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2006 Vol.4 No.5
Published 2006-10-31
Articles
1
JIAO Ji-Ren-；Shi-Li-Ren-；Niu-Chong-Huan-；Zhang-Chang-Yi-；Yuan-Jian-Beng-；Xu-Chuan-Zao
Stratagem of soil and water conservation and distribution of important projects in "The eleventh five years" period in the eastern and western region of China
According to the natural condition,the developmental level of economy and society and the actuality of ecological construction of soil and water conservation in different area of China,correlative way of thinking and countermeasure of the soil and water conservation in "the eleventh five years" period should be adopted.In the eastern region,the soil erosion which resulted from exploitation and construction should be controled(energetically),and high-class synthetical management should be carried out.In the middle region,the overall situation of agriculture production should be around,production condition in foodstuff production region should be improved,the structure of agricultural production should be adjusted.The western region act as the main battlefield of soil and water conservation,it should be established in national ecological safety,construct the(ecological) barrier for eastern and(middle) region.It is suggested that,in "The eleventh five years" period,senven important managing projects should be actualized in Loess Plateau area,the upper stream area of Yangtze River,the karst area of southwestern,black soil area of northeastern,the source of sand of Beijing and Tianjin,desertified grassland area in northern,and the Tai Hang mountain,the Dabie mountain,the Yimeng mountain and so on.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 1-6 [
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1467
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1353
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7
WU Mai-Er-Jiang-；Xu-Chang-Chun-；Li-Wei-Gong-；Chen-E-Ning
Impact of man-made disturbance on water regime in the main course of Tarim River
Combined with the ecological water-transporting project being carried out in the lower reaches of Tarim River,based on the data of runoff and groundwater level,the paper analyzed the change of water regime suffered from man-made disturbance in the main course of Tarim River.The results showed that due to an amount of water diversion for agriculture in the head stream,the the net water input into the main course（decreased） by 0.2×10
8
m
3
/a from 1950s to 1990s,but since the mid-1990s it has exhibited a slight increasing trend.Runoff of Yingbaza still kept decreasing before and after year 2000.However,that of Kala behaved wide-range increase from spring to early winter after water transporting.The peak flow was nearly 2 times that of before and occurred late in time.Meanwhile,the groundwater level of 9 sections changed largely in the lower reaches after water transporting.In longitudinal direction from Daxihaizi to Taitema Lake,the lifting extent showed step-decreasing trend,while in lateral direction,the groundwater level of every well presented band-lifting trend with the times of water transporting increased.The farther away from river way,the less the fluctuation is.The response scope after five times' water transporting had reached to 1?200?m.To a certain extent,the active disturbance of water transporting in the lower reaches relaxed the negative influence by the disturbance in head stream and upper reaches.The ecological benefit brought by water transporting is positive.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 7-12 [
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1391
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3301KB] (
1177
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13
MENG Qiang-Xiang-；Liu-Guo-Ban-；Yang-Qi-Ke
Variation of land utilization and its ecological effectiveness in wind-water erosion cross region of northern Shaanxi
Based on GIS,temporal and spatial variation of land utilization in wind-water erosion cross region of northern Shaanxi from 1986 to 1997 was analyzed.Land utilization condition in future was forecasted by Markov Model,and variation of land utilization and its ecological effectiveness were investigated by ecological elastic limit.The results indicated that the main variation of land utilization is the increase of irrigated fields,dry farming field,other forest land,grassland with high coverage,water body and constructive land,and other area of land utilization showed a direction of reducing.Annual average dynamic variation index of land utilization was 2.4%,and dynamic variation range of land utilization is higher sharply than that of absolute value.The conversion within land utilization type was acute strongly.The vertical centroid of land utilization type was descending,except irrigated fields,grassland with high coverage,and other grassland.The ecological elastic limit showed downtrend wholly,but whose decreasing range was lessen.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 13-19 [
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1561
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1209
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20
DI Bao-Feng-；Cui-Feng-；Huang-Qing-；Xu-Yong
Sediment yields and impact factors in xerothermic valley in Jinsha River in the last 50 years: A Case study in Yuanmou County,Yunnan Province
The sediment yields of Jinsha River basin has shown a significantly in-creased trend in recent years.This research focuses on the Yuanmou County which is a typical xerothermic valley of Jinsha River basin.The sediment yields variation in Long Chuan River（Xiaohuangguayuan）,a river passing through this region during the period of 1956—2000 were analyzed.The annual sediment yield of the Long Chuan River has an increase tendency since 1950s.particularly,in 1990s.The mean annual sediment yield increased from 400×10
4
t（1971—1980） to 750×10
4
t（1991—2000）.By analysing the impact factors on sediment yields based on statistic analysis methods,it is shown that regional climate change,especially the increase in the quantity and intensity of rainfall,is the main reason accelerating the surface erosion and increasing the sediment yields of the river.At the same time,due to the rapid increase in the amount of livestock,rapid population expansion,lagged production methods and influence of crop market price, the land cover and the structure of land use have obviously changed during the recent 50 years.The decrease of land covered area,the increase of slope farmland and the decline of the area of shrub and grass,which have high values in soil and water conservation but relative low values in economic profit per unit,have heavily aggravated soil erosion and increased river sediments which extremely undermined the fragile ecology of xerothermic valley in Yuanmou County.Furthermore,the intensive gully erosion is another important inducement of the increase of sediment yields in Longchuan River.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 20-24 [
