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2010 Vol.8 No.6
Published 2010-12-31
Articles
1
WANG Li-Xian
Integrated measures for flash flood and debris flow control:Giving consideration to torrent classification and dangerous zone mapping
Based on the extraordinarily serious disaster of flash flood and debris flow in Zhouqu County in Gansu Province on August 7,2010 and the experiences of torrent classification and dangerous zone mapping in Beijing,the author showed that the high attention should be paid to take the integrated measures for torrent control.Some suggestions are put forward to strengthen the control of flash flood and debris flow.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 1-5 [
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6
ZHOU Jin-Xing
Early-warning system for debris flow disaster in the Three Gorges Reservoir region
The key techniques of building a real-time forecast model for debris flow disaster using neural network(NN) method are explained in detail in this paper,including the determination of neural nodes at the input layer,the output layer and the implicit layer,the construction of knowledge source and the initial weight values and so on.The neural network-based real-time forecast model for debris flow disaster is built using the rainfall parameters of 40 historical debris flow disasters as training data,which included multiple rainfall factors such as the rainfall of the day disaster happening,the rainfalls of 15 days before the disaster,the maximal rainfall intensity of one hour and ten minutes.Based on the torrent classification and hazard zone mapping of the study region,combined with the rainfall monitoring in the rainy season and real-time weather forecast models,the NN-based early-warning system for debris flow disaster ran well. In this system,GIS technique,advanced international software and hardware were applied,which made performance of the system steady and its applicability wide.It can forecast some most important indices,the probability,the critical rainfall,the warning rainfall,and the refuge rainfall of debris flow occurring,and reduce the direct disserve in the debris flow disasters through the real-time monitoring of rainfall or local weather forecast.As it was a visual information system,we could monitor the variation of the torrent types and hazardous zones,and the torrent management through it,so it could serve the local management and decision-making on the debris flow disaster warning and prevention.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 6-13 [
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FANG Hai-Yan-； Ca-Jiang-Guo-； Li-Qiu-Yan-； Sun-Chi-Yang-； He-Ji-Jun
Causes and countermeasures of giant flash flood and debris flow disaster in Zhouqu County in Gansu Province on August 7,2010
On August 7,2010,an extraordinarily serious flash flood and debris flow disaster occurred which caused great loss of life and property.This paper analyzed its causes,and pointed out that the special geological and geomorphic conditions were the potential reasons,high-intensity rainstorm was the inducing one,and irrational human activities,such as reclamation on steep slopes by cutting trees,building hydroelectric stations without rational measures,and living on landslide body etc.strengthened the disaster.Based on the analysis,some countermeasures for Zhouqu County as well as other similar regions were given.Firstly,deepening studies on geological disaster,and reinforcing building of soil and water conservation measures were quietly required.Secondly,returning land for farming to forest and eco-environmental protection should be paid attention to.Thirdly,canonical constructing hydroelectric stations,road,and the infrastructure in city were needed.Fourthly,sound forecasting and prewarning net system were also required.Furthermore,the measures and the consciousness of preventing debris flow should be publicized among the people that are the base to prevent and control mudflow disaster.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 14-18 [
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YANG Qi-Lin-； Gao-Jia-Rong-； Wang-Ying
Analysis of debris flow disaster countermeasures:Taking the giant flash flood and debris flow disaster in Zhouqu County in Gansu Province on August 7,2010 as an example
China is one of the countries damaged by serious mountain disasters.Frequent mountain disasters has caused tremendous losses to the people and the country.Through the analysis of the disaster situation and reason of the giant flash flood and debris flow disaster which happened in Zhouqu County in Gannan autonomous prefecture in Gansu Province on August 7,2010,this paper expounds the problems in the warning and management of mountain hazards in our country at present,such as the low precision of investigation,poor information management,and disaster warning technology,inadequate disaster response system.With the detailed analysis of the problems above,several suggestions such as: improving the testing precision,researching about detailed investigation and risk management of geological disasters,establishing and managing disaster information sharing platform and improving the disaster response system are put forward.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 19-23 [
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24
MU Xin-Min-； Gao-Feng-； Wang-Fei
