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2012 Vol.10 No.1
Published 2012-02-29
Articles
1
ZHANG Mo-Shun, DIAO Yan-Xin, CUI Feng, BANG Gong, Chen-Xue-Jiao
Two-dimensional numerical model for debris flow motion and gully bed evolution
A two-dimensional mathematical model of debris flow in natural gully is developed. Based on the hydrodynamic theory, the water-sediments two-phase flow theory and the Bingham rheological theory, the dynamic processes of debris flow movement, sediment transport, bed evolution and rheological properties of the debris flow are considered. The model is applied to simulate debris flow event in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province and predict the flow pattern and bed erosion-deposition processes. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 1-5 [
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6
HAN Yong-Shun, LI Long-Wei-Shu-Ying-Pan, KONG E-Beng, LI Zhi-Jiang, HUANG Feng
Hazard assessment of debris flow in severely-afflicted area by Wenchuan Earthquake: A case study along DujiangyanWenchuan Highway
Hazard assessment of debris flows along highway is an important technological foundation for preventing & mitigating traffic geo-hazards and for reconstructing & planning destroyed traffic infrastructure by earthquake. In this paper, 28 debris flow gullies along DujiangyanWenchuan Highway (abbreviated to DuWen Highway) were taken as research objects. Corresponding geographical information and thematic hazards data were collected, and they were processed and analyzed through remote sensing, GIS technology. Assessment factors were selected and respective weights were determined by means of grey correlation analysis method. Meanwhile, a hazard assessment model of debris flow was established and applied to assess the hazard of 28 debris flow gullies along DuWen Highway. The findings show that: a) most of 28 debris flow gullies belong to high & severely high risk zones with 15 high risk gullies and 7 severely high risk gullies, that is,78.57% of total gullies; b)The highest risk gullies are Ergou, Niujuangou & Mozigou , next came Gaodianzigou, Manianpingou & Yiwanshuigou gullies; c) The multi-factor assessment method based on gray-correlation can fairly well select assessment factors, determine corresponding weights and calculate the value of hazard degree of each debris flow gully. The results can provide basis & reference for preventing & mitigating debris flows, reconstructing & planning stricken areas and selecting & designing traffic lines.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 6-11 [
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12
HU Kai-Heng, CUI Feng, HAN Yong-Shun, LIU Yong
Susceptibility mapping of landslides and debris flows in 2008 Wenchuan earthquake by using cluster analysis and maximum likelihood classification methods
Cluster analysis and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) methods are introduced to map the susceptibility of post-quake geo-hazards in the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake area. Four variables including slope gradient, relative relief, seismic intensity and surface runoff are chosen as predominant factors of the susceptibility mapping. The mapping result shows that this approach has the advantage of rapid evaluation, and is applicable even when there is short of training data. Five kinds of susceptibility (very low, low, moderate, high, and extreme high) are assigned to the study area by virtue of expert experience and geo-hazard density. The final map gives a reasonable assessment of susceptibility of post-earthquake geo-hazards in the area. It is found that there exist safety spots within the region of high danger, which are suitable for habitations and facilities. Moreover, the hazard density near the boundaries between extreme high and high regions, or high and very low regions is larger than other regions.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 12-18 [
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19
LI Bin-Bing, XIAO Pei-Jing, TU Shu-Tong
Numerical simulation of gully erosion of hillyslope-gully system in loess hilly and gully region
Gully erosion is not only the process of sediment transportation but also the evolution and development of the landscape. To explain temporal and spatial variation of gully morphology, based on the equations of mass conservation and theoretical analysis method, principles and process of establishment of models illustrating the gully erosion and morphological development were discussed, furthermore, differential equation of sediment transportation due to gully erosion and equation of gully incision were established to simulate gully erosion. The simulation were conducted and verified during rainfall processes. Compared with measured data of hillyslope-gully system, model simulating gully erosion shows a high precision with error less than 15%. It means that the equations of gully incision and sediment transportation can be used in the simulation of gully formation.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 19-24 [
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1652
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25
JIAO Feng, TAO Wen-Yi, YAN Jun, XIAO Pei-Jing, SHEN Shen-Zhou, YANG Chun-Xia
Experimental study on model of sediment transport capacity of slope runoff based on GRNN
