中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2015 Vol.13 No.5　　Published 2015-10-31
  
 
Foundamental Studies
1 Liu Huiying, Gao Qiang
Contribution rate of driving factors on the rainfall-sediment relationship of Longhe River watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir region
In order to elucidate the contribution rate of remarkable decline of sediment load in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, this study took the Longhe River watershed, the center of the Three Gorges Reservoir in the upper Yangtze River basin,as an example, revealed the changing trends and mutation points of annual precipitation, rainfall erosivity and sediment load from 1963 to 2010 with the help of universal soil loss equation, simplified model of rainfall erosivity and Pettitt test. The contribution rate of the human intervention to increasing sediment was analyzed when the rainfall erosivity was taken as the indicator of natural factor in whole period with double cumulative curve method. The result showed that there were some mutation points of annual precipitation in 1982, sediment load in 1990 and rainfall erosivity in 2000, respectively. Using the double accumulative curve based on rainfall erosivity vs.sediment, the whole period was divided into four phases: 1963-1981, 1982-1990, 1991-1999 and 2000-2010. The result also showed that the contribution rates of human activity to increasing sediment in the Long River watershed during 1982-1990 and decreasing sediment during 1991-1999 and 2000-2010 were obtained based on the period of 1963-1981. The contribution rates of the human intervention were 106.5% during 1982-1990, 78.4% during 1991-1999 and 67.8% during 2000-2010,compared to that during 1963-1981. While taking rainfall as the natural factor, the contribution rates of human intervention to increasing sediment in the three periods mentioned above were 99.7%, 97.1%and 85.9% compared with that during 1963-1981. Our research proves that human activities such as conservation of water and soil, and water conservancy project, have a significant impact on rainfall-sediment relationship at the Longhe River watershed. The result is useful in correctly evaluating the benefit of of soil and water conservation measures in the similar watersheds.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 538 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 908KB] ( 1070 )
9 Yue Jianmin, Zhang Jinchi, Zhuang Jiayao, Xia Yemao, Liu Xin
Calibration of SCS-CN initial abstraction ratio of a small watershed in Nanjing bamboo forest
China has the relatively serious problem of soil and water loss. Runoff is the primary force that results in soil erosion. Accurate calculation of runoff is the key step to predict the soil and water loss, and it contributes to evaluating the efficiency of soil and water conservation practices. SCS-CN model is an empirical model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture, used to calculate the surface runoff of rain. It has the advantages of being simple and efficient. At present, it has been widely applied in different areas and site conditions for runoff calculation. Initial abstraction ratio (λ) is one of the basic input parameters in the SCS-CN method used to forecast surface runoff, and affects the precision of the model. This study was aimed to determine the value of initial abstraction ratio based on the Nanjing Moso bamboo forest watershed and provide reference of the SCS-CN model in this region. According to the measured data about rainfall runoff in the Moso bamboo forest watershed, the value of CN was determined by using the asymptote method. And then the shifty interval of λ was confirmed from the certain value of CN. We chose the data of 10 rainfall events and used the correlation coefficient | R |, model efficiency coefficient E, and the qualification rate to evaluate the parameter λ. The result showed that λ= 0.25,0.3, 0.35 are relatively better than other values when conducting calibration test of the parameters λ,with their correlation coefficients 0.58, 0.54 and 0.49, the model efficiency coefficient -9.42, -5.86 and - 3.14, and the qualification rates 77.80%, 88.90% and 77.80%, respectively. A comprehensive analysis showed that λ= 0.3 was relatively better in the small watershed. Next, we selected data of another 10 rainfall events to simulate the quantities of runoff, and the result showed that the parameter λ=0.3 was closer to the measured surface runoff than λ=0.2 from the SCS model. The model efficiency coefficient E was improved from -16.77 to -1.03. It greatly improves the accuracy of the model. Therefore, calibrating λ=0.3 is the optimal initial abstraction ratio of small watershed in the bamboo forest.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 9-15 [Abstract] ( 626 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 864KB] ( 1050 )
16 Li Hui, Zhou Yunchao, Liu Juan, Li Ling
Responses of Karst soil anti-erodibility to different land use types
The objectives of this study were to understand the responses of soil anti-erodibility to the ways of land use in Karst region and to explore whether soil anti-erodibiliy methods used in loess plateau could be applied in Karst area. Six typical land use types in Karst region, i. e. , shrub-grass land, grazing shrub land, burned land, mixed vegetation, young forest, and sloping farmland in Chenqi catchment of Puding County, Guizhou Province, were used to test soil anti-erodibility indexes such as soil organic matter, soil bulk density, soil texture, micro-aggregate, aggregation degree, dispersion rate, dispersion coefficient, construction/ destruction rate, and water stable aggregate, and major influencing factors were analyzed. The three major indexes affecting soil anti-erodibility were content of soil organic matters, water stable aggregate (bigger than 0.5 mm) and anti-erodible index. Soil erodibility was in the order of shrubgrass land (2.00) > grazing shrub land (1.75) > burned land (0.71) > mixed vegetation (0.14) >young forest ( - 1.62) > sloping farmland ( - 2.99). Soil anti-erodibility changed with the ways and intensity of karst land use which affected plant cover and soil physical and chemical characteristics.Soil anti-erodibility was enhanced by positive human activities; however it was weakened if plant coverand soil structure were destroyed. Compared with the monitoring results from the entire slope of the large scale runoff site in Chenqi catchment, the order of soil anti-erodibility differed from that of soil erosion,and a lot of contradictory results existed among the studies of Karst region. The contradictions include:1) the chosen indexes were different among different researches; 2) some indexes repeatedly affected soil anti-erodibility; 3) some indexes affected soil anti-erodibility positively and also negatively; 4) many results in the soil anti-erodibility studies were inconsistent with our own experiences; 5) soil anti-erodibility was affected greatly by the characteristics of Karst thin soil, rocky desertification and gravels.Most of the indexes except for soil bulk density did not include the information of gravels. In this way, it is unreliable to simply copy soil anti-erodibility methods from loess plateau into the study of karst soil erodbility.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 16-23 [Abstract] ( 460 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 861KB] ( 845 )
