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2013 Vol.11 No.4
Published 2013-08-25
Articles
1
Zhao Guangju, Mu Xingmin, Wen Zhongming, Wang Fei, Gao Peng
Impacts of precipitation and human activities on streamflow and sediment load in the Huangfuchuan Watershed
Based on hydrologic analysis this paper quantitatively researched the contribution of precipitation and human activities on streamflow and sediment load. The present study applied simple linear regression, Mann-Kendall test, accumulative annual anomaly and flow duration curve method to investigate the variation of streamflow and sediment load in the Huangfuchuan Watershed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River according to the measurement data from 1955 to 2010. Significant reduction in both streamflow and sediment load were detected, as well as abrupt changing point in 1979 was found. Average annual streamflow and sediment load during 2000 and 2010 are extremely low, accounting for only 20% of those from 1950 to 1959. Human activities accounted for approximately 70% of reduction in streamflow and sediment load, and the remains was attributed to decreased precipitation. Since the early 1980s, a series of large-scale soil and water conservation measures (e.g. returning cropland to forests, grassland, terracing, reservoirs and check-dams construction) are the dominant factors leading to significant reduction in streamflow and sediment load in the Huangfuchuan Watershed.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 1-8 [
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Yan Qinghong, Yuan Cuiping, Lei Tingwu, Lei Qixiang, Zhang Manliang, Su Guangxu
Effects of precipitation and erosion control practices on the rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery relationships of typical watersheds in the hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau
Rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery relationship is of great importance for evaluating the benefits of erosion control practices in the hilly-gully regions on the Loess Plateau. The hydrologic data (1987—2010) of Qiaozi East Watershed (QE) with erosion control practices and Qiaozi West Watershed (QW) without erosion control practices were collected. We analyzed the annual variations of precipitation, runoff, sediment delivery and the annual sediment delivery per unit runoff of the watersheds using the Mann-Kendall test method. The double mass curve was used to analyze the runoff-sediment delivery relationship of QE and QW. The results indicated that the variation trends of runoff and sediment delivery of the watersheds were consistent with the precipitation, which was the main factor to influence the runoff and sediment delivery. No significant change was observed in the annual sediment delivery per unit runoff of QE during 1987—2006 and that of QW during 1987—2010, indicating that the variation in precipitation, slope erosion control practices and vegetation did not alter the runoff-sediment delivery relationship of the watersheds. However, a significant change occurred in QE during 2007—2010, after 19 check dams were built, resulting in reduction of gully erosion and alternation of the runoff-sediment delivery relationship.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 9-16 [
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17
Li Zhiguang, Zou Xueyong, Cheng Hong
Method of wind erosion sampling survey in China
Wind erosion survey is an important part of the first national water resource survey. The sampling investigation is the main method of wind erosion survey. Based on field sampling units layout and basic data collection, the author introduced wind erosion model and each erosion factor calculation methods. In addition, combined with survey, basic material collection, field investigation, gather and report, and results evaluation of each stage and those quality controls were summarized in detail. Correctly understanding the census method was of great significance for assurance the reliability, scientificalness and authority of the census results. The result provided basic data for national soil and water conservation planning and ecological environment construction.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 17-21 [
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22
Liu Junti, Sun Liying, Zhang Xuepei, Cai Qiangguo, Chen Junjie
Analysis of two kinds soil rill evolution under the secondary rainfall
It is necessary to study different soil rill erosion for investigating rill erosion mechanism. In this paper, the secondary simulated rainfall experiments with an interval of 24hours were conducted, with different slope lengths (5，10m) and different rainfall intensities (1.5，2.0，1.0mm/min), to study the differences of runoff and sediment yield and rill space about 2 kinds soil rill erosion developments. Results showed that two kinds of soil shared similar runoff process. At the same rainfall intensity and slope length, lou soil slope surface runoff was greater than the loessial soil. In the first rainfall, the slope surface area and rill erosion intensity of lou soil was greater than the loessial soil. Once the rill erosion occured in the loessial soil slope surface, the volume variations of loessial soil was strongly than lou soil. The change process of the erosion rate could reflected lou soil rill stages of development. Rill erosion would happen with larger rainfall intensity in the loessial soil, and the duration time for stages was longer than lou soil, i.e., Loessial soil rill morphological changed slowly.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 22-29 [