Sediment transport capacity of slope runoff is an important hydrodynamic parameter in establishing model of soil erosion process, it is of theoretical and practical significance to study the model calculating sediment transport capacity quantitatively. By means of indoor simulated runoff-scouring experiments, sediment transport capacity of slope runoff under different slop and flow conditions was calculated. The impact factors of sediment transport capacity of slope runoff were analyzed by using method of Mean Impact Value. Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) model was established, in which input variables include dry bulk density, slope, Inlet flow, outlet flow, hydraulic radius and flow rate, output variable is sediment transport capacity of slope runoff. Additionally the model was optimized by Adaboost algorithm. The validation results showed that the GRNN model was feasible to predict sediment transport capacity of slope runoff. Under conditions of experimental training samples, GRNN model performed better than BP Neural network model, and Adaboost algorithm could effectively reduce error in the prediction of GRNN model.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 25-31 [
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32
XIN Rui, WANG Ke-Lin, XU Min, SONG Xi-Juan
An amended computing method of
R
factor based on rainfall characteristic in Xiangjiang River Watershed
AbstractRainfall erosivity factor
R
could express the potential ability of the soil loss and reflect the effect of climate factors on soil erosivity ability. At present, no study on computing method of
R
factor was reported in Hunan Province. In this study, different computing methods were employed to calculate rainfall erosivity factor
R
based on different types of precipitation records according to 21 hydrology and weather stations during nearly 50 years in Xiangjiang River watershed. Results showed that compared to the rainfall erosivity factor
R
3
value computed with Zhang Wenbo method, both
R
1
and
R
2
values calculated by method of Wischmemier and Fujian Province respectively were not accurate enough to be used to evaluate the rainfall erosivity factory
R
in this area. The errors were up to 35.99% and 45.58%. However, after the two methods were amended by rainfall pattern factors, the precision of
R
1
and
R
2
values increased by 2-4 times and the average errors decreased to 9.59% and 5.53%. It can be concluded that under the situation of lacking full daily precipitation records, the amended methods of Wischmemier and Fujian Province by rainfall pattern factories could performed optimal evaluation on rainfall erosivity factor
R
in this study area.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 32-37 [
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38
YANG Dan, XIONG Dong-Gong, DI Juan, LI Jia-Jia, SU Zheng-An, DONG Yi-Fan-<
Morphological characteristics and causes of gullies in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region
In Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region gullies are well developed, which not only encroach cultivated lands, produce large amount of river sediments, but also aggravate the development of surface erosion and accelerate the processes of land degradation. It is of great importance to carry out research on gully erosion for controlling river sediments and the sustainable development of the local economy. Based on field investigation and comprehensive analysis of literature, this paper studied the morphological characteristics and causes of gullies. The results indicated that 1) Gullies in the study area are characterized with steep gully walls, deep beds, active gully heads with projected upper parts and concaved lower ones; and 2) The strata structures, climate and rainfall, soil properties are the major causes which result in the well-developed gullies in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region. On the basis of that, the key orientations of future studies on gully erosion in Yuanmou Dry-hot Valley Region were proposed, which mainly focus on monitoring method of gullies’ morphology, gully development process and its mechanism, effect of gully sediment and impacts of human activities on gully development ect.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 38-45 [
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46
TUN Jing-Dong, ZHANG Hong-Jiang, DUAN Chu-Fu, XIE Zhi-Han, YI Zuo-Meng
Variation of surface water quality in Sheyuchuan small watershed of Miyun County
To provid theoretical basis for construction of ecological and clean watershed, protection of water resource and ecological environment construction, temporal and spatial variation of surface water quality were analyzed by using data monitored in last five years in Sheyuchuan small watershed of Miyun County. The results show that the mass concentration of NH
3
-N in river water changed greatly in spring and winter, while it was stable after midsummer. The mass concentration of TN, TP and COD
Mn
were lower in spring and winter, but increased significantly during flood season in summer. After rainfall ended in autumn, the value of each index decreased. In small reservoir, the mass concentration of both NH
3
-N and TN were realtively higher in winter and lower in summer, while mass concentration of TP and COD
Mn
were higher both in summer and winter. In general, the quality of surface water in small watershed was good except some area. NH
3
-N belongs to Class Ⅰ-Ⅱ, TP belongs to Class Ⅱ, COD
Mn
belongs to Class Ⅱ-Ⅲ.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 46-52 [
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53