24 Li Xiang, Deng Qingchun, Zhang Bin, Liu Hui, Liu Gangcai, Luo Mingliang
Characteristics and controlling factors of rills in the micro-watershed of Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley
Characteristics, process and mechanism of rills are key hotspot in the field of soil erosion and gully erosion geomorphology. In order to reveal the developing characteristics and controlling factors at the micro-topography scale, based on the field survey and data collection at Tutujiliangzi in Yuanmou County of Yunnan Province, and with the support of ArcGIS, we worked out the shape parameters of watershed and rill. The results showed that the ranges of variation in the width, length, area of rill cross section were respectively in 0.22 - 0.75 m, 0.061 - 0.512 m, and 68.01 - 1 777.28 cm2. The variation of width/depth ratio ranged from 0.848 to 3.517. It was not obvious for the development of rill from 8th to 20th m, but the shoulder-lines in left and right sides and the thalueg of will from t to 8th m and 20th m to the end of rill were developing heavily. The area of cross section had a positive relationship with catchment area of rill. The width, length and area of rill cross section ied with the distance from rill-head to the cross section. The variety followed a certain trend but not stable. There were few and scattered plants in gentle slopes of the rill but other similar laces had no vegetations. Plants existed in the gentle slopes at the exit of the rill. Rill slope controls the potential water energy and influences the developing process of rill. The effect of stening soil of root system improves the ability of resisting soil erosion. These results are due to the coupling effect of catchment area, local slope degree and vegetations. This paper will not only reveal theoretically the regularity of rill forms and developing mechanism of rills at the micro-topography scale but also help to provide prevention measures for water and soil losses and environmental protection.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 24-30 [Abstract] ( 380 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4630KB] ( 920 )
31 Wang Hao, Zhang Ganghui, Zhang Yongxuan, Geng Ren, Luan Lili
Rainfall event based runoff prediction model for small watersheds in the Loess Plateau
Situated in northwestern China, the Loess Plateau is covered with loose, fine, uniform, and highly erodible aeolian deposits. The climate varies from semi-arid to sub-humid, with heavy short storms. Because of the erodible soils, steep slopes, heavy storms, low vegetation cover and inappropriate land use, it is one of the most eroded regions in the world. Such serious soil erosion has slowed down socio-economic and environmental development by its direct and indirect influence in this region. Many researchers have realized the seriousness of this issue and started the study of the ways to conserve soil and water, in order to achieve sustainable development of the socio-economic environment by controlling soil erosion and restoring the disturbed ecosystem. They found that rainfall event based runoff in small watersheds was one of the key ways to study soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. However, most of the researchers only focus on subzone Ⅰ. The precipitation and the watershed geometry were divergent at different subzones because of the difference of the climate, soil, shape, and land use. So, it is necessary for the other subzones to develop a rainfall event based runoff prediction model for small watersheds in the Loess Plateau. In this study, we collected precipitation and runoff date from 57 small watersheds and built a database which included 2 424 rainfall events distributed in the subzones Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅴand the Plateau subzone, in the Loess Plateau. We simulated the relationship between the runoff depth and the parameters which represent precipitation and watershed geometry, so as to sort out the dominant factors affecting runoff depth in the Loess Plateau. The model was developed based on 1700 (70%) rainfall events data, and the rest was used for validation. Results showed that the watershed area, the watershed shape, the rainfall amount and the average rainfall intensity were the dominant factors affecting runoff depth in the Loess Plateau. The non-linear regression models were developed based on the four factors for different subzones with the NSE greater than 0.542. The NSE of validation was greater than 0.410. The results showed that runoff depth is negatively correlated with the watershed area, but positively correlated with the shape of the watershed, the rainfall amount and the average rainfall intensity. The impacts of the precipitation and the watershed geometry on runoff depth were similar at different subzones, but the strength of the impacts varied at different subzones. The models are accurate for different subzones, have a simple structure, and the parameters were easy to obtain. So, they can be popularized to different regions in the Loess Plateau. Our results are helpful to the comprehensive management of small watershed planning in the Loess Plateau, especially for the design of soil and water conservation measures.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 31-36 [Abstract] ( 606 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 841KB] ( 922 )
37 Li Weisong, Mao Jun, Zha Tonggang, Wang Haiyan, Li Xu
Effects of thinning on litter characteristics of semi-natural Larix olgensis + Picea asperata + Abies nephrolepis mixed forests
