) The NDVI in the upper reaches of Qingshui River Basin is between 0.3 and 0.9 during 1999 to 2015. The NDVI values between different land uses from large to small are successively open forest land, forest, shrub land, grass land, dryland, towns and rural areas, and bottomland. And the vegetation coverage in the study area has a strong spatial distribution and decreased gradually from east to west. 2) The NDVI of the study area fluctuated continuously and had an upward trend during 1999 to 2015. The study showed 85% of the study area was vegetation-improved area, 8.5% of which was obviously improved area and 71.6% was moderately improved area. 3) The results of partial correlation analysis between the annual precipitation, annual average temperature and NDVI of each pixel in 1999-2015 showed that the area in which the annual precipitation and NDVI were significantly related accounted for 1.36% and the annual average temperature and NDVI were not significantly related. 4) Annual precipitation affects the fluctuation of annual NDVI and was also the decisive factor of vegetation spatial distribution in the study area. 5) Combining NDVI and RUE, the results showed that 69% of the study area was moderately positive interference area, and 16% was strongly positive interference area, and 14% was no obvious interference area.
[Conclusions]
In the Qingshui River Basin, both climate change and human activity influenced the change of vegetation coverage. The main driving factor of vegetation change in the study area in 1999-2015 was human activity, which was mainly positive to vegetation improvement. The climate factors greatly influenced the fluctuation of vegetation and limited to the change range of vegetation improvement, which made the spatial distribution of vegetation changed hardly, while the vegetation changed yearly was driven by human activity.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 123-130 [
Abstract
] (
546
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
3055KB] (
442
)
131
OU Zhaorong, ZHU Qingke, SUN Yongyu
Temporal and spatial variation of landscape ecological security in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley
[Background]
Dry-hot valley is typical of ecological vulnerable environment. Taking Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley as a case area, systematically and quantitatively evaluating the status, temporal and spatial changes of landscape ecological security, are important for clarifying main influencing factors and their action mechanism of landscape ecological security for providing basic data and theoretical basis.
[Methods]
Based on remote sensing images of Landsat7-ETM in 2008 and Landsat8-OLI in 2016, we established a landscape ecological security degree (LESD) model to analyze spatial and temporal change characteristics and causes of landscape ecological security by using spatial autocorrelation analysis and geostatistics methods.
[Results]
1) The values of landscape ecological security pattern (LESP), landscape ecological quality (LEQ) and LESD ranged from 0.40 to 0.60, belonging to the critical safety level. 2) The values of global spatial auto correlation of LESD rose from 0.600 in 2008 to 0.633 in 2016, showing that global spatial autocorrelation of landscape ecological security increased. The spatial pattern of the local autocorrelation of LESD was consistent with terrain differentiation pattern in the study area. Significant distribution areas of local autocorrelation mainly included high-high value areas and low-low value areas. Different from 2008, high-high value areas of local autocorrelation obtained a continuous spatial distribution in eastern middle-high mountain areas in 2016, while low-low value residential areas in 2016 were obviously split in the low hills around the river dam and the middle-low mountain areas along Jinsha river. 3) The values of the ratio of nugget variance to sill (
C
0
/
C
0
+
C
) of LESD were respectively 28.5% in 2008 and 32.6% in 2016, as well as the values of the change range (
A
0
) of LESD were respectively 764.82 m in 2008 and 2031.65 m in 2016.
[Conclusions]
Landscape ecological security of the study area was sensitive. Landscape ecological security of the study area had obvious spatial autocorrelation overall and locally. Structural natural factors dominated by terrain and climate were still determinants of the spatial distribution of regional landscape ecological security, while unstructured factors dominated by human disturbances reinforced their influence on regional landscape ecological security.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 131-140 [
Abstract
] (
536
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1676KB] (
473
)
141
HUANG Longsheng, WANG Bing, NIU Xiang, SONG Qingfeng
Evaluation of eco-production value from Natural Forest Protection Program in Da Hinggan Mountains Forestry Group
[Background]
In the past forty years, the Chinese government has steadfastly implemented a series of major forestry ecological projects aimed at protecting the ecological environment, preventing soil erosion, resisting floods and other disasters, and increasing biodiversity. The Natural Forest Protection Program(NFPP) is one of them. The government has spent huge amount of investment for the project construction in the past 20 years, which has aroused widespread concern in the society. This paper is to reflect the ecological benefits of NFPP in China, incarnate the great role of ecological engineering, and realize the sustainable development of forestry.
[Methods]
Using the distributed measurement method and based on type Ⅱ survey data in Da Hinggan Mountains Forestry Group, the eco-production values of the NFPP in main vegetation types of the Da Hinggan Mountains Forestry Group were assessed according to the State Forest Ecosystem Services Assessment Specification (LY/T 1721-2008).
[Results]
1) During the implementation of NFPP, the total value of eco-production increased by 1 851.62×10
8
RMB Yuan/a (an increment of 69.96%), and the descending order of values was biodiversity conservation (increased by 499.33×10
8
RMB Yuan/a), carbon fixation and oxygen released (increased by 390.22×10
8
RMB Yuan/a), soil conservation (increased by 358.62×10
8
RMB Yuan/a), water conservation (increased by 280.90×10
8
RMB Yuan/a),atmosphere environmental purifying (increased by 243.36×10
8
RMB Yuan/a), and nutrients accumulation (increased by 79.19×10
8
RMB Yuan/a). 2) The eco-production values of different forest stand types showed an increasing trend, the highest increased value of
Larix gmelini
eco-production was 53.29%, the order of added value in forest stand from high to low was
Larix
spp.(an increment of 53.29%),
Betula
spp.(an increment of 13.01%),
Populus
spp. (an increment of 2.19%),
Querus
spp.(an increment of 0.66%),
Pinus sylvestris
var.
mongolica
(an increment of 0.41%),
Picea
spp. (an increment of 0.25%) and
Salix babylonica
L. (an increment of 0.15%). 3) The increment of the eco-production value of half-mature forest was up to 66.05%, followed by the young forest increased by 17.22%. In addition, the eco-production value of near-mature forest, mature forest and over-mature forest showed a decreasing trend. 4) Reasonable and effective implementation of forest protection will make the forest volume and ecological productivity have great growth space, and the ecological productivity of forest areas has great potential for development.
[Conclusions]
Therefore, the implementation of NFPP plays a positive role in promoting the ecological productivity value of different forest types in the study area. The composition and proportion of different age forest groups in the study area were affected, which led to the growth and decline of the ecological productivity value of different age groups. Furthermore, the implementation of the NFPP will play a significant positive role in improving the ecological environment in the study area. Accordingly, this study will provide scientific reference for evaluating the changes of forest ecological service function and analyzing the ecological benefits of NFPP area in China.
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 141-148 [
Abstract
] (
525
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
849KB] (
430
)
149
2018 Vol. 16 (1): 149-150 [
Abstract
] (
291
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
664KB] (
404
)
