中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2017 Vol.15 No.5　　Published 2017-10-31
  
 
1 WU Changsong, ZHAO Qinghe, LIU Pu, ZHANG Yifan, BIAN Ziqi, XU Shanshan
Hydrodynamic characteristics of surface runoff on red soil slope in the riparian zone of the Beijiang River
[Background] Influenced by interaction effects of human activities and natural factors, soil and water conservation function of the riparian zone in Beijiang River is facing serious degradation.[Methods] Based on the field runoff scouring experiment on the red soil slope in the riparian zone of the Beijiang River, this study analyzed the changes in hydrodynamic parameters and their relationship with erosion and sediment yields under different slope gradients (7°, 9°, 11°, and 15°) and runoff inflow rates (15 L/min, 12 L/min, and 9 L/min).[Results]1) The average flow velocity increased with runoff inflow rates and presented significantly positive linear correlation with slope gradient (P<0.01) under the same runoff inflow condition. Reynolds number increased slightly with the increase of runoff inflow time, while it was irregular and complex with increasing slope gradients. The Froude number decreased firstly and then tended to be stable with the increase of the runoff inflow time, and the average Froude number was greater than 1 in all treatments, demonstrating that overland flow was in a state of torrent and presented significantly positive linear correlation with slope gradient (P<0.01). The resistance coefficient increased with runoff inflow time, and increased initially and then decreased with increasing slope gradients, inferring nonlinear relationship existed between resistance coefficient and slope gradient. 2) Runoff coefficient increased first and then maintained stable with the increasing runoff inflow time, and showed significant power function relation with slope gradient (P<0.05). The relationship between sediment yield and discharge duration presented the same variation tendency as Reynolds number, while there was a significant linear relationship between sediment yield and slope (P<0.05). 3) The sediment yield had significantly positive linear correlation with the flow shear stress and stream power (P<0.01).[Conclusions] As the last barrier, the riparian zone is of great significance for retarding surface runoff and trapping sediment from upland into river, thus above results can provide scientific evidence for water and soil conservation of riparian slope in red soil area.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 576 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1040KB] ( 470 )
8 YU Wenying, JI Ruipeng, XU Dezeng, JIA Qingyu, FENG Rui, SUN Longyu, WU Jinwen, ZHANG Yushu
Daily evapotranspiration estimation of Panjin wetland based on SEBAL model and its distribution characteristics
[Background] The Liaohe Delta wetland is rich in water resources, but in recent decades, "warm dry" trend is obvious in wetland due to the climate change and human activities. Wetland evapotranspiration is the main way of water loss in wetland ecosystem, and the study of wetland evapotranspiration may enhance the understanding of wetland water balance, and provide a basis for the protection of wetland ecological function and water resources management.[Methods] In order to test the accuracy of SEBAL model for simulating the wetland evapotranspiration, the instantaneous evapotranspiration of Panjin wetland at satellite transit time in typical sunny day from 2013 to 2015 was estimated using Landsat 8 data and SEBAL model, and was corrected by the observed data of eddy covariance system. By using the sine function method, the corrected instantaneous evapotranspiration was converted to daily evapotranspiration, and then the distribution characteristic of daily evapotranspiration for reed and rice wetland was analyzed.[Results]The result showed that the instantaneous evapotranspiration of Panjin wetland estimated by SEBAL model was higher than the measured value of eddy covariance system, and the average relative error was 31.6%. However, the correlation between the estimated value and the measured value was significant, with a correlation coefficient 0.79, thus it was feasible to estimate the wetland evapotranspiration by using SEBAL model. In order to improve the precision, the linear equation was established and the estimated values were corrected; the relative error was 6.4% between the corrected value and measured value, and the precision increased by 25.2%. Daily evapotranspiration of reed and rice wetland were in the range of 2.5-5.0 mm/d, with the average daily evapotranspiration of reed wetland and rice wetland were 3.55-3.83 mm/d and 3.66-4.01 mm/d, respectively. In spatial distribution, there was no significant difference in the terrain, and the daily evapotranspiration was uniform; the daily evapotranspiration of reed wetland was concentrated in 3.4-4.0 mm/d which accounted for 64.7%-82.4% of total area; the daily evapotranspiration of rice wetland was concentrated in 3.6-4.1 mm/d which accounted for 67.4%-86.6% of total area; the daily evapotranspiration of rice wetland was 0.1-0.2 mm/d higher than that of reed wetland in most area of Panjin wetland. The spatial distribution of evapotranspiration is mainly affected by the underlying surface, the terrain is flat in Panjin, and the distribution of wetland vegetation is uniform.[Conclusions] The application of SEBAL model for wetland evapotranspiration provided an accurate assessment method of regional evapotranspiration in wetland, but due to the large number of parameters in the SEBAL model, the error increased, thus the parameters in SEBAL model needed to be improved. In addition, the remote sensing data may only be applied in the sunny day, and it was difficult to determine the evapotranspiration in cloudy day, which needs a further research.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 8-15 [Abstract] ( 408 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4911KB] ( 522 )
16 WEI Yanhong, JIAO Juying, ZHANG Shijie
Contribution of sediment retention by check-dams to sediment discharge reduction of typical tributaries on the Loess Plateau