We collected soil and litter samples from twenty plots of semi-natural Larix olgensis-Picea asperata-Abies nephrolepis mixed forests under four thinning intensities (0 (control), 20%, 30% and 40%) in Jingoulin Forest Farm, Jilin Province, in order to assess long-term effects of thinning on litter characteristics. The correlations between litter characteristics and soil nutrients were analyzed. The results are shown as follows: 1) The standing crop of litter in semi-natural L. olgensis-P. asperata-A. nephrolepis mixed forests was 51.44 - 181.60 t/ hm2, the water holding capacity of litter was 20.33 -47.27 t/ hm2, and the litter C:N ratio ranged between 61 and 72. Concentrations of litter N, P and K showed different orders under different thinning intensities and litter C concentration gradually increased with thinning intensity; however, there were no significant differences in standing crop, water holding capacity and nutrient concentration of litters under different thinning intensities ( P>0.05). 2)Correlations between litter characteristics and soil nutrients showed certain similarity under different thinning intensities, indicating that thinning intensity was not the main affecting factor. 3) Twenty-seven years after thinning, no significant differences were observed in litter characteristics under varying thinning intensities, showing no long-term thinning effects in our study.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 37-42 [Abstract] ( 360 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 823KB] ( 871 )
43 Han Xinsheng, Wang Yanhui, Deng Lilan, Xiong Wei, Yu Pengtao, Li Zhenhua,Wang Yanbing, Liu Qian
Implication of various growth characteristics of slope forests of Larix principisrupprechtii for indicating the water-carrying capacity of forest/vegetation in Diediegou of Liupan Mountains of China
Water shortage is often the key limitation for the vegetation distribution and forest growth in arid and semi-arid regions. It is necessary to select rational vegetation growth parameters to indicate the water-carrying capacity of forest/vegetation, for guiding the vegetation restoration, the conversion of slope farmland to forests and the forest/ vegetation management taking hydrological impacts into account. Two representative slopes (a shady and a half-shady slope) covered by 27-year-old Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in the small watershed of Diediegou within the semi-arid region of Liupan Mountains, northwestern China, were chosen for this study. Along the slope position downwards, six forest plots were established on each slope, the variation of growth characteristics of these plots were investigated, and the potential use of these growth characteristics as indicator of water-carrying capacity of forest/ vegetation was analyzed. It showed: 1) The tree growth on the half-shady slope is inferior to those on the shady slope, in terms of mean tree height, height of dominant trees, forest canopy Leaf Area Index, and total aboveground biomass of stands, indicating a lower water-carrying capacity on the half-shady slope than on the shady slope. 2) The forest canopy Leaf Area Index measured at the middle growing season for both slopes increases gradually from the upper to the lower slope position, reaches their maximum at the middle-down position, and thereafter decreases till to the slope foot. The overall tendency of variation along slope position for mean tree height, height of dominant trees, and total aboveground vegetation biomass is the same as that of forest canopy Leaf Area Index, but their maximum values mostly move downwards to the lower position of slope, and the decreasing tendency for tree height is accompanied with some fluctuation. 3) Based on a correlation analysis, the forest canopy Leaf Area Index is very significantly, positively related with the total aboveground vegetation biomass and the aboveground tree layer biomass, significantly positively related with the height of dominant trees, but not significantly related with the mean height of all trees, shrub and herb layer biomass. In addition, the density of existing trees has a very significantly positive correlation with the vegetation biomass. The integrated analysis of this study showed that the relatively easy-to-measure aboveground biomass of tree layer (and the total aboveground vegetation biomass) can be used to replace the Leaf Area Index as a parameter expressing the water-carrying apacity of forest/ vegetation, when the initial planting density and planting time are the same. In case of lack of biomass data, the height of dominant trees can be used as a parameter indicating the water-carrying capacity of forest/vegetation.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 43-51 [Abstract] ( 521 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 898KB] ( 816 )
 
Applied Studies
52 College of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China
Spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in artificially fenced area in Liuyangpu of Yanchi County in Ningxia
The community characteristics, including species composition, species diversity, biomass, and spatial distribution, of the artificially fenced area in Liuyangpu of Yanchi County in Ningxia were analyzed using the power-law method. The results showed that:1) the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation of three different fenced areas fit the power-law well and exhibited a strongly heterogeneous distribution than a random distribution. 2) The spatial heterogeneity index followed the order of edge area > core area > outside area, and the average biomass ranked as edge area > outside area > core area. The results indicate that fencing is an effective measure to improve the condition of the grassland, but it is suggested that appropriate razing or cutting could be used according to the state of the grassland.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 52-57 [Abstract] ( 570 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 833KB] ( 738 )
58 Zhao Bin1,2, Wang Yingyu1, Song Guilong
Photosynthetic characteristics of Amorpha fruticosa L. and environmental factors on the artificial slope of highway
The diurnal variations of Pn or Tr of Amorpha fruticosa L. on different aspects of artificial slope were studied under natural conditions by Li -6400 photosynthesis analyzer. The result showed that the mainly factors affecting the growth of A. fruticosa at highway artificial slope were PAR, atmospheric CO2 concentration, relative atmospheric humidity on sunny days of July, and PAR was the primary factor that affected photosynthesis on different slope aspects, the highest solar radiation and the daily average solar radiation in shady slopes were both lower on shady slopes than on sunny slopes. The diurnal variation in different slope directions varied, with the range of variation larger on sunny slopes. The varying time of environmental factors on the shady slopes was two hours later than on the sunny slopes. The lowest point of relative atmospheric humidity appeared two hours later on shady slopes. The atmospheric CO2 concentration on shady slopes on shady slopes was higher than that on sunny slopes all day long. The stomatal conductance of A. fruticosa in different slope directions had the same trend of variation, showing bimodal curves, but without obvious midday depression. The water utilization in different slope directions varied: the water utilization on shady slopes was higher in the morning, while on the sunny slope it was higher in the afternoon. This indicated that, in practice, irrigation on highway artificial slopes should take into account the different aspects of site conditions, which plays an important role in water utilization and water loss reduction. In this study, the photosynthesis characteristics of A. fruticosa in different slope directions were different, and there were no obvious higher growth and water consumption on sunny slope (photosynthetic rate 6.57 μmol·m-2·s-1, and transpiration rate 3.