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2007 Vol.5 No.5
Published 2007-10-31
Articles
1
GAO Hua-Duan-；Li-Dui
Erodibility of original soil in Karst area
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2007 Vol. 5 (5): 1-4 [
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LIN Jing-Jing-；Bi-Hua-Xin-；Liu-Xin-；Ma-Na
Extraction of geomorphic parameters for geomorpho-climatic instantaneous unit hydrograph based on DEM
Extraction of geomorphic parameters is the foundation of constructing hydrological model,so the precision of extraction of geomorphic parameters affects the accuracy of hydrological model.This paper studied on the method of geomorphic parameters for Geomorpho-Climatic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph(R-V GIUH) by DEM: dealing with the sink-filling problem of DEM;extracting channel network of different critical support area;analysing on the effects of the critical support area on both the total length and the average slope of the extracted channel network;determining the critical support area for channel development;calculating the geomorphic parameters of watershed for the convergence model of R-V GIUH. The method is applied in Fengjiageduo small watershed(17.98 km<sup>2</sup>).The results showed that the extracted drainage networks are reasonably close to the reality,and Horton's bifurcation ratio(4.608 3),area ratio(2.592 8),length ratio calculated(3.399 9) are in the proper range which is determined by analysing lots of data of nature water systems.The proposed approach removes the subjective decision on the choice of drainage area threshold,and improves exactness of extracting geomorphic parameters.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 5-10 [
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11
HAO Shi-Long-；Li-Zhi-Ping
Model of ecological construction and economical development in semiarid hilly area of Loess Plateau:A case study in Shanghuang test area in Guyuan
Taking Shanghuang experimental area as an example,the experiences of comprehensive harnessing experiences from 1982 to 2005,with the method of Participatory Rural Appraisal(PRA) were reviewed,and the ecological,economical,and social benefits of ecological construction were analysed.The results show that: the ecological,economical,and social benefits of ecological construction increased steadily.The average annual income of per farmer increased from 94.4 Yuan to 2 093.2 Yuan during the studied period.The eco-enviroment was improved obviously,the soil erosion module decreased from 6 000 to 1 000 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a).It is suggested that the rural economic development pattern should be adapted to semiarid hilly area of the Loess Plateau.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 11-15 [
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16
LIU Shi-Tu-；Zuo-Chang-Qing-；Shu-Jin-Zhao
Effects of artificial vegetation of <i>Paspalum notatum</i> Flugge on slope runoff
In order to study the effects of <i>Paspalum notatum</i> Flugge and its ground cover on water conservation,the experiment was carried out by Lysimeter and the depth of surface runoff and subsurface flow was gained for different treatments.The results indicated that,runoff components have obvious differences because of different treatments.The total depth of runoff in treatment A(coverage of <i>Paspalum notatum</i> Flugge),B(mulching of <i>Paspalum notatum</i> Flugge),C(bare slopeland) was 1 245.24,1 453.81 and 1 383.23 mm respectively,of which the depth of surface runoff was 24.46,50.2 and 592.07 mm respectively,while the depth of subsurface flow was 1 220.78,1 403.61 and 791.16 mm respectively.The empirical equations in treatment A,B,C are parabola,the relative coefficient of which is 0.933,0.861 and 0.810 respectively between the depth of surface runoff and precipitation.The analysis results showed that the differences of the depth of surface runoff are very significant between different treatments.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 16-20 [
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21
CHEN Jie-；Zhang-Xun-Chang-；Liu-Wen-Zhao-；Li-Zhi
Assessment of CLIGEN non-precipitation parameters on the Loess Plateau
Soil erosion models and crop growth simulation models are often used to assess the potential impact of climate variations.Most simulation models require daily weather data,which are frequently synthesized using stochastic daily weather generators.The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of the CLImate GENerator(CLIGEN) to generate non-precipitation parameters,including daily temperatures,solar radiation,and wind velocity at twelve standard meteorological stations on the Loess Plateau.The results demonstrated that the CLIGEN model reproduced daily maximum temperature reasonably well.In comparison,daily minimum and dew point temperature were less well reproduced,probably because of the range check imposed in the model and used the standard deviation of minimum temperature to compute dew point.Daily solar radiation and wind velocity were less well generated than temperature;especially for wind velocity the generated data were significantly greater than the measured data.Both means and standard deviations of the same day temperature range and one day lag temperature ranges of the CLIGEN-generated data were consistently greater than those of the measured data on all sites.But the means were better reproduced than the standard deviations.Temperature tends to change in a gradual and continuous manner,but CLIGEN generated data did not reproduced this trend.Seasonal serial correlations of maximum and minimum temperatures were well reproduced,but those of solar radiation and cross correlation between temperature and solar radiation were poorly reproduced by the CLIGEN model.There were no day to day correlations for the CLIGEN-generated data,including solar radiation,maximum and minimum temperature.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 21-31 [