[Background] This work aims to ascertain the contribution of sediment retention by check-dams to sediment discharge reduction, and to further reveal the attribution of the water and sediment changes in the Yellow River and provide the decision-making basis of check-dam construction on the Loess Plateau.[Methods] The typical tributaries of Yanhe River in the loess hilly-gully region and Huangfuchuan River in the weathered sandstone hilly-gully (pisha) region were selected. On the basis of the safety survey database of check-dams in 2009, the operation period of check-dams, dams-controlled area, erosion-sediment yield modulus of dams-controlled watershed and sediment delivery ratio, the estimation method of the sediment retention were determined, and the contribution of sediment retention by check-dams to sediment discharge reduction in the typical tributaries on the Loess Plateau was analyzed.[Results]The average annual retained sediment amount by check-dams in different decades during 1960-2015 in the Yanhe watershed ranged from 0.92 million t/a to 8.54 million t/a, in which the maximum appeared in the 1980s, followed by the 1970s (7.89 million t/a), the minimum occurred in 2000-2009. While in the Huangfuchuan watershed, the average annual retained sediment amount in different decades varied from 0.36 million t/a to 11.39 million t/a, the maximum in 2010-2015, then 1990s (7.41 million t/a) and the minimum in 1960s. In addition, the results showed that the significant reduction of the annual sediment discharge in the Yanhe and Huangfuchuan watersheds (P<0.01) according to the Mann-Kendall trend test. On the basis of the Pettitt's abrupt test, the first transition year of the annual sediment discharge from 1955 to 2014 in the Yanhe and Huangfuchuan watersheds appeared in 1996 and 1984 (P<0.05), while the second transition year of the annual sediment discharge were in 2005 and 2003 (P<0.05), respectively. Meanwhile, the sediment discharge reduction after the abrupt change ranged from 18.25 million t/a to 42.20 million t/a in the Yanhe watershed and from 27.49 million t/a to 50.37 million t/a in the Huangfuchuan watershed, respectively. The influence of precipitation on sediment discharge reduction was weakened after abrupt change, while the effect of human activities was enhanced gradually. In addition, the contribution of sediment retention amount by check-dams to human activities in the Yanhe and Huangfuchuan tributaries were 29.1% and 28.5% after the first transition year, 8.4% and 18.2% after the second transition year, respectively. After 2000, the decreased sediment discharge was more than 85% in the Yanhe and Huangfuchuan tributaries, while the contribution of retained sediment amount by check-dams was less than 10% and 20%, respectively.[Conclusions] It showed that the effect of sediment retention by check-dams was not the main factor of sediment discharge reduction. Due to the different soil erosion environment, especially the differences in the vegetation restoration effect and proportion of dam-controlled area to watershed area, the contribution of check-dams on sediment discharge reduction in the Huangfuchuan tributary was greater than that in the Yanhe tributary.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 16-22 [Abstract] ( 487 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 782KB] ( 425 )
23 ZHI Zaixing, LI Zhanbin, YU Kunxia, LI Peng, GAO Haidong, YAO Jingwei
Impact of land use change on ecosystem services value in northern Shaanxi
[Background] In hilly-gullied area of northern Shaanxi, the soil and water erosion is serious, Returning Farmland into Forest and Grassland is an important policy to improve the environment, brings great positive changes to the ecological environment. Northern Shaanxi including Yulin and Yan'an is one of the serious soil erosion regions, thus northern Shaanxi was selected as the pilot area to implement the policy of Returning Farmland into Forest and Grassland in 1999, and it was completely proceeded in 2002. To study the impact effects of this policy, this research focused on the ecosystem service value (ESV) of northern Shaanxi affected by this policy, and analyzed the characteristics of the ESV changing pattern of northern Shaanxi.[Methods] The studied area of northern Shaanxi is located at E 107°15'-110°15' and N 35°02'-39°35. The data was from the database of 1:10 land use in China in 2013. The ESV equivalent coefficient per unit area of northern Shaanxi terrestrial ecosystem was firstly revised by appropriate biomass factors, and then refined using the proportional relation between type of land use and subtype of land use. The ESV per unit area of northern Shaanxi terrestrial ecosystem was calculated by grain production. Then ESV was calculated by multiplying the area of different type of land use in northern Shaanxi by ESV per unit area.[Results]1) In northern Shaanxi, the land-use change occurred in the cultivated land, the forest and grassland, the cultivated land area reduced by 2 811 km2 from 1985 to 2013, the rate of change was -9.98%. The area of forest and grassland increased by 1 392 km2 and 2 417 km2 respectively in 1985-2013, the rate of change was 12.85% and 7.10%, respectively. The areas changed clearly in 2000-2013, the areas increment of forest and grassland in 2000-2013 was 7 times and 2 times of that in 1985-2000 respectively. The construction of land use in northern Shaanxi was observably influenced by the policy of Returning Farmland into Forest and Grassland. 2) The ESV of northern Shaanxi was improved clearly in 1985-2013, the ESV increment of forest and grassland was 2.52 billion and 1.39 billion Yuan respectively, the increment of 2000-2013 was three times of the increment of 1985-2000.[Conclusions] The ESV transformation of forest, grassland and arable land was drastic in 2000-2013, it was corresponding to the time of Returning Farmland into Forest and Grassland energetically, and the ESV perunit area of northern Shaanxi terrestrial ecosystem is positively influenced by the policy of Returning Farmland into Forest and Grassland.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 23-30 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 882KB] ( 371 )
31 WU Wanhua, HE Shuqin, GONG Yuanbo, ZHENG Zicheng
Characteristics of runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss in slope farmland with contour ridges during maize growth stages
[Background] The purple soil region is one of the typical areas suffering serious soil erosion in Southwest China. At the same time, the growth periods of the maize coincide with the timing of rainstorms. Serious soil erosion would surely result in the loss of runoff and organic carbon. Our aims are to investigate the characteristics of the loss and the migration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during the growth period of maize in the slope farmland of purple soil, providing a scientific basis for the effective prevention and control of organic carbon loss during the maize planting.[Methods] Surface runoff, interflow and its loss characteristics of dissolved organic carbon of the whole growth period of maize were studied by the combination methods of field runoff plots and artificial rainfall simulation in slope farmland of purple soil areas. Contour ridge is designed according to local agricultural customs. A total of 12 rainfall simulation experiments are conducted in two 1 m by 2 m boxes under three rainfall intensities (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm/min) on a typical slope gradient of 15°.