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2003 Vol.1 No.4
Published 2003-12-31
Articles
1
LIU Shen
Objectives and Tasks of Soil and Water Conservation in China
China is one of the countries suffering from most serious soil erosion and water loss in the world. In recent years, great achievements have been obtained in soil and water conservation and eco-construction key soil and water conservation projects of seven river basin are implemented with stable and reasonable progress, improving eco-environment by the natural rehabilitation is widely practiced, supervision and law enforcement is continuously enhanced and human-caused soil erosion and water loss is brought under control effectively. Great progress has been achieved on scientific research in soil and water conservation. The idea for soil and water conservation practices in new stage should focus on the three objectives, management of soil erosion and water loss, improvement of condition for agriculture production and eco-environment . Four tasks including prevention and supervision, comprehensive management, eco-environment rehabilitation by the power of nature, and monitoring and forecast need to be seriously implemented. Meanwhile with comprehensive approaches such as administration, economic incentives, laws and regulations, the sustainable utilization of land and water resources and a balanced eco-environment could be expected. The estalishment of the comfortable society could be supported and guaranteed.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 1-5 [
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6
GUO Suo-Pan-；Hu-Feng-；Li-Zhi-An
Macroscopic Monitoring for Soil Erosion in China
The macroscopic monitoring for soil erosion, or "Regional soil erosion monitoring" is the very data basis for making strategic decision and relevant research of regional soil and water conservation. A brief review on the recent progress and history of Macroscopic monitoring for soil erosion is given, and also the characteristics of macroscopic monitoring on the issues of monitoring scale, method, and managerial system is discussed. It showed that Soil Erosion is severe in China, the macroscopic monitoring for soil erosion possess the essentiality and important status for the soil and water conservation.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 6-9 [
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10
XIAO Pei-Jing-；Zheng-Fen-Chi-；Gu-Yuan-Yuan
Loess Hill Slope Erosion and Sediment Yield Process Using A Dual Box System
To quantify mutual influences and mechanisms of erosion processes about different erosion zones on loess ridge -mound-slope, which will provide important theoretic basis for constructing slope erosion prediction model. So a dual-box system of feeder box and test box with 15?gradient and clay loess was used to quantify effects of runoff and sediment from up-slope on down-slope erosion process under different sediment concentrations in up-slope runoff, rainfall intensities and soil surface conditions. The experiment results showed that runoff and sediment from up-slope have significant impacts on down-slope erosion process,sediment from up-slope was wholly transported, and runoff in up-slope caused the net sediment delivery (
S
) , sediment regime at down-slope is erosion-transported dominated. For the loose and compact surface treatments, the net sediment delivery (
S
) caused by up-slope runoff accounts for the total sediment delivery (
S
ft
) at sown-slope 31.7% to 97.3% and 45.1% to 89.7% separately. The net sediment delivery (
S
) increases with an increase of rainfall intensity. In addition, soil bulk density and rill erosion development have great effects on the sediment delivery (
S
) . Soil bulk density affects soil erosion process and the sediment delivery (
S
) during the run is associated with rill head-cut advance.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 10-15 [
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16
JIA Wei-Sheng-；Lei-Ting-Wu-；Diao-Jun
Discussion on the Slope Surface Erosion Dynamics and its Parameters
The dynamics characteristic is summed through analyzing the conformation of slope surface flow, and the soil erosion mechanism is summarized comparing the research of critical erosion slope. The velocity, sediment concentrations of slope surface flow and soil surface characteristics act mutually, and these relationship can be understood only when the velocity and sediment concentration is measured timely , precisely and dynamically.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 16-19 [
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20
XU Hua-Shua-；Mu-Xin-Min-；Wang-Wei
Hydrological Response Model On Soil and Water Conservation in Yanhe River Basin