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 ). Different correlations could be found between photosynthetic rate and environmental factors in different slope directions. The stomatal conductance, light intensity and net photosynthetic rate on sunny slopes showed a significantly positive correlation, while there existed a significantly negative correlation between the relative atmospheric humidity and net photosynthetic rate. Stomatal conductance plays a major role among the environmental factors on the highway artificial slopes. Shady slope had a highly significant, positive correlation with the light intensity, and a significantly positive correlation with vapor pressure deficit, and light intensity was the main reason that affected photosynthetic rate on shady slopes. The relation between Pn of A. fruticosa and environmental factors in the artificial slope was constructed as YsunnyPn = -0.428 +45.913XGs + 0.003XPAR (R2 = 0.965, P<0.05), YshadyPn = 0.761 + 0.005XPAR (R2 = 0.852, P <0.05). Our research also showed that photosynthetic rate of the plants had different correlations with the environmental factors under the unique conditions on the highway artificial slope. The relationship between growth of plants in vegetation restoration and the unique environmental factors of highway artificial slopes still need further research.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 58-63 [Abstract] ( 443 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 874KB] ( 871 )
64 Yang Yang, Liu Yuxin, Jin Pingwei, Xiang Jiaping, Xie Yun
Benefit evaluation on soil and water conservation practices:A case study on Rongleihe Watershed in Guizhou province
Assessing the benefits of soil and water conservation practices and discovering the problems present in their applications are of great significance to soil conservation planning, management and operation. The latest national standard, i. e. , “Comprehensive control of soil and water conservation—Method of benefit calculation (GB/ T 15774—2008)冶,describes different kinds of benefits and their evaluation techniques. However, this standard involves too many evaluation items, some of which are difficult or even impossible to directly attain or calculate in practice. In addition, certain benefits are counted more than once using the evaluation techniques suggested. These shortcomings have greatly limited the application of this standard. In the current study, a new benefit evaluation method is proposed. Targeted, quantifiable and unique evaluation items are selected for the assessment of soil and water conservation benefits as well as the ecological ones. Furthermore, the value of each ecological benefit is calculated based on its ecosystem service function, using related economic theories. This method has been applied in the benefit evaluation of the integrated soil conservation project operated on Rongleihe Watershed in Guizhouduring 2008—2010. It is predicted that this project would reduce the annual runoff depth by 11.0 mm/ a and the soil erosion depth by 2.0 mm/ a; and yield a total ecological benefit of 107.1×104 yuan/ a. Among the six main practices, soil and water conservation forests top in conserving water and reducing runoff; whereas, terraces exhibit the strongest ability in protecting soil from erosion. This study values the ecological benefits of soil and water conservation practices,and its results hold important implications for local policy making with regard to soil and water conservation.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 64-71 [Abstract] ( 539 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 862KB] ( 908 )
72 Pang Chao,Xie Rui,Chen Shuqing,Wu Xiuqin
Ecological security evaluation in sandy areas:A case study in sandy areas of northern Yanchi
The ecological environment of settlements is fragile in sandy areas where natural disasters such as sand and drought are frequent,and seriously threaten the ecological security of settlements. The sandy area in northern Yanchi County, Ningxia Province, was selected as a case. The sandy area is located at the junction of Ningxia, Shaanxi and Mongolia, situated in the southern edge of the Mu Us Desert, and is a typical farming animal husbandry interlaced zone. The ecological security evaluation system towards settlements of the sandy area was built according to the sand disaster system theory. Then with the land use data in 2012, the ecological security evaluation of the settlement was carried out. Our aims were to provide some advice and reference to promote and protect the ecological security of settlements in sandy areas, give a guide to reasonable use of the land, and provide scientific basis to achieve regional social, economic and sustainable development of the ecological environment. Simultaneously, we attempted to explore research methods in ecological security, and provide a foundation for future studies of ecological safety in sandy areas. Under the guidance of sand disaster system theory, the ecological evaluation index system of the sandy area settlements was built. The evaluation system consists of six evaluation factors, i. e. , soil type, soil organic carbon content, vegetation coverage, location of vegetation between settlement and sand land and so on. The results of ecological security evaluation of settlements in the sandy areas showed that there are 286 settlements in the study area, among which 102 settlements are safe, accounting for 35.7% of the total settlements;184 settlements are dangerous, accounting for 64.3% of the total settlements. About half of dangerous settlements are in moderate danger or above. So it needs to improve the ecological security of the settlements in sandy areas and corresponding ecological safety protection measures should be taken.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 72-78 [Abstract] ( 525 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4506KB] ( 730 )
79 Mei Xuemei, Gao Jiarong, Ma Lan, Wang Jianjun, Wang Bing, Guo Kaili, Zhang Dong, Chen Qiong