[Results]The surface runoff was obviously affected by rainfall redistribution, and surface runoff presented the maximum in seedling stage and the minimum in tasseling stage. However, the interflow was less affected by rainfall intensity and rainfall redistribution. Although the DOC mass concentration of surface runoff showed a decreasing trend gradually, and the initial value of the DOC mass concentration was relatively higher under rainfall intensity of 2.0 mm/min. The interflow DOC mass concentration showed a trend of rising first and then decreasing and it was most significant under rainfall intensity of 1.0 mm/min. In the first 30 minutes of the runoff generation, the DOC migration load of surface runoff displayed an order of seedling stage > mature stage > jointing stage > tasseling stage, and it was affected greatly by rainfall intensity. However, the DOC migration load of interflow displayed an order of seedling stage > jointing stage > tasseling stage > mature stage, and the effect of rainfall intensity on the transfer load of the interflow DOC was not obvious. During the same growth period, the mass concentration of interflow DOC was higher than that of the surface runoff, besides, but interflow occurrence was later than that of surface runoff. The interflow DOC migration load was 1.35 times of the surface runoff DOC.[Conclusions] The growth period of maize had an obvious influence on surface runoff. Interflow was the main mode of the DOC migration in slope farmland of purple soil. The variation of mass concentration of DOC depended on the time of runoff generation and the change of maize growth stage.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 31-38 [Abstract] ( 488 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1000KB] ( 385 )
39 LI Chengzhi, LIAN Jinjiao, CHEN Hongsong, FENG Teng, FU Zhiyong
Estimation of soil erosion and its response to land use change in Karst regions at county scale
[Background] In the Karst region of Southwest China, where is characterized with the fragile ecological environment and sharp contradiction between the large population and limited land resources, rocky desertification is severe. The changes of land use types and degrees of human disturbances would affect soil loss amount and levels of rocky desertification. Therefore, it is important to simulate the soil erosion in the Karst area and to study the response of soil erosion to land use type changes.[Methods] Based on the modified RMMF model and ArcGIS technology, this paper simulated the soil erosion in Huanjiang County in 1991, 2000 and 2010. The response of soil erosion to land use type changes was simulated under the same rainfall condition.[Results]Fine agreements of RMMF simulated soil loss and observations from hydrological stations were obtained. The results showed that the soil erosion modulus decreased from 76.36 t/(km2·a) in 1991 and 76.46 t/(km2·a) in 2000 to 49.60 t/(km2·a) in 2010. The sediment yields were 34.76×104, 34.80×104 and 22.58×104 t for 1991, 2000 and 2010, respectively. The non-Karst area is the main sediment source area, and its mean soil loss amount accounted for about 94% of total soil loss amount of Huanjiang County. Most areas suffered from slight degree of soil erosion, accounting for more than 90%, while the other areas suffered from higher levels of soil erosion, accounting for very small proportion. Compared with values of other land use types, the soil erosion modulus of dry land was much larger, followed by medium coverage grassland. Specifically, over 80% and 70% of soil loss amounts were from dry lands for Karst area and non-Karst area, respectively. For the same land use type, the non-Karst area had a larger soil erosion modulus than the Karst area. In the scenario simulation, the rainfall data of 1991 was used instead of the original rainfall data to estimate soil erosion in 2000 and 2010, and the sediment yield decreased 4.21×104 t from 1991 to 2010 due to the decrease in dry land area. The sediment yields in 2010 decreased by 4.21% and 8.76% of those in 2000 for Karst area and non-Karst area, respectively.[Conculsions] These results indicated that the soil erosion amount had reduced since 2010 by reducing the dry land area and increasing vegetation coverage in Huanjiang County. This study may provide a reference basis for regional soil erosion estimation and soil-water conservation effectiveness assessment in Karst region.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 614 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2679KB] ( 415 )
48 YANG Jiachen, ZHANG Ronghua, QI Yucheng, KONG Fanying, DONG Zhi
Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Rizhao City
[Background] The Rizhao City, located in the southern coast of Shandong province, is northern rocky mountain soil and the national key harnessing area of Yimeng Mountains and Taishan Mountain, China. However, there are few studies on the soil erosion in the region, and no detailed research on the rainfall erosivity has been carried out specifically for Rizhao City scale.[Methods] In order to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in Rizhao City and improve the scientific nature of soil and water conservation planning and decision-making, we used the daily rainfall data of 61 rainfall stations in Rizhao City from 2005 to 2014 to calculate the rainfall erosivity by the daily rainfall erosivity model, and analyzed the spatial pattern with the help of ArcGIS10 and the temporal variation and the correlation between rainfall, erosive rainfall and rainfall erosivity by virtue of Excel 2013.[Results]1) For the temporal variability, the annual rainfall erosivity ranged from 1 831.55 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a) to 5 306.12 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a), the maximum value(2008) of the average annual rainfall erosivity was 2.90 times of the minimum (2014), and the maximum value (2007) of the rainfall erosivity in flood season was 3.74 times of the minimum (2014). The monthly rainfall erosivity per station was in the range of 1.23 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a) to 1 171.93 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a), the rainfall erosivity was concentrated from May to September, especially from July to August. 2) For the spatial variations, the average rainfall erosivity yearly and in flood season generally increased from inland areas to southeast coastal areas, and the lowest in the central region. Comparing them at the county scale, the highest of the average annual rainfall erosivity was in Lanshan, and then Donggang, the lowest was in Juxian and Wulian. The average annual rainfall erosivity in each station was from 2 755.23 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a) to 5 061.15 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a), the average and the median was 3 826.01 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a) and 3 730.97 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a), respectively, and the standard deviation was 512.81 MJ·mm/(hm2·h·a), and the variability coefficients was 13.40%.[Conclusions] The spatial distribution pattern of soil erosion in Rizhao City is not exactly matched with the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity. In addition to the influence of rainfall erosivity, regional soil erosion is closely related to terrain, soil, vegetation and other factors. To strengthen the research on the comprehensive influence of various factors on soil erosion should be the direction of next step. The results can provide a reference for soil and water conservation planning and decision-making and prediction of soil erosion in Rizhao City.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 48-57 [Abstract] ( 530 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8606KB] ( 393 )