QIN Wei, SHU Qing-Ke, ZUO Chang-Qing, DIAO Lei-Lei, KUANG Gao-Meng, WANG Zhao-Yan, ZHANG Jing-Feng, CHAN Zhi-Jie
Division of response units to earth surface processes and their extraction of topographic characteristic in the Hilly-gully Region of Loess Plateau
The analysis and regulation of earth surface processes is an important way to ensure human living in harmony with nature. Further, dividing the response unit to earth surface processes efficiently and reasonably is an important premise for the earth surface processes research. Aim at the topography differentiation characteristics of soil erosion in the Hilly-gully Region of Loess Plateau, we put forward that the gully line, ridges line, divide line and shoulder line of valleys were extracted by overlapping in a watershed, which will benefit to make up earth surface processes response units with relatively homogeneous gradient, aspect and position of the slope. The extraction method of the gully line, ridges line, divide line and shoulder line of valleys form hydrologically correct DEM data were presented separately, and measuring technology for the topographic characteristics of response units to earth surface processes such as average gradient, overall aspect, area and perimeter were presented in ArcGIS9.2 software. It can be concluded that fast division of response units to earth surface processes were finished and their topographic characteristics were effectively extracted. The results in this paper will play an important basic function for promoting the research of earth surface processes in the Hilly-gully Region of Loess Plateau.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 53-58 [
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59
XIE Mo-Wen, HUANG Ji-Hui, WANG Ceng-Bi, LIU Xiang-Yu
Study on monitoring of rock and soil change in a large area
Conventional methods of monitoring change in rock and soil are difficult to be used to implement continuous monitoring of ground deformation in large-size reservoir and its surrounding areas. In order to solve the key problem of monitoring the real-time change in rock and soil in the reservoir area of large scale hydropower station, the reservoir area of Wudongde hydropower station was selected as the study area. According to change types of rock and soil, D-InSAR technique and false color composite technology were used to monitor changes respectively, and changing region was extracted finally. Comparing the results derived from two methods with that of field investigation, the deformation locations of rock and soil as well as its trends are in agreement. It meets the monitoring purpose including discovering change and monitoring trend. It is proved that the combined method of D-InSAR technology and false color composite technology is feasible to monitor the wide-area change in rock and soil.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 59-64 [
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65
DIAO Chao, XU Xiang-Zhou, XU Fei-Long, WANG Shu-Fang
A device to measure dynamic process of slope erosion
Dynamic observation of experimental topography is important for research of erosion process and mechanism. This study presents a device, MX2010G topography meter, to measure the dynamic erosion processes, and compares the results on the same slope observed by the device and other conventional meters, respectively. A series of detailed tests on the observing performance of the device were operated. For the landform model with volume of 24000cm
3
and different slope gradients, the relative errors of observed volume can be controlled within ±10%, of which the maximum absolute error is 9.0%, and the minimum absolute error is -0.4%. In the range of 120cm×140cm, the coordinate errors of ten selected points for
x
,
y
, and
z
axis are 0.99,0.84 and 0.42cm, respectively. In the linear regression analysis for elevations of the selected points in the 6 sections, both of the regression coefficient
b
and relevant coefficient
R
2
are close to 1. As a conclusion, the MX2010G topography meter may be used for precise measurement on the gully wall.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 65-69 [
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70
ZHANG Jian-Jun, Xu-Jia-Jia, Li-Hui-Min
Growth process of soil and water conservation forest and dynamic change of its carbon intensity
Robinia pseudoacacia
is one of the main tree species to conserve soil and water in China. There are large areas of
Robinia pseudoacacia
forests for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau. The growth and the dynamics of carbon storage of these plantations are the key to evaluate the ecosystem service function of soil and water conservation forests in this region. In this paper, taken the
Robinia pseudoacacia
forests for soil and water conservation constructed in Maliantan as object, simple investigation and stem analysis were employed to study its growth process. Height-age Models, Diameter at breast height (DBH) Increment Model and the relationship of biomass and DBH were determined. The growth process and the dynamic change of carbon intensity were simulated based on these models. The results showed that the tree height and DBH of
Robinia pseudoacacia
grew very fast during the first 12 years, and the average growth rate of tree height and DBH was 0.63m/a and 0.53cm/a, respectively. At the age of 20 year, the current annual increment of biomass of
Robinia pseudoacacia
forests reached the maximum, 2.99t/hm
2
. At the age of 35 year, the current annual increment curve intersects the average increment curve of biomass of