Ecological adaptability of plants in beginning period of slope protection by cast-in-situ grids
Slope protection by cast-in-situ grids is a technique using reinforced concrete grids with shrub or grass to get the structures with some engineering and ecological functions, which contributes to stabilizing slope. In the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China, a road slope in the Qianlishan Road by cast-in-situ grids was selected to determine ecological adaptability of different plants in the beginning period of the protection by cast-in-situ grids. Four bush plant species planted in the cast-in-situ grids were taken as the research object to analyze the ecological adaptability. The main characteristics of these plants were investigated in the first and fourth month and the second year after construction of cast-in-situ grids, including preserving rate, height, collar diameter, biomass of branch, crown width, underground biomass and aboveground biomass of plants, based on which their ecological adaptability was analyzed by principal component analysis method. The results showed that preserving rate of Lespedeza bicolor Turcz tended to remain stable, while those of other plant species decreased from the first to fourth month after construction of cast-in-situ grids. But preserving rate of the four bush plant species tended to remain stable in the second year after construction, and the order of preserving rate from high to low was: L. bicolor (92%) > Caryopteris clandonensis‘Worcester Gold’(85%) > Hedysarum mongolicum Turez (75%) > Tamarix chinensis Lour (73%). In addition, the four bush plant species had obviously fast growth speed, although the growth indexes increment of different local plants were significantly different during the research period. And the growth rate of growth indexes of Lespedeza bicolor and C. clandonensis ‘Worcester Gold爷was higher than those of H. mongolicum and T. chinensis. On the whole, compared with the other bush plant species, L. bicolor grew best. A significant positive correlation could be found between collar diameter and underground biomass, aboveground biomass, and the correlation coefficients were 0.915 and 0.999 respectively. Meanwhile there existed a significant positive correlation between underground biomass and aboveground biomass, with the correlation coefficients of 0.901. However, there was no significant correlation among other growth indexes. The principal component analysis indicated that the order of ecological adaptability in the beginning period of the protection by cast-in-situ grids from high to low was: L. bicolor > C. clandonensis ‘ Worcester Gold爷> H. mongolicum > T. chinensis. Thus, L. bicolor is most suitable to grow in the technique of slope protection by cast-in-situ grids in cold and dry area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The results provide a reference for vegetation construction on road slope in cold and dry areas and extension of slope protection technology by cast-in-situ grids.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 79-85 [Abstract] ( 570 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2423KB] ( 837 )
86 Sun Liwen, Shi Changqing, Zhao Tingning, Li Danxiong, Lai Wenhao, Ding Wanquan
Vegetation recovery in the landslide-tackling area of Wenchuan earthquake
Hanwang town of Mianzhu city in Sichuan Province was selected as the study site to investigate the vegetation recovery in the landslide-tackling area of Wenchuan earthquake. Margalef richness index,Pielou evenness index, Simpson index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, understory vegetation biomass and other eight indicators were used to evaluate differentiation of vegetation recovery in differentgovernance patterns. To assess the effect of vegetation restoration, principal components analysis method was adopted for the calculation of the comprehensive score of each governance pattern. The results showed that: 1) the mainly vegetation of governance model area was herb, the species of governance pattern were more similar to natural recovery grassland and higher similarity indexes of species were found between different governance areas as well. 2) In the early stages of revegetation, the main component of biomass of understory vegetation was herbaceous layer, and more understory vegetation biomass indicated stronger productivity of forests. 3) According to principal component analysis and cluster analysis, different governance models were divided into three categories, undamaged forest with more stable plant communities obtained the highest score. Grassland of natural recovery sand bags ladder + Alnus cremastogyne + Salix hylonoma and bamboo fencing + Rhus punjabensis had the same effect of vegetation recovery, and the rest could be classified as the same type. In conclusion, artificial control of vegetation landslide body plays a positive role in promoting recovery.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 86-92 [Abstract] ( 530 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 833KB] ( 972 )
93 Wang Bao, Ma Junming, Cheng Jinhua, Yu Xinyi, Dai Jinjun, Lyu Peiyi, Han Xiaoliang
Effects of gravel coverage on splash erosion in the mountainous region of northern China

To explore the relationship between rainfall intensity, gravel coverage and splash erosion amount, we analyzed the effect of different gravel coverages (0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) on the splash erosion under different rainfall intensities (40 mm/ h, 80 mm/ h and 120 mm/ h) through artificial rainfall simulation and using a self鄄made round splash plate. The results showed that at the same gravel coverage, splash erosion amount had a linearly positive correlation with rainfall intensity. Under the same rainfall intensity, splash erosion amount exponentially decreasing with gravel coverage. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the amount of soil splash erosion affected by the gravel coverage would decrease. Soil splash erosion increased first with the increase of splash erosion distance and then decreased. The distance of splashed soil particles was positively correlated to rainfall intensity. Gravel coverage has considerable effects in inhibiting splash erosion.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 93-98 [Abstract] ( 791 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 861KB] ( 904 )
99 Wu Xiaoli, Yao Jingjing, He Longyun, Dang Hongzhong, Zhang Youyan, Zhou Zefu
Improvement of new farmland soil in loess area under different fertilization treatments