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30
Zhang Ying
Forest biodiversity assessment model based on the nature reserve area in China
There is an important significance of studying of forest biodiversity assessment for promoting the conservation of forest biodiversity and enhancing biodiversity management in China. The paper collected forest biodiversity assessment-related data from 2001 to 2010, and used of optimal control methods in Economic Cybernetics to establish the evaluation model, and calculated the optimal price for forest biodiversity assessment based on the nature reserve area. The studies showed that forest biodiversity assessment of the optimal price was 9,970 RMB yuan/hm2, and there was a dynamic model of evaluation. Finally, the study suggested Chinas forest biodiversity assessment should use the shadow price, and should consider the social, economic and other factors.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 30-35 [
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36
Wang Binyan, Cheng Jinhua, Zhang Hongjiang, Sun Long, Yu Huating, Sun Yanhong, Zhang Junyu
Experimental analysis of preferential flow and its effect on nitrate nitrogen migration in soil of farmland at Changping district in Beijing
In order to investigate the principles of the farmland soil water and solute migration under the influence of preferential flow, a comparison was studied between undisturbed and packed soil columns which represented for non-balancing and balancing infiltration respectively. With the methods, the effect of preferential flow on nitrate nitrogen migration was studied in the agricultural land at Changping district. The results showed that nitrate nitrogen migrated in higher rates and in greater numbers under the promotion of soil preferential flow, and tailing was also a vital appearance in the preferential flow’s Break Through Curve. The water flow rate with preferential flow in soil appeared larger degree of volatility, and was 1.48-2.69 times of that of balancing infiltration. Since the nitrate ions are non-absorptive, the migration of nitrate nitrogen was characterized with higher rates and greater numbers as influenced by preferential flow. The breakthrough time of undisturbed soil column was 12h with a 57% reduction compared to the packed one, and the leachate volume of undisturbed soil column was 0.36 times of Pore Volume when the nitrate ions penetrated which was 0.73 times of that of the packed one. In addition, the preferential flow of NO-3 in undisturbed soil column accounted for 43.83% of total flux, but resulted to a 97.60% accumulative lechate mass for NO-3 in total mass. These results indicated that the preferential flow with limited ratio in total flux could lead to a large proportion of NO-3 migration. Tailing was an important phenomenon in the preferential flow’s BTC and was a unique feature of the curve, it may be caused by the disproportion of preferential flow to matrix flow on penetration rate in the infiltration progress.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 36-41 [
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42
Bing Beibei, Li Chuanrong, Xu Jingwei, Huang Chao3, Cheng Ling
Wind field characteristics of small farmland shelterbelt network in Yellow River floodplain
Controlling wind-sand disaster plays an importance role inincreasing agricultural productivity effectively in Yellow River floodplain area. The spatial distribution characteristics of wind field and protective effectiveness of three same size farmland shelterbelt networks, named network 1, 2 and 3, with different main forest belt ages (i.e.4a, 6a and 8a), were analyzed by multi-point observations in lowland of the Yellow River in Juancheng County, Heze City, Shandong Province. The results indicated that the main forest belt height and age had strong influences on the wind speed within the forest networks and their wind-break function and wind-break area increased with the main forest belt height increasing. The wind speed analysis of semivariance results in 3 forest networks showed that their variation models of wind speed were Gaussian model, Spherical model, and Spherical model, respectively, and there were strong spatial autocorrelations, in addition, the magnitude of autocorrelation values and spatial continuities were strongly related with the main forest belt ages, which performed as forest network 1<network 2<network 3. With the standard of reducing wind speed 30%-50%, the average effective protective area ratios of the 3 forest belt networks were defined as 31.0%, 40.7%, and 46.7%, respectively. Totally, the overall protective function of networks increased with the tree height increasing. These research results could provide the theory basis for improving the sustainable management of farmland shelterbelt network.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 42-48 [