Some academic thinking on giant flash flood and debris flow disaster in Zhouqu County in Gansu Province on August 7,2010
The calastrophic debris flow disaster occurred in August 7,2010 at Zhouqu County,Gansu Province shocked the world because more than thousand of people died and several hundreds of people missed.This paper focuses on the impact of the land use,soil and water conservation,water hydropower development and other major human activities on debris flow disasters.Meanwhile,the problems of soil and water conservation in west region of China have been discussed.Finally,the opportunities and challenges for soil and water conservation in west region of China have been analyzed.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 24-26 [
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27
WANG Zhi-Bing-； Hong-Ren-； Zheng-Yun-； Lv-Shi-Zhan
Microstructure and structural character of soil aggregates in triggering area of Jiangjiagou torrent stream,Yunnan Province
There are widely distributed soil aggregates in triggering area of debris flow from Jiangjiagou torrent stream,Yunnan Province.The soil aggregate is a strongly structured special soil,with high void ratio,low liquid limit and very high dispersibility.The environmental scanning electron microscope(ESEM) images show that there are three types of pore in soil aggregates.Obvious dissolution along pore space and void structure between soil particles also commonly exist in soil aggregate.In order to apply the comprehensive structure potential parameter of the stress,compression tests are conducted respectively on intact,saturated and remoulded state soil aggregate.The descending velocity of the structural parameter curve is higher at the stage of lower stresses,but the curve become more gentle at the stage of higher stresses.The soil aggregates exhibit great collapsibility and unstable structure.The results indicate that the microstructure and structural character play an important role in the stability of soil aggregates.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 27-31 [
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32
LIN Yong-Meng-； Cui-Feng-； Ge-Yong-Gang-； Wang-Dao-Jie
Simulation analysis of the effects of disturbances on landscape pattern dynamics in Jiangjiagou Watershed
Aimed to discuss landscape pattern dynamics and the effect of disturbances for landscape pattern,aerial photographic images at the scale of 1∶23000 taken in 1973 and Quickbird images taken in 2006 were used.From the images,we distinguished twelve landscape types within our study area: sloping field,paddy,terrace,residential land,broad-leaved forest,coniferous forest,grassland,shrub,bare rock,gully,debris flow fan,and road.Based on GIS technology,landscape indices including diversity index,dominance index,evenness index,etc.and compartment theory were used to analyze the changes of spatial pattern for twelve landscape elements and simulate landscape dynamics under different disturbance scenarios.The results showed that: in the whole,the landscape diversity and dominance changed insignificantly,while evenness and fragmentation changed significantly from 1973 to 2006,and overall landscape spatial pattern altered significantly.In the part,the main changed landscape types were broad-leaved forest,coniferous forest,shrub and sloping field.Meanwhile,the simulation of landscape dynamics under different disturbance scenarios showed that the landscape diversity index and evenness index increased in short term and then decreased due to landscape pattern dominated by one or several landscape elements under disturbances.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 32-40 [
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41
GUO Ling-Hui-； Wang-Dao-Jie-； Zhang-Yun-Gong-； Jiao-Shen-； Chen-Dong
Dynamics and vertical distribution patterns of fine root weights of different aged Leucaena leucocephala stand in debris flow source area
In this study,Dynamics and vertical distribution patterns of fine root weights of different aged Leucaena leucocephala were investigated by mean of dig method from up to down at the distance 1.0m from the stem,in Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The results indicated that the weights of fine roots of tree were not solely increasing with the increasing tree age,but decreased at first and then increased in the similarly ranged profile.The maximum weight densities of fine roots for different aged tree were completely located at 0-20cm soil layer,also the root appeared an obvious accumulation trait in the topsoil layer.However,its centralized feature weakened as the time went by,showing a deep-seated and uniform grow trend. In addition,there were apparent correlations between soil depths and fine root weight densities,which decreased at an exponent function with increases of soil depths.Compared with the less important particles(2mm<
D
≤5mm),the fine roots(
D
≤2mm) determined the entire trends of the dynamics and vertical distributions of fine root weights,which will be the important basis of debris flow control with biological measures.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 41-46 [
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47
YANG Ai-Min-； Liu-Xiao-Ying
Developing conservation tillage to effectively control soil erosion on farmland