The study was conducted in new farmland of hilly loess region of western Shanxi Province where soybean is planted. We compared and analyzed the effect of six different fertilization measures, i.e. ,organic fertilizer only(M), organic fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer(M + NPK), bio鄄fertilizer only(B), bio鄄fertilizer + inorganic fertilizer(B + NPK), applied inorganic fertilizer(NPK) and control check(CK),on raw soil physical properties and changes in soybean yield. The results showed that allfertilization measures could improve the physical properties of raw soil to some extent and increase the soybean yield. Among them, B + NPK had the most significant effect in increasing maximum moisturecapacity and field moisture capacity, with the maximum moisture capacity 362郾80 g/ kg, 15郾23% higher than CK and 1郾85% - 4郾46% higher than the other four measures; the field moisture capacity was 340郾20 g/ kg, which was 15郾54% higher than CK and 1郾45% - 3郾19% higher than the other four measures. The effects of M + NPK were the most significant in reducing soil density, increasing soil porosity, improving soil mechanical composition, promoting the formation of water鄄stable aggregates, and heightening soil organic matter content, and the soybean yield under this measure was the highest in the five measures, up to 173郾55 g/ m2, having a 235郾95% increase compared with CK and a 18郾20%-125郾80% increase compared with the other four measures. Therefore, M + NPK was the optimum measure to improve raw soil physical properties and increase soybean yield in new farmland in the loess area of western Shanxi.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 99-104 [Abstract] ( 543 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 825KB] ( 853 )
 
Development Studies
105 Fu Suhua,Liu Baoyuan,Zhou Guiyun,Sun Zhongxuan,Zhu Xiaoli
Calculation tool of topographic factors
Topographic (slope length and slope gradient) factors (LS) are important parameters in the soil erosion model, for example, universal soil loss equation (USLE) and Chinese soil loss equation (CSLE ). The LS factor was usually computed using digital elevation models (DEM) for basin-wide application of the USLE and CSLE. The calculating process is very complicated and is difficult to be directly calculated using common GIS software such as ArcMap software. In this paper, an LS tool software is developed on the platform of Visual Studio 2010 software. Source codes are written using C+ + language. The C+ + language is used to obtain the window of the software. This tool is easy to use with a friendly interface. To extend the tool suitability, the slope gradient factor equation at steep slope is added in the algorithms. An equation considering segmented slope situation is used to calculate the value of slope length factor. The calculation progress includes the following six steps: 1) filling topographical depression, 2) calculating flow direction, 3) extracting gully net, 4) calculating non-cumulative slope length (NCSL) of each grid cell, 5) calculating the cumulating slope length of each grid cell and 6) calculating LS factors of each grid cell. The above six steps are described in detail in this paper. The cutoff slope factor and gully net are used to stop the cumulating slope length. The input file is a DEM file with *. aux, *. xml or *. tif format. The outputs include slope gradient, slope gradient factor, gully, slope length and slope length factor etc. . The parameters of threshold values including slope gradient, slope length, slope cutoff factor, channel initiation and gully length are optional of user input. Maduo county located in Qinghai Province was used as an example to test the application of the software. The area of the county is 25 000 km2. The DEM with 30 m resolution includes 7 500 rows and 6 080 columns. The run time was less than 2 min on the computer with the 32-bit operating system to finish calculating. The application results show that the software has a high calculation capacity and runs efficiently. For the 32-bit operating system, the software can be used to calculate the LS factors of a region with 10 000 rows and 10 000 columns; for a 64-bit operating system, it can be used for a region with 40 000 rows and 40 000 columns. This tool can be used as a sub-model to evaluate soil loss and to plan the soil conservation practice at a region scale.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 105-110 [Abstract] ( 1210 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4289KB] ( 1815 )
111 Chen Wenying, Wang Xiaojun, Xin Ya, Wang Bing, Mei Aoxue, Wen Meijia
Multistage separated-slopes and reversed-platforms stabilizing technology for spontaneous combustion coal gangue heaps
Coal gangue heaps formed by refuse discharging system in coal mining process take a large proportion of industrial solid wastes in Shanxi, China. They occupy lots of land resources and cause various environmental problems such as spontaneous combustions and landslides. Conventional measures to control coal gangue heaps are costly and challenging. To keep coal gangue hills in a steady state, an integrated technology is needed which covers thoroughly extinguishing, burnback preventing, slope reinforcing and revegetation. For this purpose, we propose the technology of separated-slopes and reversed-platforms of spontaneous combustion coal gangue heaps on the basis of summarizing the experience of actual engineering implementation and practical construction technology. It combines heap shaping treatment based on the hypothesis of series data which consist of separated-slopes disposition pattern, the length of separated-slopes and the width of reversed-platforms etc. Here, separated-slope is the coal gangue slope separated along the contour into several slopes, and reversed-platform is the artificial terrace floor between two separated-slopes with the angles inwardly tilted for two degrees. Based on the studies above, we propose the theoretical model of spontaneous combustion coal gangue multistage separated-slopes and reversed-platforms stabilizing technology which has been practically tested in the real conditions of coal gangue on Mount. Nanping in Shanxi Province. Coal gangue heaps were reshaped into grading surfaces from top to bottom with separated-slopes and reversed-platforms. Considering the local precipitation, surface erosion, coal gangue slope and physical properties, the critical length of separated-slopes is 10 m. And the theoretical width of reversed-platforms is 2.5 m according to the width of construction machine, the depth of high temperature zones and the local topography. We also employed supporting facilities like drainage and water-storage system, flexible slope toes, microrelief, loess-gangue mixture and revegetation to ensure the slope stability. Our research has proved our proposed technology a locally adaptive, economical and effective solution in the issues of spontaneous combustion, burnback and hillside instability, and in the future, this model can be referenced when dealing with the coal gangue hill problems of the similar types.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 111-117 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 0KB] ( 276 )