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32
ZHANG Yong-Li-；Wei-Wen-Dun-；Leng-Ling
Water storage capacity of different forested lands in Liupan Mountains in Ningxia
In order to estimate water conservation function of different forests in Liupan Mountains,researches on the characteristics of water storage capacity of forest litter and soil are carried out,they are <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> pure plantation,<i>Quercus liaotungensis</i> pure natural forest,<i>Betula platyphylla</i> and <i>Populus davidiana</i> mixed natural forest,Pinus armandii and Betula albo-sinensis and Betula platyphlla mixed natural forest.Litter storage quantity is determined by square samples and its water retention capacity is determined by soaking in water.Soil physical properties related to water are measured by cutting ring and soaking in water.As to amount of water contained in litters,it showed that Pinus armandii and Betula albo-sinensis and Betula platyphlla mixed natural forest is the largest,<i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> pure plantation is larger,then is <i>Quercus liaotungensis</i> pure natural forest,finally is <i>Betula platyphylla</i> and <i>Populus davidiana</i> mixed natural forest.Undecomposed litters of <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> pure plantation and half-decomposed litters of Pinus armandii and Betula albo-sinensis and Betula platyphlla mixed natural forest become saturated after 6 hours dripping in water and others all are 3 hours.As to maximum soil water storage amount,results showed that Pinus armandii and Betula albo-sinensis and Betula platyphlla mixed natural forest is the largest,<i>Quercus liaotungensis</i> pure natural forest is larger,then is <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> pure plantation,finally is <i>Betula platyphylla</i> and <i>Populus davidiana</i> mixed natural forest.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 32-36 [
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37
HE Fan-；Jiang-Yu-Lin-；Yin-Jing-；Chen-Zong-Wei-；Chen-Hua-Beng-；Wang-Xiao-Dong
Research on regular of wind erosion on road slope under different protection in semi-arid area of Northwest China
In order to study the mechanism of soil erosion on road and provide the guideline for soil and water conservation in northwest China,experiment sites were located at Guyuan section along Yinchuan to Wuhan highway and several observation plots were selected according to different protection styles of road slope.The regular of wind erosion on a new road slope in semi-arid area in northwest China was conducted.The result shows that there is significant logarithmic relationship between intensity of wind erosion and wind velocity,and sequence of threshold wind velocity is: hexagonal brick>arched frame>compaction by machine>unprotected.Hexagonal brick is the best one for the preventing wind erosion and arched frame take second place,compaction by machine is the worst.The relative soil loss ratio of road slope with hexagonal brick protection is 0.35,and that of road slope with arched frame and compaction by machine are 0.55 and 0.91,respectively.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 37-42 [
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43
SUN Zhong-Feng-；Zhou-Yu-Chi-；Shu-Jin-Zhao-；Zhang-Hua-Pei-；Li-Yu-Chen
Soil moisture of Robinia pseudoacacia stands in the Loess area in West of Shanxi Province
According to the location observation in two years,the change rule of soil water in Robinia pseudoacacia stands were studied,and influence factors to soil moisture were discussed.It was showed that Robinia pseudoacacia is the most resisting drought tree in Loess area.So Robinia pseudoacacia stands and its mixed stand can be planted on south of hill,top of mountain and eastern of hill.When the density of Robinia pseudoacacia stand is less than 2 250 trees per hectare,soil moisture of stands can be supplemented at the end of growth season.When the density of Robinia pseudoacacia stands are more than 2 250 trees per hectare,soil moisture of stands can not be supplement at the end of growth season,so growth of trees are limited.Furthermore by quantificational analysis of the influence factors of soil water,it was showed that rainfall of month,evaporation,humidity of month,density of stand,and biomass are the major meteorologic and vegetation factors.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 43-49 [
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50
HU Zhong-Li
Classification criteria of potential landslides susceptibility assessment for Mukence watershed
Mukence watershed is located in the East Rift Valley and belongs to the Liji Mudstone area with more complex and unfavorable geologic conditions and weak stratum.This research used the investigative terms of topography,geology,land use condition at present,related discourse of potential landslide evaluation by scholar and specialist,questionnaire investigation and data statistics etc.to establish the criteria of assessment.The results showed that landslides in Mukence watershed belongs to the dangerous degree,thus the arbitrary land use and development should be controlled.In the process of questionnaire investigation,site factor of standard criteria was not identified for most investigation samples and eliminated in this research,but practically it was one of the important factors for differentiated landslide happen and needed continuous researches in this topic.For the reason the limit of studied area,value range of assessment standard criteria were not too great difference,and if the investigation area could be increased,thus many factors of standard criteria will become more obviously.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 50-55 [