Based on data of Yanhe river basin's hydrological stations on precipitation, runoff, soil and water conservation measure area sizes (terrace land, forestation land, grassed land, and silted dam land) from 1950s'-1980s' , the basin's monthly precipitation station weightiness indexes and the four main measure areas weightiness indexes through correlation analysis and factor analysis were built. Authors then calculated out the composed area of soil and water conservation measures and then basin' s average precipitation. Then a model based on the two new factors had been set out which is the hydrological response model on soil and water conservation. Through the model the runoff of Yanhe River responded on soil and water conservation activity had been analyzed. The result shows that the soil and water conservation activity could store more water of rainfall therefore reduce runoff. This function had been being stronger and obvious in the latest 30 years from 1950s'-1980s' . The stored water accounted for 6.48% of precipitation induced runoff amount on average of historical period. The decade averages are respectively as 0.7 % in 50s' , and 3.11% in 60s' , 8.84 % in 70s' , and 16.52% in 80s' . In 70s' of 20th century the reduction of precipitation resulted in a 12.9% down in runoff, that amount increased to 14% in 80s' . The strengthen of soil and water conservation combined with the decreased precipitation brought out further decrease in runoff of river that would be 20.6% in 70s and 28.2% in 80s' respectively comparing to runoff in 50-60s' in 20th century.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 20-24 [
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25
FU Meng-Qing-；Lin-Zhao-Shua-；Bai-Beng-Liang
Application of American Physiognomy Geometry Ration Math Model on Channel Grade and Dam Series Layout
In order to respond corroding law from channel level and analogy among same levels , the grading method of American physiognomy geometry ration math model put forward by A. N. Strahler, which stressed that I penstock was minimum penstock of no embranchment and the new penstock joined and formed by two I penstocks intituled Ⅱ penstock , and the like , is adopted to grade on the relief map of ten thousandth. The application of dam series status quo analysis and layout in three small representative valley of loess hill gully has acquired anticipative purpose. Disposing different scale project respectively according to channel level is convenient for dam series layout tending towards scientifical-ness and standardization, at one time for physiognomy research developing quantificationally. Therefore adopting Math Model of American Physiognomy Geometry Ration to Channel Grade, water and soil lose law study, physiognomy geometry ration analysis and dam series layout takes on pervasive academic significance and practical value.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 25-27 [
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28
SHU De-Lan-；Tun-Fa-Qi
Study on Annual Variation of Soil Moisture in Different Positions of Topography
By measuring soil moisture in depth 0 - 180 cm on shaded hillside, sunny hillside, semi - shaded hillside and plain land in Feimahe valley, the about time, space of soil moisture and shortage degrees of various site was analyzed . The result indicated that the distribution of soil moisture varied from terrace widthes. The soil moisture of narrow terrace was well distributed in depth 0 - 180 cm, but that of the wide terrace was decreased from inside to outside. It was different from aspect of slope and seat of slop. The soil moisture of shaded hillside was 111.9 mm more than that on sunny hillside in the annual average value. The soil moisture along slope was well distributed after constructing horizontal stage. The variation of soil moisture in a year could be divided into three stages, namely very slow variation stage from the beginning of December to the end of June of next year, very fast variation stage from the beginning of July to the end of August and slow variation stage from September to the end of October. The variation of shaded hillside was slower than sunny hillside. On the other hand, difference of satisfied degrees of soil moisture on plant was very large in various standing conditions. Secondary forestry on middle and lower part of shaded hillside was not lack of water basically but upper part was lack of water. The corn and fruit tree were deficient in water since the May and the satisfied degrees were 74.4% and 83% respectively from April to October.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 28-31 [
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32
XU Bing-Cheng-；Shan-Lun-；Chen-Yun-Meng
Review and discuss on the effect and influence factors of vegetation construction on soil water in semi-arid area on Loess Plateau
Water is the primary limiting factor for plant growth and vegetation construction in semi-arid area on the Loess Plateau, and the vegetation is the most active factor that influences the soil moisture condition. The effects of vegetation types, structure and productivities on soil moisture were studied, the water consumption characteristics and affecting factors of different plants were summarized and discussed. It is proposed that for successful and sustainable vegetation constructions, the productivity of vegetation should be developed moderately and the plant or vegetation type should be chosen rationally according to the regional rainfall and soil moisture capacity. Based on the deeply research on the water requirement and consumption laws of different plants, plant productivity and its water consumption, namely water use efficiency should be strengthened, and the study on the effects of vegetation construction pattern on soil moisture should be developed.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 32-35 [
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36