118 Yang Yang,Yang Jianying,Zhao Ping, Shi Changqing, Xu Zening, Zhou Feng
Two technologies of concrete frame ecological slope protection and application effect: Taking the Anhui Yuewu highway as an example
To investigate the more appropriate ecological slope protection technology for the highway slope in mountain area, we systematically introduced the characteristics and construction process of the two compound frame technology systems at the Yuewu Highway slope experimental area in Anhui Province. Two technologies, i. e. , the concrete frame compound vegetation carpet and concrete frame compound vegetative bag were selected for ecological slope protection. The two methods were used as vegetation restoration measures for investigating and comparing the plant growth, soil properties and soil conservation effect. Results showed that six months after the construction, the complex indexes including shrub survival rate, height, base stems, canopy breadth and coverage were better in the area using the concrete frame compound vegetation carpet technology than the area using concrete frame compound vegetative bag technology. The concrete frame compound vegetation carpet technology had a more significant effect in soil improvement and control of soil erosion than the concrete frame compound vegetative bag technology.The soil porosity increased by 3.78%; soil total N, P and K increased by 0.51 mg/kg, 5.59 mg/ kg and 8.79 mg/ kg, respectively; the organic matter increased by 9.06 mg/ kg, the thickness of soil erosion and the amount of soil erosion decreased by 1.7 mm and 2 379.2 t/ km2, respectively. Comparing the economic costs of the two technologies in our project, the technology of concrete frame compound vegetation carpet had higher efficiency in construction, lower vegetation planting and maintenance cost, and shorter maintenance period. Through comparing the application effect of two technologies, it is not hard to conclude that the concrete frame compound vegetation carpet technology is more suitable to be promoted and applied in the mountain highway slope restoration, and it provides guide in the ecological slope protection for the highway slopes in the future.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 118-124 [Abstract] ( 479 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1843KB] ( 956 )
125 Wang Qiuming, Wang Sheng, Fan Jun
Application of cosmic-ray fast neutron method to measure soil moisture:A case study of Liudaogou basin in Shaanxi
As an important component of water resources, soil moisture plays a crucial role in the energy exchange between soil and atmosphere, and is also an important part of every ecosystem. The soil moisture has a significant effect on the soil erosion process; therefore, it is very momentous to obtain the soil moisture content accurately and continuously. As we all know it is very difficult to measure region-scale soil moisture but now soil moisture at a horizontal scale of around 300 m can be observed by the cosmic-ray fast neutron probe, which makes this method available to fill the gap between small scale oftraditional point measurement and large scale of remote sensing measurement. We compared soil moistures form COSMOS and TDT to verify the accuracy of COSMOS and provide a method to measure the soil moisture in wind-water erosion crisscross region. In this study, the domestic cosmic-ray soil moisture observing system (COSMOS) was used to observe soil moisture of slope field in Liudaogou basin of Shaanxi Province during the period of 21 May 2014 to 31 October 2014. TDT probes were set in 5 cm and 15 cm deep in the soil of all plots. Main results are presented as follows. COSMOS soil moisture was mainly affected by precipitation and could reflect sensitivity on the precipitation. The results of the COSMOS soil moisture well reflected the variation trend of soil moisture at the field scale, and had a linear correlation with the average of the results measured by TDTs in two depths of three experimental plots. The R2 was 0.76 and the root mean square error was 0.022 cm3 / cm3. We found the correlation coefficient of COSMOS soil moisture and TDT soil moisture in 0 -10 cm were greater than those in 0 -20 cm from the comparison between the results measured by TDT in two depths of all experimental plots and COSMOS. Based on this, we can consider that the average soil moisture measured by COSMOS was more consistent with the water content of the soil near the surface. And we found the correlation coefficient of COSMOS soil moisture and TDT soil moisture in slope land was slightly worse than alfalfa and abandoned land from the comparison between the results measured by TDT in 0 -20 cm of all experimental plots and COSMOS. In conclusion, COSMOS can be used to measure and record field soil moisture during a period and provide more reliable ground data for the region-scale soil moisture and runoff prediction. It can also provide verification data for the remote sensing inversion of soil moisture. It can be applied to continuous observations of soil moisture in slopes of loess plateau and small watersheds, and provide data for soil erosion prediction.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 125-131 [Abstract] ( 471 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1874KB] ( 1308 )
132 Xie Jun, Qin Chengzhi, Xiao Guirong, Yang Lin, Lei Qiuliang, Liu Junzhi, Zhu Axing
Soil property mapping using fuzzy clustering method in small watershed of the red soil region in southern China: A case study of Zhuxi Watershed