58 ZHU Liqin, HUANG Rongzhen, HUANG Guomin, HUANG Shihua, YI Zhiqiang, ZHANG Wenfeng, JIA Long, WANG He, LIU Yong
Effects of different artificially restored forests on aggregate composition and organic carbon in degraded red soil
[Background] Research on the composition of aggregates and the distribution of organic carbon in soil will be beneficial for understanding the interaction between soil structure and function at the molecular scale.[Methods] Three typical artificially restored forests after a 30-year restoration in degraded red soil were selected in this study, which were Pinus massoniana-multiple layer broadleaf forest (PB), Schima superba-Pinus massoniana mixed forest (SP), and broadleaf forest (BF), respectively. Methods of dry sieve and wet sieve were applied to investigate the composition of aggregates and the distribution of organic carbon in different layers (0-60 cm) of soil in each of the three forests, following which the correlations between soil aggregate organic carbon and soil total organic carbon were also determined.[Results]For all three forests, particles larger than 2 mm in diameter constituted more than 60% of mechanical-stable aggregates in soil, while particles less than 0.05 mm in diameter made up the majority of water-stable aggregates in soil. The broken rate of aggregate structure in the three forests ranked as:BF (53.38%-84.27%) > SP (52.22%-70.86%) > PB (22.0%-47.83%). The organic carbon mass fractions of both mechanical-and water-stable aggregates were the highest in the soil of PB. Along with the increase of soil depth, organic carbon mass fraction of soil aggregates all showed a decreasing trend in the three forests. Compared with the total organic carbon at all soil layers, macro water-stable aggregates (>0.25 mm in diameter) had higher organic carbon mass fraction, while micro water-stable aggregates (<0.25 mm in diameter) showed lower mass fraction, suggesting that organic carbon may play an active role in the formation and the water-stability of macro aggregates. Furthermore, soil aggregate organic carbon showed a positive correlation with soil total organic carbon.[Conculsions] PB had the best quantity and quality of soil aggregates among the three forests, which can be attributed to the high density and coverage of shrubs/herbs. Therefore, to accelerate the improvement of soil structure and the recovery of soil functions in degraded lands, we should increase the input of organic carbon by appropriately creating a higher density and coverage of shrubs/herbs at the early stage of forest restoration, which would promote the formation and the stability of soil aggregates. This may provide a scientific basis for the selection and optimal allocation of forest types in the restoration of degraded red soil in the south of China.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 58-66 [Abstract] ( 447 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 839KB] ( 333 )
67 HUANG Longsheng, WANG Bing, NIU Xiang, SONG Qingfeng
Evaluation on the influence of natural forest protection program on soil conservation and ecological benefits in Key State-owned Forest Districts in Northeast China-Inner Mongolia Area
[Background] In recent years, China has carried out a series of major ecological restoration projects, such as the Three-north Forest Protection Project (TFPP), Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) and Grain for Green Project(GTGP).The government invested huge funds for the construction of these projects. The soil conservation and the ecological benefits of these ecological restoration projects have aroused widespread concern.[Methods] There have 7 forest industry groups in the NFPP area of the Key State-owned Forest Districts in Northeast China-Inner Mongolia. The total area of the project is 3 589.97×104 hm2. Three data sets were combined. First, the forest resources inventory data set; second, forest ecological inventory data set and third, the social public dataset issued by authoritative organizations in China. Then, the ecological benefits and economic values of the study area before and after the NFPP based on the function of soil conservation and ecological benefits were assessed with the forest ecosystem services assessment specification (LY/T 1721-2008) and the distributed measurement method. In addition, the study area was according to the ecological function areas, forestry bureau and dominant tree species and age, combined with the comparative observation of different site conditions to determine relatively homogeneous estimates of ecosystem services unit as 14 770. Thus, the temporal and spatial diversity of forest ecosystems in the study area was considered.[Results]1) Up to the 2015, the total amount of the 9 dominant trees species of soil fixation and fertility maintenance was 131 724.91×104 t/a and 8 203.72×104 t/a, respectively. Compared with the prior to the implementation of NFPP, it increased 23 609.02×104 t/a and 1 738.23×104 t/a, respectively. 2) The value of the 9 dominant trees species of soil fixation and fertility maintenance was 905.29×108 RMB Yuan/a and 2 408.92×108 RMB Yuan/a, respectively. It increased 455.44×108 RMB Yuan/a and 699.69×108 RMB Yuan/a, respectively, when compared with the prior to the implementation of NFPP. 3) The soil fixation in eco-benefits of Betula spp. forest and broadleaf mixed forest were significant, while that in the Pinus koraiensis forest and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica forest was not so. The fertility maintenance in the Larix spp. forest and broadleaf mixed forest had the best eco-benefits, but the P. sylvestris var. mongolica forest had the poor eco-benefits. 4) Forest protection effectively improved the ecosystem service function, so that the eco-benefits of forest conservation can be improved.[Conclusions] Over time, with the implementation of the NFPP, the soil conservation function of forest in this study area and even the national NFPP's area must have a significant improvement. Of course, other ecological services function of the NFPP's area also needs further study. Accordingly, it will provide scientific reference for the evaluation of ecological benefits for the follow-up of this project.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 67-77 [Abstract] ( 579 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 925KB] ( 353 )
78 QIE Huan, LI Yaguang
GIS-based spatial distribution characteristics of settlements and its optimization in the tropical Lingshui County of Hainan Province