WU Jian-Wei-；Diao-Ting-Ning-；Lu-Rui-Ji
Development and Reasons of Sandy Desertification in Otindag Sandy Land During The Modern Period
In order to probe into development and reasons of sandy desertification in Otindag Sandy Land in recent 40 years, development characteristics of sandy desertification of this area in recent 20 years were analyzed from the view point of vegetation cover rate changing based on the newest remote sensing data. Then natural and human factors affecting sandy desertification were analyzed according to the meteorological documentary data from a lot of meteorological observation and the social statistic data of studied area. It was showed that the climate of this area took on the trend of warming and moistening, which was beneficial to the converse development of desertification and that the irrational economic activities of human were the primary factor leading to sandy desertification during the last several decades.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 36-40 [
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41
YUAN Jia-Jie-；Dong-Xiao-Yan
Reasons of Formation and Characteristics of Distribution of Desertification in China
The deserts in the world are mainly distributed in the subtropical zone, only the deserts in China are in the temperate zone. Based on the relevant literature and the survey of sandy desertification in China in 1994, the current situation of draught and sandy desertification both at home and abroad are introduced, the factors influencing the formation and distribution of the deserts in the north of China are analysed. The major factors include the rising of the Qinghai-Ti-bet Plateau, the effects of the last glacial epoch, the water and soil resources, the climate changes, and the unreasonable human activities. The future development tendency of sandy desertification is predicted and the trans-regional water diversion projects, the water-saving forestry and husbandry and the combating of sandy desertification according to laws should be speeded up for the purposes of fundamentally controlling the draught and desertification in the north of China.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 41-44 [
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45
DIAO Ting-Ning-；Cao-Zi-Long-；Zheng-Cui-Ling-；Sun-Bao-Beng
Primary Study on Sandy Grassland Degradation of Horqin in Case of Naiman County
By comparing the grass productivity and plant characteristics in early 1980s and early 2000s in Naiman County in Horqin Sandy grassland, we analysed the degradation of sandy grassland which existed in this place. On the study of climate changes between 1963 and 2002 and development of animal husbandry between 1947 and 2002, the main reasons for the degradation of sandy grassland was analysed . The results showed that the rapid degradation of sandy grassland resulted in both the changes of climate and human activities, especially irrational animal husbandry mode, the changes of climate accelerated the degradation of eco-system of sandy grassland.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 45-49 [
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50
FAN Hao-Meng-；Ca-Jiang-Guo
Review of Research Progress in Freeze-Thaw Erosion
Main research achievements in freeze-thaw erosion home and abroad are summarized in this paper. First, the research category of freeze-thaw is discussed and its definition is crystallized. Second, main achievements in the freeze-thaw research are introduced and the changes of the property of soil and the soil erodibility affected by freeze-thaw are analyzed . The prediction model and the prevention and cure technique for freeze-thaw erosion are introduced. Finally, the tentative plan on freeze-thaw erosion research in china in the future period is proposed combining with the actual condition of this field in China.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 50-55 [
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56
ZHANG Meng-Tie-；Shi-Sheng-Qing-；Zhang-Wei-；Na-Yan-Fen
Ecological Environment Changes and Causes Analysis in Erjina Oasis
In order to prevent eco-environment of Erjina Oasis from deterioration, the natural conditions of the Erjina Oasis at the lower reaches of Heihe River are introduced and the environmental deterioration problems which are degradation of vegetation and decrease of the water resources and desertification of land in this region in recent years are analyzed . The main causes of the environment degeneration are the decrease of the surface water runoff coming from the lower reaches of Heihe River, the secondary reason is destruction caused by human activities. At last, the administrative measure and thinking of controlling the environmental deterioration in this area of taking coordinated management on water resources all over the river basin and using scientific measure of saving water are pointed out.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 56-60 [
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61
CHEN Jiang-Na-；Li-Hui-An-；Tian-Yu-Jing-；Wang-Guo-Qiang-；Wang-Zi-Yang-；Huang-Fu-Gui-；Jiang-Bing-Zhou
Investigation and Analysis on natural vegetation protection measures and its effect in the Erjina Banner of the lower Heihe River