China is one of the countries with scarcest farmland per capita in the world,which is only 0.0933hm2 accounting for less than 40% of the world average level.In the meantime,our country is also one of the countries with most serious problem of cultivated land soil erosion,it’s area is 40.33 million hm2 occupying 33.15% of total cultivated land of the whole country.Only the annual soil loss of the slope cultivated land is about 1.5 billion tons making up 33% of total soil loss of the whole country.The soil erosion has constituted serous threat to food security,ecological security,social and economic sustainable development in our country.The paper expounded the important significance,generation and development,major techniques contents and models of conservation tillage in the field of soil and conservation.Developing conservation tillage technique is a new concept of soil and conservation and has an important significance to effectively control farmland soil erosion.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 47-52 [
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YANG Chun-Xia-； Tao-Wen-Yi-； Xiao-Pei-Jing-； Wang-Ling-Ling-； Shen-Shen-Zhou
Distribution of shear stress and the relationship between soil detachment rate and shear stress under experiments
Shear stress is an important hydrodynamic parameter in the establishment of soil erosion prediction model,so it has very important theoretical and practical significance to study the relationship between shear stress and erosion;Using simulated runoff-scouring experiments,the shear stress characteristics under different erosion process and different conditions were studied,and the correlations between shear stress and soil detachment rate were analyzed.The result shows that shear stress under different erosion process and soil detachment rate increase indirect proportion with the flow,but with the change of slope affected by the critical slope under different experiment conditions;Soil detachment rate is linear correlation with the flow,the slope and the shear stress,the relationship between which shows that the soil detachment rate increases indirect proportion with the flow and slope,and inversely proportional to shear stress;soil detachment rate was power-function or exponential-relationship associated with shear stress under different erosion process;shear stress when the pit appeared and the average of the runoff process can be used as soil erosion prediction.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 53-57 [
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58
YAN Feng-Ling-； Luo-Xiao-Yong-； Lei-Shao-Beng-； Qiu-Liang-； Fan-Hao
Ecological compensation standard of soil and water conservation in Danjiangkou reservoir area
How to determine ecological compensation standard is one of the main difficulties during designing the ecological compensation scheme.Taking Danjiangkou reservoir area as a case study,ecological restoration cost and ecosystem service value of soil and water conservation in short-term was calculated.The ecological compensation standard of the exterior area was calculated based on the ecological benefit proportion which gained from the restoration project.Results show that the total soil and water conservation cost is 2.737 billion yuan(RMB) per year.The ecological service value of that brought by short-term soil and water conservation is 1.582 billion yuan(RMB),1.285 billion yuan(RMB),and 0.406 billion yuan(RMB) in restoration region,downstream region,and other related regions,respectively.According to the basic principle of ecological compensation,the exterior ecological benefited regions should compensate the cost of the restoration project,and the compensation amount of the exterior area is calculated as 1.415 billion yuan(RMB) per year.The results can provide some reference for quantitative analysis of ecological service value.Also,it can be used as theoretical foundation to carry out ecological compensation system in water source region.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 58-63 [
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64
NIU Dun-； Zhang-Beng-Cang-； Geng-Meng-Xing
Characteristics of soil and water loss on purple slope farmland and its control in upper reaches of the Yangtze River
Purple soil is one of the most important land resources in upper reaches of the Yangtze River,however,the severe soil and water loss caused a series of problems.The paper analyzed the runoff characteristics of purple soil in a hill-slope,studied the mechanisms of runoff acts on soil loss,and brought out solutions to prevent soil and water loss on purple slope farmland.The results showed that,stored-full runoff was the main pattern of runoff yield in slope farmland of purple soil,and interflow accounted for a larger percentage of total runoff.Soil erosion on purple slope farmland resulted in soil coarseness and nutrition loss in this specific area,the nutrient loss approaches were related to the solubility of nutrient elements,for instence,N and K were chiefly lost in dissolved state,while P was mainly lost with soil particles.Interflow is an important exogenetic force which causes soil and water loss in slope farmland of purple soil,and it should be controlled for soil and water conservation.According to the characteristics of soil and water loss in this specific area,managements must be carried out,and strategies of the managements includes "increasing infiltration,conserving from erosion;draining water,keeping soil;impounding after draining for utilization".