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49
Li Yanyan, Huang Rongzhen, Fan Houbao, Chen Xiao, Zhai Cuihong, Liu Zhouming1, Li Wei
Study on nutrient under different drought-resisting measure in red soil sloping field
Different drought-resisting measures were adopted in red soil sloping field. In this paper, downslope farming is taken as CK and the influence of different drought-resisting measure, i.e., terraces, pit and pin hole, on nutrient were analyzed. The results showed that pit had the better effect on soil organic matters, total nitrogen and total phosphorus than pin hole and terrace. Pin hole was the best in improving the mass fraction of total potassium. Compared with downslope farming, terrace did not improve soil total phosphorus mass fraction. Pit on the improvement of available nitrogen and available phosphorus capacity was better than the pin hole and the available potassium contrary. Terrace increased the mass fraction of available phosphorus, available nitrogen and potassium mass fraction decreased.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 49-52 [
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53
Wang Liying, Li Hongli, Dong Zhi, Wang Liqin, Zhang Zhipeng, Shen Yunkuo
Effects of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier on dune sand grain size composition and characteristics
The study adopted the way of combining the field investigation and laser particle analyzer test indoor. Taking the quicksand dune as control and the sand dunes of Salix psammophila checkerboard sand barrier of 2 years and 7 years as the research objects, the regulation of soil grain size characteristics of surface layer (0-5cm) and sub-layer (5-10cm) on different parts of dunes was studied, which demonstrate the effects of sand barrier on the grain size composition and characteristics of the sand dune. The results indicated that: 1）Kubuqi Desert was mainly formed with fine soil and medium sand. There was little difference on fine clay volume fraction between the layers of the three types of dune, whereas other size volume fraction of the quicksand dune showed no significant difference with 2a barrier dune, and both of two kinds dunes were obvious significance with the 7a barrier dune. 2）The grain size parameters between layers of three types of dunes shared the same changing rule. The rule of Mz and SK was 7a barrier dune＞ quicksand dune＞2a barrier dune, while that of σ and Kg was 7a barrier dune＞2a barrier dune＞ quicksand dune. With the time increasing, different kinds of three dunes shared the same rule that the sorted behavior became weaker, skewness became from nearly symmetric to normal distribution, and kurtosis value became larger. 3）The changing rule of each grain size parameter of the dunes in different parts was not completely same. Concerning different parts of each dune, Mz of quicksand dune and 7a barrier dunes was significant difference in surface layer except 2a barrier dune, but the sublayer showed the opposite. As the different parts and layers, sorting coefficient and skewness shows notably different. Kg in different parts was significantly different except 7a barrier dune. With the time increasing, the particle size became finer, the sorting coefficient gradually became weaker，and the Skewness and Kurtosis became larger.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 53-59 [
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60
Huang Haofeng, Wang Liwang, Nan Hailong, Zou Dalin, Zhu Jiangang, Jia Jianbo
Application of the multi-step slope vegetation recovery technology in highway construction
Taking the third phase of Jingcheng Expressway as an example, this paper describes a slope vegetation restoration technology, i.e., multi-step slope recovery technology, which combines the external-soil spray seeding technique and the substrate spray technology. The technology uses the cutting machine to convert the steep slope to a multi-stage slope with a certain ratio of height to width. Revetment network is set along the stepped surface and matrix of plant species is sprayed on each slope. At the same time, we borrow soil on each slope and spay seeds of trees and shrubs to ensure slope stability, improve the success rate of vegetation recovery, and realize slope vegetation restoration and greening. This technology has advantages of stabilizing slopes, reducing soil erosion and beautifying the environment. It can provide reference for similar construction of slope recovery vegetation.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 60-62 [
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63
Feng Jiandong, Wang Mingtian
Normalized vegetation index analysis in Wenchuan earthquake areas
Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) which was extracted from MODIS/EOS data was used to synthetize the ten days maximum NDVI and then vegetation of heavy disaster areas in earthquake was analyzed. Results showed that vegetation in west and northern mountain areas of Sichuan basin grew naturally and there was a stable boundary which could distinguish western mountain areas of basin from farmland areas labeled by ten days maximum NDVI during the late April to the end of May in 2007 that before the earthquake. Before the earthquake in 2008, ten days maximum NDVI in late April was better than that in early May. In middle May when the earthquake occurred, ten days maximum NDVI was significantly reduced in the junction mountain areas at the Chengdu plain and Deyang and Aba prefecture, but in the late May, ten days maximum NDVI was reduced in basin. In May 2009 the middle ten maximum vegetation indexes were the best; in late May, the basin ten maximum vegetation index values decreased. The three years data showed that the stable boundary between the western mountain and farmland areas in basin labeled by the ten days maximum NDVI was destructed.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 63-66 [
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67
wangYongxi,YeFeng,XiaBing,NaYiHu,ChenXia,ZhengJiaLi
Design theory and practice of the Shenzhen Soil and Water Conservation Science Demonstration Park
To promote the development and popularize new ideas of soil and water conservation science demonstration parks, this paper tells the story of design and construction and elaborates the theory and practice taking the Shenzhen Soil and Water Conservation Science Demonstration Park (hereinafter “the Park”) as an example. The Park comprises two parts, namely soil and water culture area and soil and water conservation plot. Both of the parts integrate culture, landscape with techniques of soil and water conservation, making it a professional park that features urban soil and water conservation. The Park also offers varieties of opportunities for students and citizens to receive popular science education. In addition, this paper analyzes the operation and management of the Park and proposes some suggestions for its future development. Creative planning and design theories with multi-discipline practices will be needed to create an excellent operation system and offer a sustainable development of the Park.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 67-71 [
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72
Cheng Jie, Wang Jibin, Cheng Jimin, Zhang Yaohong
Growth and biomass effects of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation in Weibei Loess Plateau
Based on comparative studying organ growth indicators of Robinia pseudoacacia plantation under different site conditions in Weibei Loess Plateau and 126 analytic trees biomass data, this paper analyzed the growth and biomass of R. pseudoacacia plantations in different densities, investigated the density variation characteristics of different diameter classes, which were used to fit the growth model of individual biomass related with diameter at breast height and tree height. The results showed that: after planted, with forest age increasing and density changes, the trunk, branches and roots accounted for 47.1%, 22.22% and 25.41% of R. pseudoacacia biomass respectively no matter in the abandoned land, sloping land or wasteland. In addition, leaves and fruits had the lowest content and trunk biomass in high-density stands was less than that in low-density stands. Meanwhile, when planting density of 30 years abandoned land was 1050plants/hm2, 24cm diameter class of stem biomass accounted for 65.5%. When planting density of 35 years slope farmland was 950plants/hm2, 24cm diameter class trunk biomass accounted for 58.39%. When planting density of 30 years wasteland was 1410plants/hm2, 24cm diameter class trunk biomass accounted for 51.6%. In addition, the 30-year-old trees with mid and small diameter class accounted for 67.62% of the total stand density, and the 35-year-old trees with mid diameter class accounted for 52.84% of the total stand density. Therefore, on the basis of R. pseudoacacia plantations growth status analysis results, the most suitable density of R. pseudoacacia plantations in Weibei Loess Plateau was 950-1050plants/hm2. Also, reasonable thinning of mid diameter class of 30-35 years R. pseudoacacia plantations could achieve a higher biomass yield in this area.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 72-79 [
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Zhang Yan, Zhao Tingning, Yang Jianying, Shi Changqing, Han Yu, Peng Xianfeng, Liu Hanxiao
Influence of different slope type on vegetation restoration of expressway