[Background] The spatial distribution pattern of settlements has a significant influence on intensification utilization of land resource and regional economic development. In order to study the distribution characteristics and pattern in tropical area, a case study in Lingshui County of Hainan Province has been addressed.[Methods] The local digital basic map was collected from data center of Chinese academy of sciences. The resident GPS point map was picked out to generate Voronoi diagram and landscape pattern index of Lingshui County. The Voronoi value is an index to classify the distribution situation of point set. Combining Voronoi diagram coefficient variation with landscape pattern index, the aggregation characteristics and distribution pattern of settlements in Lingshui were analyzed. The DEM map and topographic map were used to generate terrain index and buffer map of Lingshui County. Applying GIS spatial analysis, 9 kinds of suitability index:elevation, slope, water source buffer, road buffer, town buffer, downtown district, scale and aggregation of settlements were chosen to study the human settlement suitability in Lingshui County of Hainan Province. Each index was divided into 4 levels (Level I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ and IV) according to its correlation with settlement distribution.[Results]1)The Cv coefficient of variation value of settlements in Lingshui County was 253.99%, in both town and country level, the spatial pattern of settlements presents cluster. 2) The terrain and road were of significant influences to settlement distribution in Lingshui, more than 90% settlements were located in the southeast of the county, whose elevation was lower than 100 m, and slope was smaller than 6°. About 60% settlements were located within the distance of 500 m from main highway. The attractions of town were gradually increasing within 2 000 m while began to weak out of 2 000 m. Thus, it can be considered as a reference radius for settlement optimization. 3) According to the comprehensive suitability value of human settlements, the settlements in Lingshui was divided into 4 types:urban transformation type, the first level settlement, suitability value was greater than 7.99, area was 638.97 hm2; internal development type, the second level settlement, suitability value was between 4.70-7.99, area was 1 942.95 hm2; development control type, the third level settlement, suitability value was between 2.29-4.70, area was 1 429.85 hm2; and the removal type, suitability value was between 0-2.29, and area was 810.65 hm2.[Conclusions] Method was illustrated according to the suitability level of settlements, and this paper provides efficient information and reasonable practice for settlement arrangements in Lingshui County.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 78-85 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4738KB] ( 370 )
86 WANG Hui, WANG Bing, NIU Xiang, SONG Qingfeng
Dynamic change of natural forest ecological benefit in Changbai Forest Industry Group since implementation of natural forest protection project
[Background] In 1998, after the flood disaster, the state implemented Natural Forest Protection Project (NFPP). This indicates that China's forestry transferred from wood production to ecological construction. NFPP is one of the six key forestry projects in China, but its ecological benefit assessment is less.[Methods] Based on forest resource inventory data and the field measurement database of long-term observation data in Changbai Forest Industry Group by the end of 2000 and 2015, combining the distributed calculation method, the continuous observation and periodical inventory of complete index system of forest ecosystem services (known as forest ecology continuous investigation) were applied to assess six services, including water conservation, soil conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release, trees' nutrient accumulation, atmosphere purification, biodiversity conservation, and their characteristics were analyzed to quantify and reveal the dynamic changes of the ecological benefits of the NFPP in Changbai Forest Industry Group.[Results]The results showed that the quantity and value of services showed an increasing trend during the implementation of the NFPP. The increase and the growth rate of the five forest ecosystem services were:water conservation, 7.78×108 t/a; soil conservation, 2 255.32×104 t/a; carbon fixation and oxygen release, 191.87×104 t/a; trees' nutrient accumulation, 6.35×104 t/a, 0.22×1023 negative ions/a; pollutant absorption, 2 879.16×104 kg/a; PM10 adsorption, 122.43×104 kg/a; PM2.5 adsorption, 18.38×104 kg/a. During the implementation of natural forest protection project, the results showed that the total value of natural forest ecosystem services of Changbai Forest Industry Group increased by 381.75 billion/a. The order of values of the six service functions was as:biodiversity conservation, water conservation, soil conservation, atmosphere purification, carbon fixation and oxygen release order trees' nutrient accumulation. The value of biodiversity conservation and water conservation were more than 50%, which was the main ecosystem service function.[Conclusions] During the implementation of NFPP, the growth rate of soil conservation value was the largest, and water conservation was the second,which account for 27% and 20%, respectively. The study provides reference for the development of natural forest protection project, and provides scientific basis and guidance for the management of natural forest.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 86-93 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1180KB] ( 384 )
94 WANG Xianbang, HE Kangning, DONG Zhe, LIU Kai
Evaluation on water conservation capacity of typical forest types in Beichuan River basin
[Background] Forest is an indispensable part of human survival. Forest water conservation capacity is an important part in searching ecological benefits. In Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province, since the policy 'Converted Farmland into Forest' implemented, it has protected forest land and improved froest coverage. Due to less research of forest water conservation in basin, the effect of forest water conservation in whole basin is unknown yet. We aimed to discuss the regulation of vegetation, in order to maximize basin forest ecological benefits.[Methods] In order to explore water conservation capacity of forest in Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province, we chose five typical tree species:Picea crassifolia, Betula platyphylla, Larix principis-rupprechtii, Hippophae rhamnoides and Populus cathayana, to analyse and evaluate 10 indexes which are closely related to water conservation from the forest canopy layer, litter layer and soil layer, meanwhile adpoted the analytic hierarchy Process (AHP) to analyze the proportion of these woodlands and indexes in water conservation.[Results]In comparison to forest canpony layer, Picea crassifolia and Betula platyphylla have the best ability to conservate water, next is Larix principis-rupprechtii, Hippophae rhamnoides and Populus cathayana. But in litter layer, the Picea crassifolia, Larix principis-rupprechtii and Betula platyphylla have the advantage in water conservation and following is Populus cathayana, Hippophae rhamnoides is the worst. In soil layer, Picea crassifolia and Betula platyphylla have the best ability of water conservation, next is Hippophae rhamnoides and Larix principis-rupprechtii, and Populus cathayana is the worst. At the same time, according to AHP inspection:Picea crassifolia takes the highest ration in water conservation, has reached to 25%. Also in three layers, soil layer has the largest proportion:70.51%. Considering comparison among three layers and results of AHP, the current rank of water conservation capacity as follow:Picea crassifolia forest land > Betula platyphylla forest land > Larix principis-rupprechtii forest land > Hippophae rhamnoides forest land > Populus cathayana forest land.