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56
ZHANG Wen-Jun-；Liu-De-Xi-；Li-Ze-Jiang-；Lin-Jian-Min-；Lu-Yin-Shan
Characteristics of artificial communities structure of plant regenerative sand-barrier in Horqin Sandy Land
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2007 Vol. 5 (5): 56-59 [
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60
WANG Shu-Li-；Zhou-Yan-Yang-；Yang-An-Wei
Forest potential productivity of Linkou forestry bureau in Heilongjiang Province
According to climate data and forest resource data,the forest potential productivity of Linkou forestry bureau in Heilongjiang Province was calculated by using Miami model and Thornthwaite Memorial model.The relationship among potential productivity,temperature and precipitation was accepted,and the real forest productivity was evaluated.It shows that potential forest productivity in LinKou forest bureau is 9.38<sup>-1</sup>2.64 m<sup>3</sup>·hm<sup>-2</sup>·a<sup>-1</sup>.The real forest productivity is 2.22 m<sup>3</sup>·hm<sup>-2</sup>·a<sup>-1</sup>,17.56-23.67 percent of potential productivity.The main reason of the low productivity is the high proportion of young age forest.The forest potential productivity of study area is in a middle level compared with those of other regions,and is lower than those of the same latitude regions in Heilongjiang Province.The results could be used as an important reference in working out the cultivation plan of plantation,optimizing forest structure and protecting forest resource.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 60-65 [
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66
GENG Yu-Qing-；Zhou-Rong-Wu-；Li-Chao-；Lin-Yun-Mao-；Wang-Xiao-Hui
Influences of forest fire on soil properties in Xishan area of Beijing
In order to manage burned area,soil physic-chemical properties under Pinus tabulaeformis forest in different fire intensity in Beijing Xishan area were studied based on the field investigation and lab analysis.Results showed that the soil under moderate fire intensity was significantly higher the soil density,lower the total porosity,clay content and field capacity than unburned soil, the capillary and non capillary pores were nearly unchanged.The influence of low fire intensity on the physical properties was not significant.In 0-5 cm horizon,low fire intensity led to significantly increase the content of organic matter,however,moderate fire intensity led to significantly decrease the content of organic matter and total nitrogen.Low fire intensity led to increase soil pH,and the difference of soil pH in 0-2 cm horizon was significant.The contents of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and Mg<sup>2+</sup> in 0-5 cm horizon under low fire intensity were significant higher than that under moderate fire intensity and unburned.This paper showed also that the fire of low intensity could lead to improve the soil properties.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 66-70 [
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71
WANG Jian-Zheng
Influence of protective farming on soil water of wheat field
In order to find out the adaptability of protective farming technology in dryland of North China,the influence of protective farming on surface runoff,evaporation,soil water amount in soil layers of 0-50 cm,water use efficiency and wheat yield were studied with the method of covering and free farming,covering and deep loosening and so on.The results show that the surface runoff of protective farming decreased by 57.3% than that of traditional farming;rainwater permeation amount increased by 98.6%;stored soil water amount increased by 10.5%;evaporating amount decreased by 11.2%;effective water for crops growing increased by 19.7 mm;wheat yield per unit area increased by 12.2%.The experiments indicated that protective farming was an effective farming method of controlling water erosion and increasing wheat yield in dryland of North China and suitable to spread.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 71-74 [
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YANG Xin-Bing-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Wu-Jun-；Xiao-Xiang-；Chen-Hui-Xin-；Sun-Qiang-Yan
Forest hydrology function of the Miyun Reservoir watershed:A case study of Beizhuang small watershed
This paper presents the effects of forest to the hydrological characteristics with three scales,including the runoff section,the natural slope runoff sites,and the watershed.The results show that:in the experimental watershed,annual runoff coefficient was 43.12% in 2004 and 10.43% in 2005 while sediment yields was zero.Runoff coefficient had significant correlation with rainfall and there was a relation of a conic curve.Comparing the natural slope runoff sites in the forest land and non-forest land,the maximum value of annual runoff coefficient in the forest land was 0.72 in 2003,while one in the non-forest land was 0.97 in 2004.The sediment modulus of natural slope runoff in the forest land significantly dropped.Sediment subduction in the forest land was 18.7% in 2004 and 77.3% in 2005.The order of runoff amount was <i>Castanea mollissina</i>><i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i>><i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i> in the runoff plot of different trees.By sampling inspection on water quality of watershed,the results show that most indexes of water quality achieved the national standards of Ⅰ class,while over-leveled indexes were total N content and total P content.In general,with the increasing the forest coverage in the watershed,the function of flood control,water retention,sediment reduction,and improvement of water quality could be strengthened obviously.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 75-78 [