According to the practical issues of decreasing trend in natural vegetation area and deteriorating tendency in eco-environment in the Erjina Banner of the lower Heihe River reaches, adopting field investigation way and related results comprehensive analysis method, natural vegetation protection measures were ascertained and its effective were also analyzed. The results showed that in order to protect natural vegetation cover effectively, in the near future, drylot-feed-ing scale should be enlarged greatly. Livestock number should be adjusted according to regional grass load capacity. And meanwhile, to increase supply water, enlarge irrigation area, develop reforestation in further and enhance upbringing management, and so on.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 61-65 [
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66
ZHANG Meng-Ru-；Di-Meng-Pu-；Yin-Chang-Jun-；Wang-Hua-Yong
Advances on the Ecological Principle and Eco-economics Functions of Agroforestry Ecosystem Establishment
Agroforestry is a artificial and natural complex ecosystem, which has a very important eco-economic value for the vegetation restoration and the sustained development of land productivity. A series of questions about the ecological principles and eco-economic functions of agroforestry was discussed in this paper by summarizing former studies, and the definition of agoforestry and its basic characteristics was analysed. The ecological principles and eco-economic functions for establishing agreforestry ecosystem were summed up. And meanwhile the principles and basis of selecting biological components for establishing agroforestry ecosystem and the standard for structure optimization of agroforestry ecosystem were emphatically point out, and in the ecotone areas the agroforestry ecosystem has a bidirectional ecological buffering function. In the future, in order to explore the relationship among the components in the agroforestry ecosystem, " natural ecosystem" characterized by little disturbance from human beings or nature are suggested to be a reference model for the research of agroforestry ecosystem, and the mechanisms of ecological harmony of the biological components and ecological effects of the small scale of spatial heterogeneity to the vegetation restoration and establishment for local habitat should be studied too. The location research of the agroforestry ecosystem should be strengthened.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 66-71 [
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72
WANG Xiao-Yan-；Tian-Jun-Liang-；Yang-Meng-Xi
Progress on the Study of Soil Erosion by Using Isotopes as Tracer
The origins of different types of isotopes are introduced. The application of several isotopes as tracer on the studies of soil erosion is also reviewed detailedly. In the past decades man-made radionuclide
137
Cs was used as tracer most broadly in soil erosion field. Isotope
210
Pb comes from nature and the veracity of its application on soil erosion do need more consideration. Astro-raus produce many radionuclides and the application of 7Be as tracer on soil erosion is introduced in this paper. The studies of those that stable rare earth elements trace soil erosion process and several nuclides are compounded together to distinguish source of sediment are also summarized and evaluated. Some suggestions about the direction of application of isotopes on soil erosion are proposed.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 72-77 [
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ZHOU Mei-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Wang-An-Shan-；Wang-Lin-He-；Feng-Lin
Research on Water Chemistry of Forestry Environment in Foreign Countries
Since nineteenth century, chemistry of forest precipitation was studied in foreign countries. The main purpose was to demonstrate the law of forest to reallocation transfer and pervasion of precipitation chemistry substance at that time. Late 1970' , the research trend was to study the influence of air sedimentation and environment acidification to water quality of forest. The problem of forest water chemistry had become the focal point of forest water quality. The main several research aspects in forest water chemistry, specially air sedimentation ( mainly wet sedimentation) , and woodland water environment were summarized.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 78-82 [
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83
XIE Ji-Zhong-；Yang-Fang
Strategic Choice to Solve the Water Resources Problems of the Hexi Corridor--Establishing A Water-Saving Society
The main problems that exist in the development and the utilization of the water resources of the Hexi Corridor include short of water resources and sharp conflict between supply and demand, the development and the utilization to the water resources greatly exceed the bearing capacity of it, the allocation of the water resources is unreasonable, the management of the water resources is unscientific and there is too much waste, the construction of the water conservancy project lags behind and the utilization ratio of the water resources is low, the water quality is seriously polluted . To establish a water-saving society in this area,the following problems should be solved, reform the management system of the water resources and put the unified management of the water resources into practice, make great effort to search the way to the market management of the water resources, establish the management in participation pattern of the water-utilizing association for peasant, adjust the agricultural and industrial structure greatly and develop water-saving agriculture, reinforce the construction of the water-saving water conservancy, increase the utilization atio of the water resources, control the discharge of the waste water and prevent the pollution of the water quality.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 83-86 [