[Conclusions] This research result is consistent with the local actual conditions, Picea crassifolia is the highest ecological community. Likewise, due to Beichuan River basin is barren land located in alpine mountain, Northwest China, reasonably planting and implementing afforestation activities are needed according to local conditions. Research results clearly show that different woodlands have different capacities in water conversation. In order to further improve forest ecological benefit in watershed, the quantity of Picea crassifolia on the basis of reasonable planting should be increased, and the management and protect water conservation capacity of forest should be strengthened in Beichuan River basin, Qinghai Province. In addition, this research only investigated the current situation of water conservation under current conditions, not involve the optimal space of forest land. This study also provides reference and theoretical basis for the further discussion on the vegetation landscape pattern and the spatial optimal allocation in the basin.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 94-102 [Abstract] ( 480 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1049KB] ( 385 )
103 TU Jian, MA Chao, YANG Hailong
Rainfall condition of triggering debris flows in Beijing mountain regions
[Background] Debris flows are one of the mountain hazards in mountain regions near Beijing, and cause serious threatening to local ecological safety. In recent years, the debris flow events increased a lot than last few decades as a result of the double influence of increasing extreme rainstorm events and human being activities. Researches on the triggering rainfall condition are the basis of early-warning and prediction of debris flows.[Methods] Using the distribution of debris flow sites and rainfall stations, 18 rainfall records were selected to analyze the rainfall characteristics. A rainfall event is defined when the hourly rainfall is greater than 8 mm/h in the beginning and ends in less than 8 mm afterwards. The rainfall records and rainfall events were used to identify the rainfall conditions of triggering debris flows in study area. Two rainfall thresholds, including the mean rainfall intensity-duration (I-D) and the accumulative rainfall-duration (C-D), were developed. The formula of rainfall thresholds with single-line method after analysis of the I-D and C-D were built. The Landsat data in year of 1989, 2004 and 2010 in Miyun District from geographic spatial data cloud of Chinese Academy of Sciences were analyzed. Through the ENVY5.1 and ArcMap10.3, the normalized difference vegetation index was calculated. Vegetation coverages in the three periods were obtained with pixel linear decomposition model. The relationship between triggering rainfall condition and vegetation coverage were built by standardized calculation.[Results]The intensified rainfall duration lasted merely 3 h~9 h, during which the mean rainfall intensity ranged from 22.6 mm/h to 50.0 mm/h. Accumulative rainfall ranged from 91.9 mm to 350.0 mm, accounting for 63.9%~100% of total rainfall. Two functions with expressions as I-D and C-D in Beijing mountain regions were identified. Rainfall conditions of triggering debris flow in Miyun at 2009-2011, 2004-2005 and 1989-1991 were identified respectively. Vegetation coverage in Miyun at 2009, 2004 and 1989 were 72.48%, 68.57% and 64.48% respectively.[Conclusions] The results show that rainstorm in Beijing mountain regions characterizes in short duration, high intensity and high rainfall amount. The formula of rainfall thresholds with single-line method after analysis of the I-D and C-D can be used as a reference in forecasting of debris flows. Then, relationship between vegetation cover and the rainfall conditions of triggering debris flows in three stages of Miyun was studied. Results found that the vegetation cover degree in Miyun increased as time went on, corresponding rainfall triggering also increased. This study may provide a suggestion for the debris flow early-warning in the study area.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 103-110 [Abstract] ( 439 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4261KB] ( 375 )
111 YAO Xijun, XU Jincai, LIU Jing, WU Quan, XU Yanhong, LI Youfang
Characteristics of soil nutrient under different land use types in Yijinhuoluo County
[Background] Human activities, such as mining, cause the changes nearby environment, especially soil nutrients. The research is to investigate the difference of soil nutrient content among 4 land use types:shrub land, mining land, nature grassland and farmland in Yijinhuoluo County of Ordos, Inner Mongolia.[Methods] Yijinhuoluo County of Ordos is located in E 109°45'-110°40',N 38°50'-39°50', in which there are 3 major types of soil:skeletal soil, aeolian sandy soil and chestnut soil. The sampling sites were determined based on the studied mining area, centered outward in ladder shape, and the proportion of the land use in total area. The soil samples were collected from 3 random soil profiles, each profile was divided into 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layers, three soil samples were collected and mixed from each same layer, the mixed soil sample was divided into four shares equally, and the soil sample shares were packed to the lab. The soil organic matter was analyzed with dilution heat method, and the soil total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium were analyzed respectively with wet combustion method, Mo-Sb colorimetry and flame photometry. The data was processed by ANOVA.[Results] 1) The organic matter content and total N content were significantly different under 4 land use types in the Yijinhuoluo region, while there was no significant difference on total P content and total K content at depth from 0 to 30 cm (P <0.05). In the case of organic matter content, 4 land use types can be organized from high to low as following,farmland (7.63 g/kg) > nature grassland (4.91 g/kg) > shrub forest land (4.11 g/kg) > land use for mining (3.29 g/kg).The highest content of total N, P, and K were 0.39 g/kg (nature grassland),0.42 g/kg (nature grassland) and 26.23 g/kg (shrub forest land).The lowest content of total N, P, and K were 0.13 g/kg (land use for mining), 0.34 g/kg (shrub forest land) and 21.59 g/kg (nature grassland) respectively. 2) In soil vertical section, the organic matter gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth on mining land and nature grassland. The maximum organic matter content appeared in the depth of 20-30 cm both in farmland and shrub forest land. The total N and total P content of the all land use types had a decrease tendency with the increase of soil depth. There was no obvious change about total K content within different soil layer.[Conclusions] Soil total N and total P content of the 4 land use types are comparatively ideal, and the total N content and organic matter content are deficient. The total P content of farmland can meet the growth needs of main crops; however organic matter and total N content cannot meet the growth needs of major crops.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 111-116 [Abstract] ( 613 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 859KB] ( 361 )