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 64-68 [
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69
WANG Zhen-；Wang-Wen-Long-； Jin-Jian-； Luo-Ting-； Wang-Gao
Comparison of runoff generation,sediment yield and hydrodynamic parameters on the undisturbed and the disturbed land surface in the Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield
The disturbed land of the exploitation in the shenfu-dongshen coalfield destroyed the ground vegetation cover and the soil structure,caused serious soil erosion.The changing discipline of the runoff generation,sediment yield and the hydrodynamic parameters of the disturbed land have been analyzed.The result indicated: the runoff generation time of the disturbed land was less than that of the undisturbed land;the intensity of runoff yield,the initial sediment yield and the intensity of the sediment yield of the disturbed land was separately 1-2 times,10-30 times and 10-50 times more than that of the undisturbed land.The Reynolds number and the resistance coefficient of the disturbed land was more than that of the undisturbed land.There was not obviously different in the Froude number.Experienced equations were simulated by the relationships between the runoff generation,sediment yield and hydrodynamic parameters.Some important references are proved for the exploitation and management of the coal fields.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 69-74 [
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75
ZHANG Bei-； Zhang-Jian-Jun-； Zheng-Fang-； Li-Die-Chao-； Yang-Yun-Feng
A comprehensive evaluation method of landscape function for different land-use types in Loess region
For studying a comprehensive evaluation method of landscape function for different land-use types in Loess region,we investigated and evaluated 150 plots by LFA method(Landscape Function Analysis)in Caijiachuan Basin,laid a total of more than 4400 meters transects.The results showed that: LFA method can be used to evaluate the effect of vegetation patches and soil properties of plots;based on LFA method,with weighted sum,the value of landscape function can reflect the effect of vegetation patches and soil properties of plots comprehensively;land-use types and slope have a significant influence on landscape function,and a calculation equation of landscape function value was established.The conclusions are as following: the multiple linear regression equation has reasonable structure and relatively high accuracy,which can be used to evaluate landscape function for different land-use types comprehensively.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 75-79 [
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FANG Re-Ling-； Zhang-Zhi-； Shu-Qing-Ke
Space audio-visual simulation for vegetation succession in a small watershed of Loess Plateau
For both watershed management and forest management,it is essential to analyze landscape composed mainly of vegetation,simulate the vegetation succession,and predict future landscape pattern.In this paper,LANDIS,a spatially explicit model for forest landscape disturbance,management,and succession,was firstly applied to simulate secondary forest succession for coming 500 years in a small watershed of Loess Plateau.This simulation results shows: Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.is the dominant species among conifers and Quercus wutaishabcia Mayr is the dominant species among broadleaf arbors.During the coming 500 years’ forest succession simulated with forest landscape LANDIS model,Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.will maintain their dominancy for 430 years and then Quercus wutaishabcia Mayr will usurp the dominion for 70 years.The relative contagion index of broadleaf arbors varied greatly than conifers.The component structure of forest age changes significantly with various spatial pattern of different ages of forest come into being as the year going on.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 80-85 [
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86
WEI Zhen-Rong-； Liu-Guo-Ban-； Xue-Sha-； Li-Feng
Soil enzyme activities of shrub plantation in Loess Hilly Region