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87
YANG Chi-Tian-；Dong-Hui-Yang-；Shan-Shi-Chi-Cheng-；Feng-Jian-Can
Study on improving Seed-base materials for afforestation by direct seeding
The effects of addition on hydrologic characteristics of Seed-base materials and the effects of afforestation technique of Seed-base on growth of plant are studied. The results showed that with the active conditioner dosage of soil increasing, the water permeability and hygroscopicity rate of Seed-base are increased, the surface evaporation of which is reduced, and the growth of ground upside of plant is accelerated. The addition of dosage of preventing soil from erosion has no apparent effects on water permeability of Seed-base materials and the growth of plant, however, it is helpful to maintain the form of Seed-base, and improve the effect of construction. With direct seeding by Seed-base, the thick of roots can be increased, the root of plant can be accelerated growing down into deeper soil, and the ability of resisting drought of seedling can be enhanced.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 87-91 [
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LI Gen-Zhu-；Han-Hai-Rong-；Zhang-Ceng-Zhi
Preliminary Study on Application of New Material ?Water Storage and Controlled-release Film for Afforestation Experiment
In order to increase the survival rate of afforestation in arid and semi-arid area, afforestation experiment with water storage and controlled-release film to inquire into the state of growth which was in comparison with that without it showed the obvious differences in survival rate of afforestation and growth (hight and diameter) and that the experiment with it was obviously better than without it. In the soil of different depths, the water storage increased by using the water storage and controlled-release film which derived from the experiment in Wulanbuhe desert.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 92-95 [
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SONG Ru-Hua-；Li-Zhong-Kuai
Value Evaluation of Comprehensive Development Project Benefits in Beijing Mountainous Area A Case Study: Comprehensive Development Project ?Enrich Farmers Through Water Conservancy"in Pinggu District, BeijingValue Evaluation of Comprehensive Development Project Benefits in Beijing Mountainous Area A Case Study: Comprehensive Development Project ?Enrich Farmers Through Water Conservancy"in Pinggu District, Beijing
Comprehensive development project "enrich farmers through water conservancy (EFTWC project)" in Pinggu district of Beijing is taken as an example or research area. Indexes system for evaluating such projects is built up based on the analysis of the project' s functions. The key points are focused on that the value of eco-environmental benefits of EFTWC project in Pinggu district is evaluated based on utility value theory and environmental economics methods such as equivalent substitution approach, opportunity cost approach, and replacement cost approach. Limitations for non-uniting of indexes dimension in the process of eco-environment beneficial evaluation are eliminated, and the economic benefits and benefits of projects construction can be united into one compute evaluation system. In this way, the truly comprehensive benefits evaluation for this project comes to be true, which provides methodology for the same kind.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 96-101 [
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LIU Ceng-Wen-；Bo-Kai-Wen-；Li-Ya-Su
Discussion on the Nutrients Relationship Between the Primary Producers and Decomposers in Forest-ecosystem
The nutrients relationship between the primary producers and decomposers in forest-ecosystem is a mutua-competitive and complex relationship. By constructing a flux model of nutrients for a primary producer-decomposer e-cosystem, a determining standard of decomposers increase confined by carbon or nutrients limitation is analysed. Meanwhile , the conditions under which primary producers and decomposers are able to coexist and hence an ecosystem is able to persist are examed, assuming that the system be closed. They include, first, decomposers must be confined by the carbon, that means decomposers are more competitors than primary producers for nutrient uptake. Second, the ratio of mineralization rate to death and excretion rate (
a
41
/
a
23
) must be larger enough than the ratio of carbon /nutrient in primary producers to that in decomposers (
α/β
) . All these results showed that strict conditions on the carbon/nutrient ratios and competitive abilities of plants and microorganisms must be required to ensure the persistence of ecosystem when stoichiometry is taken into account in ecological process.
2003 Vol. 1 (4): 102-105 [
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