117 LUO Xuhui, HUANG Ying, FANG Yunyun, CHEN En, YANG Youquan, WENG Boqi
Emergy-value analysis on pattern of circular agriculture industry alliance in Changting County

[Background] Promoting soil fertilization is an important subject in Changting County for soil and water conservation. Aimed to reusing agricultural waste products and return to farmland, a pattern of circular agriculture industry alliance was established.[Methods] In order to evaluate the pattern application effectiveness and analyze the characteristics of energy flow in recycling agriculture model, the emergy yield ratio (EYR), emergy invest ratio (EIR), environmental loading ratio (ELR) and emergy-value sustainable development index (ESI) in both of circular agriculture industry alliance and local agricultural system (CK) in Changting County were analyzed by emergy-value, with the emergy transformity referring to study of H. T. Odum.[Results]The EYR, EIR, ELR and ESI of circular agriculture industry alliance in Changting County in 2014 were 7.12, 49.35, 0.44 and 16.26, respectively. While the EYR, EIR, ELR and ESI of local agricultural system were 1.20, 3.29, 0.23, and 5.17, respectively. With production pattern changed from traditional one, the percentage of the renewable organic emergy (R1) to the total emergy input increased from 58.42% to 66.47%, the percentage of the nonrenewable industrial auxiliary emergy (F) increased from 18.49% to 30.32%, and percentage of renewable environmental resources (R) decreased from 22.95% to 1.88%. For emergy output, two product systems were typed with heavy animal production, and their emergy outputs were above 75% of total output.[Conclusions] Circular agriculture industry alliance pattern has obvious benefit on agriculture development with increasing 5.92 of EYR and 11.09 of ESI, it is greater than local agricultural system. It is suggested that optimization on circular agriculture industry alliance mode as following:1) making limitation on livestock production;2) enlarging scale of organic fertilizer production;3) introducing more vegetable plantation and orchard to join the alliance for using biogas; and 4) strengthening science and technology investment to make fully use of biogas and fermented liquid.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 117-126 [Abstract] ( 398 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1049KB] ( 433 )
127 SHEN Xuejian, LI Zhiguang, KANG Qing, LU Jingde
Design and application of supervision and management system for soil and water conservation in production and construction projects based on high resolution remote sensing images and cloud data management

[Background] In 2015, the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China began to organize the exemplary work:Air-ground Integration of Supervision in production and construction projects. It demands each basin institution and each province to choose a county that contains various forms of ground disturbance to carry out the exemplary work. In order to support the exemplary work on the supervision and management of soil and water conservation in production and construction projects with the aid of data-collecting hardware device and information processing and analysis software, the Water and Soil Conservation Monitoring Center of the Ministry of Water Resources led to develop "the Supervision and Management System for Soil and Water Conservation in Production and Construction Projects Based on High Resolution Remote Sensing Images and Cloud Data Management".[Methods] The above system was developed based on the new developments of modern space technology, surveying and mapping, information technology, in combination with the new demands in the supervision and inspection of soil and water conservation. First we completely analyzed the relevant data and management requirements, and then built the system via innovations on tailored design for supervision and management work, integration of hardware and software, and application.[Results]The system may offer a series of services including management of basic data on the supervision and inspection of soil and water conservation, collection and analysis of supervision and inspection information, compliance recognition and early warning of production and construction activities, positioning of spatial data, one-click upload and download of data, information distribution and sharing. More than 2 years' test and promotion showed that this system strengthened the streamlining and standardization of indoor and outdoor supervision and management of soil and water conservation of production and construction projects. It supports instant compliance analysis of production and construction activities from spatial and temporal, quality and quantity dimensions. Also, it enables the dynamic management and historical analysis of supervision and inspection. As a result, this system provides strong technical foundation for the network interaction and interactive visualization of soil and water conservation of production and construction projects. It does a solid job in further contribution to the efficacy of supervision and inspection of soil and water conservation, promoting the owners of production and construction projects to actively implement the soil and water conservation programs.[Conclusions] This system has fine openness and compatibility, can embed peripheral hardware and accept all kinds of spatial data and multimedia data, customized business support components, and has the ability to publish GP services. It can be used as references in the fields of comprehensive management of soil and water conservation, project management, production and construction, project evaluation, acceptance, monitoring and supervision and other related fields.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 127-134 [Abstract] ( 584 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1007KB] ( 435 )
135 LIAO Kaitao, SONG Yuejun, ZHANG Jinsheng, CHE Tengteng
UAV remote sensing technology in the application of the ecological orchard construction of soil and water conservation