In order to reveal changes of soil enzyme activity after revegetation in Loess Plateau,shrub plantation at different ages on Loess Hilly Region was chosen,slope cropland and Platycladus orientailis L.stand were selected as control at the same time.In addition,soil enzymes index was also put forward.The results showed that after revegetation,soil urease,phosphatases,saccharase,cellulase and catalase,respectively increased compared to the slope cropland.Enzyme activity in Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.stand is higher than that in Caragana korshinskii Kom stand at the same ages.Soil polyphenol oxidase decreased with years and amylase did not change significantly.The relationships analysis showed that except urease and amylase,significantly positive relationship were observed among phosphatase,saccharase,cellulase,catalase but negative with polyphenol oxidase,which were also significantly correlated with soil fertility factors such as organic matter,total nitrogen and available nitrogen.It can be concluded that poor soil enzyme activity of slope cropland under erosive environment owing to human cultivation activities was improved greatly after plantation,but still lower than that of Platycladus orientailis L.stand,the climax community before vegetation destruction.Soil enzyme index can be used as biological indicators for assessing soil quality.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 86-92 [
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93
ZHANG Shen-Bao
Questioning on sediment dating in the Mawoshan Karst Basin of Northwest Guizhou Province
It was reported in recent two papers of Mr.Xie Liangsheng and his colleagues that the average sediment accumulation thickness in the Mawoshan Karst Basin was 1.33m for the last 29 years and the related average sediment accumulation rate was 4.6cm/a and the average erosion rate was 2900.55t/(km
2
·a) over the catchment.But according to our researches,in a sediment profile at the centre of the basin,the
137
Cs peak occurred at the depth of 40cm,and the related sediment accumulation thickness since 1963 was 20cm by subtracting the plough depth and the related average sediment accumulation rate was 0.44cm/a,which was only one tenth of the rate of 4.6cm/a,reported by Mr Xie.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 93-94 [
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95
YANG Xiu-Qing-； Han-Wei-Zhi
Spatial heterogeneity of soil nitrogen in six natural secondary forests in mountainous region of Northern China
Understanding distribution of soil nitrogen at the natural secondary forest stands is important for studying the ecological processes of forest and forest ecosystem function.In order to study the spatial variation of soil nitrogen in natural secondary forest in mountainous region of Northern China,six sample plots(50m×50m) of different forests types were selected,and geostatistic semivariogram analysis method was used to quantified the spatial distribution of soil nitrogen in these sample plots.Results showed that: 1)the amount of total nitrogen in the secondary broad-leaved stands was higher(3100-4500mg/kg),but that in the conifer stands was relatively lower(900-1300mg/kg);all types of forest soils with a much lower NO-3-N amount were typically dominated by NH+4-N;2) the spatial heterogeneity characteristics of soil nitrogen were significantly different in forest types.Total nitrogen had large intensity of variance and weak spatial auto-correlativity(the variance caused by random factors to total variance ratio was 42.7%) in broad-leaved and coniferous mixed forest,but relatively smaller intensity and strongly auto-correlated variance(accounted for 72.2%-81.0% of total variance) in conifer stands,total nitrogen amount appeared as a patch distribution in conifer stands;3) the heterogeneity characteristics of available nitrogen forms mainly appeared as follows: NH+4-N was strongly auto-correlated but NO-3-N was of a weak variance degree in the broad-leaved stands.However,there was a relatively apparent spatial variance about NO-3-N in the conifer stands;4) there was an effect of forest types on spatial heterogeneity characteristics of total and available nitrogen;5) the difference of vegetation kinds,composition,diversity and spatial distribution patterns of tree species caused by them as shown above have been the important causes of affecting total nitrogen amount,nitrogen mineralization and further leading to variance of nitrogen forms among stands or different spatial sampling site inner every stand.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 95-102 [
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103
ZHANG Yong-Chao-； Du-Jiang-； Chen-Kai-； Diao-Gan-Kun-； Chen-Zhi-Cheng
Canopy interception characteristics of typical forest stands in Mountain Tai