In order to investigate the vegetation restoration of different slope protection models at the early construction stage, 12 pre-built slopes which are hexagonal tiles (HT) and thick-lift base material and seed spraying engineering protection (TBMSSEP) were divided into two types by cluster analysis with the Sixth Ring Road of West Beijing as research object. This study analyzed the influence of different slope position, slope length, slope aspect and topography on vegetation restoration. The results indicated that: 1) Restoration effects of type Ⅱ which of mainly TBMSSEP was better than type Ⅰ which of mainly HT; 2) Inter-annual change turned out with the succeed procedure at the early stage of vegetation construction, the vegetation restoration effect of 2010 was better than that of 2011; 3) Variation of slope position, slope length and slope aspect caused difference on vegetation community composition. Plants at middle slope grew better than other positions for type Ⅰ while plants at down slope restored better for type Ⅱ. Shady slope with long slope length was in favor of restoration; 4) HT model was more suitable in mountain heavy hilly area while TBMSSEP model was more suitable in plain lightly undulate area.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 80-85 [
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Liang Chao, Zhao Tingning, Shi Changqing, Gao Zhihai, Zhou Jin, Zhang Xiaolong, Xue Tiangui, Xiao Huiquan
Vegetation damage assessment of Beichuan County after the earthquake in May 2008 Based on NDVI
This study selected two phases remote sensing images before and after Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th, 2008 in Beichuan County. The two images before and after the earthquake was obtained to extract vegetation covering information using normalization difference vegetation index(NDVI),and NDVI was used to estimate vegetation coverage. Then the damage degree index (DDI) of the vegetation was defined, indicating the difference of the normalized difference vegetation index before and after earthquake. The results showed that: 1) 103 landslides, 122 collapses and 10 mudslides were interpreted from Formosat-2 image taken after Wenchuan Earthquake, and the area of disaster was 17.5km2.The area of medium vegetation coverage status was 85% before the earthquake, and it reduced by 8.01km2 after the earthquake, which accounted for 45.77% of the whole area of disaster. 2) The vegetation damage was relative less serious in landslides regions, where moderate and severe damage vegetation occupied 68.66% of the whole area. The vegetation damage was modest in collapses regions, where moderate and severe damage vegetation occupied 88.15% of the whole area. Most vegetation damage occurred in mudslides regions, where moderate and severe damage vegetation occupied 99.74% of the whole area. 3) The vegetation damage was closely related to the elevation and slope grade, which was prone to occur at the elevation of 611-1543m and slope grade of 25°-45°regions. The vegetation damage was worse, most of which were severe damage with a decreasing trend along with elevation and slope grade increasing, but weakly related to the aspect factor.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 86-92 [
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93
Gao Lubo, Bi Huaxing, Xu Huasen, Bao Biao, Liao Wenchao, Wang Xiaoyan, Bi Chao, Chen Jungang
Spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture in young Malus pumila+Arachis hypogaea intercropping system on the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi Province
By taking the typical representative young Malus pumila+Arachis hypogaea intercropping plots in the loess region of West Shanxi Province as the research object, soil moisture at different times in Arachis hypogaea growing season, the biomass and yield of Arachis hypogaea both in intercropping plots and monoculture plots were tested to find out the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture and the effects of soil water. Results indicated that: 1) the soil moisture of Malus pumila+Arachis hypogaea intercropping plots changed significantly in different months, and the maximum consumption period for soil moisture occurred in July; 2) in vertical direction, the soil moisture increased with soil depth increasing, while in horizontal direction, the lowest soil moisture appeared at the area adjacent to the Malus pumila tree line and the mean value increased with the distance increasing; 3) the topsoil near the Malus pumila tree line was the most competitive region for soil moisture by trees and crops; 4) in the current tree age, soil moisture effect of Malus pumila+Arachis hypogaea intercropping system had an overall negative effect which reduced Arachis hypogaea production compared with monoculture plots. It was a limiting factor to enhance the ecological and economic benefits by fruit-crop intercropping; 5) the authors recommended to take appropriate regulation and management measures to alleviate interspecific competition for soil moisture and to improve Arachis hypogaea yields.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 93-98 [
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Guo Hanwen, Ding Guodong, Zhao Yuanyuan, Gao Guanglei, Chen Mingxiu, Wang Haiyong, Lai Wenhao
Diurnal variations in the mass concentration of suspended Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) of different urban green space