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WANG Meng-Meng-；Xie-Yong-Sheng-；Wang-Heng-Dun-；Song-Xiu-Qing-；Zhang-Fu
Soil and water conservation of reservoir watershed and its water yield:A case study of Chaobaihe River Basin on the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir
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2007 Vol. 5 (5): 79-82 [
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83
WANG An
Construction and benefits of integrated measures system for environment conservation in Shengdong Diggings
Shengdong Diggings is located in Maowusu Sandland area,the water resource of which is very short and the environment is degrated seriously.According to the problems such as soil erosion and desertification,water resource protection and environment restoration etc,Shengdong Diggings,as the biggest public colliery in china,has used comprehensive technological system to coal resource development,vegetation restoration,heat energy use of coal gangue and so on.The system is appropriate in ecological,economical,and social benefits.The economic benefit of coal resource development increased continually.Meanwhile,the vegetation coverage was improved from 3%-11% to 59.4% and the average erosion modulus was decreased about from 10 000 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a) to 1 500 t/(km<sup>2</sup>·a).Therefore desertification in diggings area had been controlled distinctly. The annual repeated amount of mines' water is 4 960 000 t/a;coal gangue product rate of a ton coal was reduced from 20% to 5%.The consumed amount of coal gangue for electric power reached 8 million ton every year,and the electric power generated 43.6 hundreds million kW·h.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 83-87 [
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YANG Jian-Yang-；Diao-Jiang-；Zhang-Xiao-Hui-；Qi-Wei-Xiang-；Cheng-Bi-；Tian-Jia
Application of 3S technology to the planning and designing of taking sites of soil and waste for the road construction project
The taking sites of soil and waste is an important assistant project for the road construction project with high grade.Taking the Jing-Cheng(Miyun Shayu to boundary of city) highway for example,the application of 3S to the planning and designing of the taking sites of soil and waste for the road construction project was discussed.In virtue of the functions of 3S,such as the collection,management and analysis of spatial data etc,the view on selecting the taking sites of soil and waste and the range of comparison can be developed,and comprehensively analyzed.These contributed some important benefits to improve the rationality of selecting the sites and the work efficiency.Furthermore,the technology of 3S will also be available to the real-time and tracking sites of management of the taking soil and waste subsequently.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 88-93 [
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FAN Guang-Mei-；Li-Shi-Feng-；Chen-Chang-Jun
Spoil disposal of road in the hilly area of Zhejiang Province
The harm of soil erosion could be easily brought by excavation and a large number of spoil without appropriate soil protection measures under the influence of topographical conditions during the period of highway construction in hilly lands.Based on the experiences of construction,the basic principles of road spoil disposal in hilly area of Zhejiang Province were put forward.Taking the restoration engineering works of Qingyuan line of Long Qing highway(54 and 55 provincial highway) in Zhejiang Province as an example,the approach to dispose the spoil of road in hilly area and the protection measures for different spoil areas were discussed.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 94-97 [
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ZHANG Zhi-Guo-；Li-Dui-；Wang-Guo-Liang
Evaluation of regional ecological risk of soil erosion based on GIS
In order to support the soil and water conservation,planning and the assessment of soil erosion,this paper introduced the concept of ecological risk into the research of water and soil conservation.In this article,we defined the regional ecological risk of soil erosion,and showed how to evaluate it,then built the framework of the evaluation.We had made a preliminary application in Yanhe River Basin.The results showed that the key controlling areas in Yanhe River Basin include the middle Yanhe River Basin,Ansai County and Baota district.Regional ecological risk of soil erosion can help the government to make the decision in soil and water conservation management.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 98-101 [
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SONG Wei-Feng
Review of the present situation and combating of rocky desertification in China
In this paper,the concept,distribution,cause of formation,current situation, and combating technology of rocky desertification in China were analyzed,then the guidline and measures of rocky desertification combating were put forward.
2007 Vol. 5 (5): 102-106 [
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