The interception characteristics of nine typical forest stands in Luohanya forest farm of Mountain Tai were studied.The results showed that very good linear relationship existed between through rainfall in stand and open field rainfall.There was a good logarithmic relationship between interception and open field rainfall.The interception capacity of the nine forest stands decreased in the order of Acer mono,Quercus acutissima+Pinus thunbergii,15a Quercus acutissima,50a Quercus acutissima,Pistacia chinensis,Pistacia chinensis+Robinia pseudoacacia,Platycladus orientalis,and Pinus thunbergii.The stemflow capacity dropped in the order of 15a Quercus acutissima,50a Quercus acutissima,Pistacia chinensis,Acer mono,Pinus thunbergii 15a Quercus acutissima,50a Quercus acutissima,Pistacia chinensis,Acer mono,Pinus thunbergii,Robinia pseudoacacia,Platycladus orientalis,Robinia pseudoacacia,Platycladus orientalis.In general,critical value of open field rainfall for produced through rainfall in stand of various forest stands was 6.28mm.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 103-107 [
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108
MA Hui-； Zhang-Hong-Jiang-； Wang-Wei-； Du-Shi-Cai-； Li-Gen-Beng
Effects of rainfall interception of different forest communities in the Simian Mountain,Chongqing
This paper studies the difference of canopy interception of different forest types by surveying the maximum water holding capacity,interception rate of canopy of 6 different vegetation types,(temperate coniferous forest,warm coniferous forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest,evergreen broadleaved forest and warm bamboo forest)in Simian Mountain of Chongqing.Results can be concluded as follows: 1) compared with that of other 4 types of vegetation types,the maximum water holding capacity,interception rate of canopy of temperate coniferous forest and warm coniferous forest is higher,which presents strong function of canopy interception.2) main factors impacting the maximum water holding capacity are canopy density and mass of leaf and branch per unit area,and there is a significant positive correlation between them.3) the main factors that impacts the canopy interception rate are amount and intensity of rainfall and drying degree of leaf and branch of canopy.Dryness of leaf and branch of canopy has obvious effect on canopy interception of different forest types.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 108-114 [
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115
ZHANG Wei-Jiang-； Wang-Meng-Fu-； Ceng-Lian-Hai-； Li-Shao-Jing-； Zhou-Beng-； Yan-Zuo-Yun-； Gan-Xian-Hua-； Chen-Guang-Qing
Photosynthesis and photo-response characteristic of 3 plantation tree species in the upper and middle reaches of Dongjiang River
By using Li-6400 portable photosynthesis system produced by LI-COR company,six-year old Sapium discolor,Liquidambar formosana and Choerospondias axillaries,in the upper and middle reaches of Dongjiang River were selected as experimental materials for comparative studies on photosynthetic and physiological parameter characteristics,such as photosynthesis,transpiration,and water use efficiency,etc,and photosynthesis and photo-response characteristic of the three plantation tree species in natural habitats.The results showed that the photosynthesis-light response curves of the three species could be well simulated by the non-rectangular hyperbola model(
R
2
>0.98) and exponential curves(
R
2
>0.98).Apparent quantum efficiency and dark respiration rate in a descending order of Sapium discolor,Choerospondias axillaries,Liquidambar formosana,the photosynthetic ability of Sapium discolor was higher than that of Choerospondias axillaries,Liquidambar formosana,while Sapium discolor showed high photosynthate consumption.There were significant differences in maximum net photosynthetic rate between Sapium discolor and Choerospondias axillaries,Liquidambar formosana(
P
<0.05).The three species were between shade plants and sun plants,specifically,Sapium discolor has high adaptability to high light,and shows great adaptable and plastic to different light intensity,and wider light ecological amplitude,and has higher ability to use low light and high light.The net photosynthetic rate of Sapium discolor was highest,followed by Choerospondias axillaris,Liquidambar formosana,the transpiration rate in a descending order of Sapium discolor,Choerospondias axillaris,Liquidambar formosana,and water use efficiency in a descending order of Liquidambar formosana,Sapium discolor,Choerospondias axillaris.
2010 Vol. 8 (6): 115-120 [
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