[Background] With remote sensing technology developing, UAV remote sensing has been widely used in the domestic and varied international industries in recent years. Soil and Water Conservation Informatization Planning of China(2013-2020), published by the Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, points out that it is necessary to improve the level of informatization on soil and water conservation. Jiangxi Eco-Science Park of Soil and Water Conservation is the first demonstration park of soil and water conservation ecological science and technology of China, and was selected as the study area.[Methods] UAV, RS, and GIS technologies were introduced into monitoring soil and water conservation. Firstly, 182 images obtained by UAV remote sensing in 6 different stages in study area, including before transformation, in transformation and after transformation, were used for the process monitoring. And then Trimble GEOXT2008 handheld GPS was used to acquire 15 ground control points. Secondly, Agisoft photoscan was used to process the UAV images and generate digital surface model (DSM) and digital orthophoto map (DOM) of study area. The class, quantity and distribution of soil and water conservation measures were obtained from the DOM data by GIS software ArcMap. Finally, tape was used to measure the actual length of some soil and water conservation measures for validating the length accuracy extracted from DOM, and inclinometer was employed to measure the actual slope of eight points for validating the slope accuracy extracted of DSM.[Results]The UAV images monitored the details of the transformation, and clearly showed the construction progress of different stages. We also explored a way to process the UAV image and build DOM and DSM by Agisoft photoscan. The image resolution of DOM was 2.35 cm and the resolution of DSM was 4.7 cm. Then information of extracted soil and water conservation measures included sand chamber, reservoir, master channel, water pipe, dropper main pipe, dropper branch pipe, and underground channel from DOM by GIS software ArcMap, and also the soil and water conservation measures database was established. Finally, we made the distribution map of soil and water conservation measures by DOM, and obtained the slope map of the study area by DSM. The average length accuracy of DOM data was 97.99%, length max accuracy was 99.73%, and the slope average accuracy of DSM data was 88.91%.[Conclusions] By UAV remote sensing system, the area, height, length, slope and some other attribute data of the observed objects may be obtained quickly, accurately and automatically, which may meet the requirements of current soil and water conservation information, and improve the information level of comprehensive management project monitoring and the construction monitoring quality and efficiency.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 135-141 [Abstract] ( 436 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7416KB] ( 364 )
142 XIA Chunyuan, RAO Liangyi, XIA Jingfang
Research and development on the expert system for ecological effect evaluation of soil and water conservation
[Background] Most researches paid attention to the study of comprehensive evaluation of soil and water conservation, such as evaluation of index system and evaluation methods. However, few studies on the evaluation of ecological effects of soil and water conservation have been carried out. So far a lot of expert knowledge has been accumulated in this field, which has provided basis for the development of evaluation expert system that could help quickly and intelligently evaluate the ecological effects of soil and water conservation measures. A decision-making tool for the soil and water conservation administrative department is also urgently required to meet the needs of ecological effects evaluation for soil and water conservation, which may provide the basis for government decision.[Methods] Based on the summarization of the experiences and expert knowledge of soil and water conservation areas, a knowledge database was established with the production-rule method, and the expert system (ES) was integrated with geographic information system (GIS) technologies by the visual programming language VC++.[Results]A friendly interface and fully functional ecological effect evaluation expert system of soil and water conservation was developed, composing of expert system and geographic information system. The expert system includes man-machine interface, inference engine, knowledge base and acquisition and management of knowledge, database and database management, model base and model base management, graph base and graph base management. It can calculate the ecological effects of comprehensive management of soil and water conservation measures, and make a scientific evaluation of the ecological effects of soil and water conservation measures. This part is also the core function of the system. In addition, the system also includes information management, knowledge base management, document management, GIS management and output functions. After the completion of the system, the Baima small watershed was selected as a verifying example, in the slope of 18.2 degrees, 20 m slope, rainfall intensity was 1.1 mm/min, the vegetation coverage was 40%, land use was forestland, soil and water conservation measure was fish scale pit, the effect of soil conservation at the slope scale of which was evaluated as:soil erosion modulus was 70.35 t/(km2·a), flow effect reduced to 75%, the sediment reduction effect was 80.15%, which may be used for soil and water conservation management in the administrative department.[Conclusions] Analysis of soil and water conservation measures and the correct evaluation of their ecological effects may not only make people understand the effectiveness of soil erosion control, but also provide a basis for further comprehensive management and help promote soil and water conservation work scientifically and specifically. This system may meet the needs of soil and water conservation assessment of ecological effects, with the advantages of simple operation, easy to release, etc. However, further efforts should be focused on the richness of the knowledge database, which may help improve the scientificalness of evaluation results as well as the practicality of the system.
2017 Vol. 15 (5): 142-148 [Abstract] ( 472 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 905KB] ( 400 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Accepted for Inclusion in Scopus
2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of CSCD during 2019-2020
SSWC Indexed in the 2017 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Appreciation for peer reviewer of SSWC Editorial Board
2017 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in the Yangling of Shaan
Professor Wang Lixian, Former Editor-in-Chief of SSWC Won Norman Hudson Memory Award
Calls for Papers in English
Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as a Member of 9th National Committee of CAST
Three Members of SSWC Editorial Board Rewarded as NOSTW in 7th Session Assessment
Election of 4th Editorial Board and First Meeting of New Board Held in Beijing
Deputy Editor-in-Chief of SSWC, Academician Cui Peng elected as a member of the IRDR SC
Notice About The 5 Not-Allowed Rules While Publishing Academic Articles by 7 Organizations
SSWC Indexed in “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Calls for Papers
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of Chinese Science Citation Database During
On the Home Page of the Journal Science of Soil and Water Conservation
Five Papers of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Determined as Excellent in 5th Assessment
Congratulations to Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as Academician of Chinese Academy of Scie
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