Taking the Beijing Forestry University campus (BFU) (the green coverage is 42.2%), Olympics Forest Park (OFP) (the green coverage is 70.3%) and Jiufeng National Forest Park (JNFP) (the green coverage is 96.2%) as the study area, and their surrounding main roads as the contrast, the diurnal variation characteristics of Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5) of different urban green spaces were analyzed by observation means. The results indicated that: 1) The PM2.5 mass concentrations decreased progressively with the increase of green coverage rate. The highest values of PM2.5 mass concentrations in BFU, OFP and JNFP were 140, 62 and 48μg/m3 respectively, which were strongly higher than the national annual average standard of China (35μg/m3). 2) There was no significant difference in the PM2.5 mass concentration between urban green space and the corresponding surrounding roads. 3) Weather conditions strongly influenced the PM2.5 mass concentrations. The mass concentrations were much higher in cloudy days (80-110μg/m3), but significantly decreased by approximately 80% after precipitation.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 99-103 [
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Zhang Linlin, Wang Youke, Zhang Jun, Liu Shouyang, Han Lixin, Zhao Ying
Impact factors analyses of Zizyphus jujuba Mill. trunk on daily maximum shrinkage
To explore the relationship between Zizyphus jujuba Mill. trunk daily maximum shrinkage（DMDS） and meteorological factors under different soil water status, we performed an experiments with 4 year-old Zizyphus jujuba Mill. under four-level soil moisture treatments. The results demonstrated that：1) Soil water condition mainly had influence on the sensitivity of DMDS response to meteorological factors. The suitable water treatment was the most sensitive to meteorological factors, while other treatments presented similar dynamics and narrow fluctuation range. 2) DMDS showed varied relationship with meteorological factors over growth stages. The difference between DMDS and E、 V was very significant in fruit expansion and ripening stages, which was not significant during leaf expansion and flowing and fruit set stages. 3) The relationship between DMDS and meteorological factors were different under different water treatment during different growth stages. DMDS and V had significant relationship, DMDS and E had very significant relationship under higher water treatment, but others was not significant. 4) E was the key factor on influence trunk maximum daily shrinkage for Zizyphus jujuba Mill. which under different water conditions during all growth stages.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 104-110 [
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111
Jing Lingyun, He Youhua, Zhang Xinmin, Wu Yufeng, Sun Haofeng, Zhang Xiaohong, Lu Huiping, Jin Yi
Analysis on the spatial pattern of landscape in Liujiaxia Reservoir Area
In order to provide the basis for the layout of agricultural production and ecological recovery plan, Nianzigou typical small watershed in Dongxiang County in the north of Liujiaxia Reservoir and Sanpinggou typical small watershed in Jishishan County in south of Liujiaxia Reservioir were researched in this paper. Combined with field investigation, aerial photo were interpreted by ArcGIS and ArcView, impact of land use pattern, the way and intensity of artificial interference on landscape spatial pattern were analysed. The results showed that：1）The landscape matrix in north and south of Liujiaxia Reservoir were waste hillside and gully. It is difficult to make use of this land. 2）Characteristics of landscape patch in north of reservoir area was more complex than the south，so ecological condition in south of the reservoir area was suitable for agricultural production. 3）Landscape diversity in south of the reservoir area was higher and landscape types was richer than the north, however, landscape in north of the reservoir area was less interfered by human activities than south and higher connectivity because of less precipitation. 4）In terms of adjusting land use structure and rural industrial structure， composite ecological agriculture and forestry production could be proposed in south of the reservoir area and grain for grass in steep slope, developing agriculture and husbandry cooperatively and closing management could be proposed to accelerate ecological restoration.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 111-115 [
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116
Yu Xinxiao
Brief comments on livelihood of soil and water conversation
Soil erosion is serious in China, the Party and country attaches great importance to the work of soil and water conservation. It is not a large empty topic, and is closely related to our daily lives. In this study, we discussed the impact of soil and water conservation on people’s lives, from the four aspects of “food safety, drinking water safety, economic development, and human living environment”. The results showed that the soil and water conservation work could help to ensure the food security and water security of a region, was conducive to enhance the regional economic development, and improved regional living environment. That could lay the theoretical foundation for putting forward and developing the “livelihood of soil and water conversation”.
2013 Vol. 11 (4): 116-122 [
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