Robinia pseudoacacia
forest, which means the mature forest, and total biomass and the carbon density were 72.79 and 35.52t/hm
2
, respectively.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 70-76 [
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77
LI Zhi-An, FU Su-Hua, LIU Bao-Yuan
Sampling program of water erosion inventory in the first national water resource survey
The water erosion inventory is an important part of the first national water resource survey in 20102012. Sampling investigation is the main method of the water erosion inventory. Field sampling units were designed according to erosion types and actual situation of each province: Firstly, the whole country was divided into grids and sampling was complemented according to a certain density to obtain the location of the field survey units; secondly, on the basis of the fourth layer grids, the grid with the area of 1km×1km in the plain area or the small watershed with area from 0.2 to 3.0km
2
in the mountainous area was selected for observation. After comprehensive analysis of impact factors including rainfall, terrain, landuse and soil conservation practice the soil erosion intensity was computed by Chinese Soil Loss Equation to evaluate the distribution, area and intensity of water erosion. The evaluation results will provide guidance and decision-making for national water and soil conservation and ecological construction. This sampling method research is of great significance for comprehensive investigation and scientific evaluation of water erosion’s present situation, trends of development and forecasting.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 77-81 [
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82
LI Xiao-Feng, CHEN Li-Hua, WANG Ping-Hua
Tensile mechanical properties of roots of
Larix principis-rupprechtii
Larix principis-rupprechtii
, as one of water and soil conservation pioneer species, the tensile mechanical property of its roots will play an important role in slope stability. In order to explore basic mechanics of its roots, peeled and not peeled roots of different length and diameters were carried out for indoor tensile test with different tensile rates. Results showed that tensile strength of not peeled roots of 100mm length with 10mm/min has no significant correlation with their diameter, while in the other conditions, tensile strength decreased with increasing diameter according to an inverse function. All root stress-strain curves were single-peak curves with elastic-plastic material characteristics. Both root length and peeled or not have significant effects on tensile strength, while tensile rate has no significant effect on tensile strength. The results in this paper could provide important basic data for discovering the interaction mechanisms between roots and soil and building slope stability model.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 82-87 [
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88
WANG Yong-Chi, Jia-Bing
Eco-restoration strategies and measures for the soil and water conservation of typhoon-hit areas in western Guangdong Province: A case study of Magui Town, Gaozhou City
By surveying on the flood disaster in the typhoon-hit areas of Magui Town, Gaozhou City, Guangdong Province, some new eco-environmental problems were analyzed in this paper. According to the flood damages, eco-deconstruction and human activities, eco-restoration area for the soil and water conservation of Magui Town in Gaozhou City were divided into five zones, namely the most important restoration zone, second important restoration zone, common restoration zone, eco-preserve and river landscape restoration zones. Eco-restoration strategies also were proposed for the whole area and different sections. It can be concluded that the combination of man-made and natural restoration will be helpful for the development of society and economy.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 88-93 [
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94
TAO Xiao-You, LIU Xia, ZHANG Guang-Can
Characteristics of soil and water loss and the comprehensive control patterns of slope farmland in Huaihe River Basin
To promote the comprehensive control of soil and water loss in Huaihe River Basin effectively, the paper illustrates the area, distribution, classification and the main features of slope farmlands in Huaihe River Basin based on the survey of the status quo and the comprehensive analysis of slope farmlands. The results show that the area of slope farmlands in Huaihe River Basin is 956.6 thousand hm
2
, which mainly distribute in the Tongbai-Dabie mountainous area, Funiu mountainous area, Yimeng mountainous area and Yangtze River & Huaihe River hilly area. Lithoidal slope farmland, erathy & lithoidal slope farmland, sandy slope farmland and earthy slope farmland are the main four types of slope farmland. Based on analyzing the characteristics and the harmfulness of soil and water loss, and the main problems during the comprehensive treatments, as well as the results of soil and water conservation and the experiences of transforming slope into terrace management, the paper proposes the administration ways and main technology patterns for different types of slope farmland.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 94-97 [
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98
AN Yong-Xin, LIANG Meng-Wu, DIAO Beng
Technology mode and practice of comprehensive treatment on piles of coal gangue