The detailed spatial distribution of soil properties which is essential for watershed modeling and scenario analysis,is mainly acquired through field soil sampling and digital soil mapping. Especially in the red soil region of southern China where the distribution of soil parent material is complex and with large spatial variability, the acquisition of detailed spatial distribution of soil properties is often one of the main bottlenecks in watershed modeling and scenario analysis, due to both the cost of field soil sampling soil sampling and predictive soil property mapping can effectively reduce the required number of soil samples and predict the detailed spatial distribution of soil properties. To explore the applicability of this method over the red soil region in southern China, we applied this method to conducting purposive soil samplingin a small,red-soil watershed (Zhuxi) in Fujian Province,and then predictive soil property mapping of sand content and organic matter content in the soil of 0 -20 cm at a spatial resolution of 5 m. A set of five topographic attributes ( i. e. , elevation, slope gradient, profile curvature, horizontal curvature, and topographic wetness index) were derived from the gridded digital elevation model with 5 m resolution and then were used as environmental variates. Fuzzy clustering method was applied to this set of topographic attributes and got the result of nine fuzzysoil-landscape classes. Purposive soil sampling was carried out at the center of each fuzzy soil-landscape class. Then the value of a soil property at each location can be predicted as the average of the soil property value at every purposive sampling pointweighted by the fuzzy membership value of the location to the fuzzy soil-landscape class represented by the purposive sampling point. The ordinary kriging method with 42 modeling points and a traditional method of linking the typical soil property value to soil-type polygon map were chosen as the comparative methods. Based on the validation with 30 random points independent with the modeling points, the fuzzy clustering method requires only a very few soil samples (only nine modeling points used to build the soil-landscape model in this study), and can achieve better prediction accuracy based on the validation with an independent soil sample set. RMSE values of mapping results of sand content and organic matter content in the soil of 0 - 20 cm are 13.81% and 12.56 g/ kg, respectively. And the predictive soil map from fuzzy clustering method can well reflect the spatial variation of the soil in the study area. Therefore, the fuzzy clustering method is applicable over the red soil region in southern China when the sampling cost of digital soil mapping can be significantly reduced.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 132-139 [Abstract] ( 517 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 6465KB] ( 951 )
140 Zhang Guoquan, Wei Dan, Nie Lishui, Zhu Qingke, Zhang Yan, Sun Bin, Gao Peixin
Effects of liquid film mulching on soil properties of Platycladus orientalis stand in the hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau, western China
Water shortage is the main factor influencing vegetation restoration in the hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau of western China. Understanding the effect of spraying liquid film in the Platycladus orientalis forest land on soil moisture and nutrient status would help us solve the problem of water and nutrition deficiencies in the course of vegetation restoration. The results showed that: 1) In the first measurement after spraying liquid film, the amounts of decrease in the soil moisture content in the 0 -10cm,>10 -20 cm,>20 -40 cm,>40 -60 cm soil layers were 0.26%, 0.04%, 0.08% and 0.05% less than that in control. Measurement after rain found that the decrease in soil moisture content of eachsoil layer was 1.35%, 1.28%, 0.52% and 0.23% less compared to the control, respectively. 2) Liquid film after decomposition can effectively increase the contents of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N. Soil total N content was 0.11 g/ kg higher and SOC content was 4.27 g/ kg higher than the control in 0 -10 cm layer. 3) After treatment, the average increment of the height of P. orientalis was 231% from August to September and 224% from September to October, compared to the control, and the average increment of diameter was 305% and 261% during the corresponding periods. Our study suggests that the liquid film should be applied in the loess plateau region.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 140-144 [Abstract] ( 489 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 827KB] ( 872 )
 
Research Review
145 Zhang Yaofang, Zhao Shiwei, Wang Zilong, Li Xiaoxiao, Li Mingrui, Du Can
Distribution and function of cementing materials of soil aggregates on the Loess Plateau, western China
Cementing materials are the foundation and key component of the formation and stability of soil aggregates. Combining with the regional characteristics of cementing materials of soil aggregates on the Loess Plateau, western China, this paper reviews the existing aggregates forming theory and the functions of cementing materials in the process of aggregate formation. The typically regional characteristics of the cementing materials distribution in the soil aggregates of the Loess Plateau are summarized. The clay content is rare with considerably different spatial distribution, and decreases as it goes deeper along the soil profile. The calcium carbonate content, which is around 10% in most area, increases at first and then decreases as it goes deeper along the soil profile. The organic carbon content decreases when it goes from the southeast to the northwest and from the surface to deeper inside. The main problems include: the differences of the cement type in the process of aggregates formation,and the lack of systematic and targeted research on the specific mode and intensity of action of different cements as well as the bonding mechanism of cementing materials. Therefore, the corresponding research directions are proposed.According to the regularity of the cementing materials in the soil profile, future researches should be focused on cementing process, strength and mechanism of three kinds of soil aggregates,which are organic carbon as the main cementing materials on the humus layer, the interaction of organic carbon and calcium carbonate cementing material on the transition layer, and calcium carbonate as the main cementing materials on the illuvial layer.
2015 Vol. 13 (5): 145-150 [Abstract] ( 673 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1692KB] ( 1184 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Accepted for Inclusion in Scopus
2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
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2017 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in the Yangling of Shaan
Professor Wang Lixian, Former Editor-in-Chief of SSWC Won Norman Hudson Memory Award
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Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as a Member of 9th National Committee of CAST
Three Members of SSWC Editorial Board Rewarded as NOSTW in 7th Session Assessment
Election of 4th Editorial Board and First Meeting of New Board Held in Beijing
Deputy Editor-in-Chief of SSWC, Academician Cui Peng elected as a member of the IRDR SC
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Five Papers of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Determined as Excellent in 5th Assessment
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