Coal gangue as one of the major pollutants has been a hard nut in the management of well coal mining waste. By reviewing the latest technology development, this paper put forward a new technology and successful experience on the comprehensive treatment on piles of coal gangue, which was verified by a Bureau of Mines in Shanxi Province. Therefore, it can be concluded that shallow jet grouting fire and external-soil spray seeding vegetation restoration is effective mode on the comprehensive treatment on piles of coal gangue.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 98-102 [
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103
CHEN Zhi-Jiang, CHEN Zhi-Biao, CHEN Hai-Bin, CHEN Li-Hui
Spatial relationship between soil fertility quality and human activities accessibility in the red eroded area of southern China：A case study in Zhuxi Watershed，Changting County, Fujian Province
Human activities accessibility plays an important role in soil fertility quality. This study were conducted in Zhuxi Watershed of Changting County, Fujian Province, the typical representative area of red eroded soil in Southern China. The spatial relationship between human activities accessibility and soil fertility quality was evaluated. After selecting ten soil fertility factors, the soil fertility quality was generated by overlaying ten factors based on 3S technique and field investigation. A compound-accessibility evaluation index was created based on relative altitude, slope from DEM, land use from SPOT images, distance to residential point and road extracted from land use, and the whole study area can be divided into 5 accessibility grades from the least reachable area to the most easily reachable area. The following conclusions were drawn from this research: 1) Soil fertility quality had an increasing tendency with the level of human activities accessibility from Medium, Difficult to Very difficult. The more frequent human activity, the relatively higher the disturbance of human activities. 2) All Very high and most of High grades distributed on the level of human activities accessibility Very easy and Easy on the lower reaches whose corresponding land use types were cropland, while other soil fertility quality exited because of violent development and utilization for good natural conditions. 3) Human activities accessibility was an important but not unique influencing factor to soil fertility quality. 4) The quantitative expression of human activities should be strengthened in the model of soil fertility comprehensive evaluation to explain the complex relations between human activities and soil fertility in red eroded soil in Southern China.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 103-107 [
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108
WEI Xia, LI Tie-Bin, LI Xun-Gui
Research progress on soil erosion of slope-gully systems in the Loess Plateau
The slope-gully system is the important units of watershed. It is not only the main source of erosion sediment yield from small watersheds, but also the basic treating units of controlling soil and water lose and restoring and reconstructing entironment in the Loess Plateau. Research of the erosion phenomenon and law of the system could provide important scientific foundation for optimal allocation of government measures on soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau. This study reviews the research progress about the erosion pattems of slope-gully system, the vertical zonality of erosion forms, the sources of sediments from the system, the influences of flows and sediments upstream on soil erosion of the system, the impacts of herbage vegetation coverage and its space distribution on the soil erosion of system, and the application of check dam to the system’s soil erosion analysis etc. It points out that the vertical distribution of soil erosion and the effects of flows and sediments upstream on soil erosion of the system need further quantization. The sources of erosion sediment of the system, the impacts of check dam on soil erosion of system, and the herbage vegetation coverage of field slope-gully system and its influences of spatial distribution on soil erosion of the system also need to be strengthened.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 108-113 [
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114
LI Jing-Jing, BAI Gang-Shuan
Application and development of water holding agents in soil and water conservation
As a high molecular polymer, water holding agents possesses the capability of absorbing water, soil conservation, and preserving fertilizer. It can improve soil structure, reduce soil bulk density, increase soil erosion resistance and play a role in soil and water conservation by its water-conserving function and acting mechanism of soil science. Based on the function of water holding agents on soil and water conservation, this paper introduced the functional mechanisms of water holding agent, the key factors in application processes of soil and water conservation, soil and water conservation effects, and existing problems in the current application and future research directions. It can be concluded that using water holding agents properly had significant effects on soil and water conservation with proper types, application methods and quantity and so on. The multifunctional water holding agents with lower cost should be developed and the application fields and scale should be extended in the further study on soil and water conservation.
2012 Vol. 10 (1): 114-120 [
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