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1544
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1172
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25
GUO Jing-Xia-；Chen-Huan-Wei
Temporal characteristics of rainfall-erosivity of Datong City
Rainfall is a principal factor that causes soil erosion.In order to take prevention measures of erosion timely,analysis on the temporal characteristics of rainfall erosivity of Datong City is conducted by using Richardson rainfall erosivity method,climate tendency coefficient,precipitation concentration index and cumulative percent analysis method.The result shows that annual rainfall erosivity fluctuates periodically;Rainfall erosivity every ten years of Datong urban region tends to increase by 21.8?MJ·mm·hm
-2
·h
-1
,and that of other counties tends to decrease to different degrees;Rainfall erosivity of Datong City concentrates in June,July,August and September and the concentration index is between 20.85-23.67,which is larger than 8.3 at which the rainfall erosivity distributes evenly.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 25-29 [
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1525
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2671KB] (
1341
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30
CHEN Nan-；Wang-Qin-Min-；Shang-Guo-An-；Diao-Yuan-Wei
Automatic extraction of channels and valleys based on BP neural network
The process of extracting channels and valleys is transfered to the process of determining the physiognomy type according to terrain factors.In Loess hill and gully area of Suide,Shannxi Province,DEM with spatial resolution at 5m according to the map scaled at 1∶10?000 is taken as the research object,and BP neural network is used to analyze the interrelationship between six kinds of terrain factors and the terrain of channels and valleys.The study indicated that precipitation accumulation is the most important terrain factor in determining the terrain of channels and valleys.The sample testing areas are established in which four kinds of terrain factors are made use of and BP neural network and employed to extract channels and valleys automatically.This method has passed the test in sample areas.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 30-34 [
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1561
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2709KB] (
1338
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35
KONG Fan-Xin-；Li-Wei-Gong-；Huang-Xiang
Characters of distributions and reasons analysis of ill geological phenomena in the Toutunhe River basin
In this study,the characters of distributions of ill geological phenomena in the Toutunhe River basin were analyzed,based on the spot investigation and observed data analyzed.The results showed that ill geological phenomenon in the Toutunhe River basin mainly occurred in the middle reach of the river,the time distribution were controlled by the conditions of rainfall.The ill geological phenomenon were influenced by many natural factors,such as geology,landform,material composition,seismic activity,hydrometeorology,plant and human activities.The development of ill geological phenomenon in the river basin provided a mass of material elements,so it is tried to give some advices to prevent the ill geological phenomena,based on the natural environment and the condition of distribution of the ill geological phenomena in the river basin.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 35-39 [
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1478
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1163
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40
ZHANG Cheng-Liang
Analysis of current situation and trend of land desertification in coal mine area of Shanxi Province
Taking the coal mining area of Shanxi Province as the studied area,the grade,bound,distribution of land desertification was analyzed which was brought by coal mining.The mathematics model of subsidence and distortion in mountain areas and the statistics method were used to forecast the land failure of coal mining in the next 5 years.The results showed that the area of desertification brought by coal mining from 1949 to 2004 added up to 1?151.9km
2
,and the collapsed area accounted for 1113.8km
2
,the area of cast-off is 15.1km
2
,the area destroyed by opencast working is 23.0km
2
.In the collapsed land,the ploughland accounted for 42.8%,unused land accounted for 43.2%,and other used land accounted for 14%.According to the degree of the collapsed land,slightly degree accounted for 42.6%,medium degree accounted for 39%,severe（degree） accounted for 18.4%.The forecasting results showed that until 2010 the total area of land which is（destroyed） in Shanxi coal mining will reach 1853.9km
2
,and the collapsed land will account for 1?811.7?km
2
.This paper offered basic data and decision-making gist for the amelioration to desertification,eco-environmental evaluation,and sustainable eco-system reconstruction of coal mining in Shanxi Province.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 40-43 [
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1295
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1372
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44
HU Xu-Li-；Jiang-Xiao-San-；Yang-Shu-Jiang-；Zhang-Cheng-Jun-；Bo-Jian-Jun
Preliminary study on adaptability of rainfall erosivity model to different regions
Rainfall erosivity is a fundamental factor for quantitative monitoring and assessment of soil erosion.So it is very important to find a convenient model of rainfall erosivity algorithms.Based on 392 individual rainfalls in 26 years of two areas,that is Lushan County in the Henan Province and Yanqing County in Beijing（municipality） respectively,
R-value
was calculated with
EI
30
.According to the
EI
30
value,the new algorithms of R,proposed by Bu Zhaohong,was validated.Meanwhile,a review of other models was given.Results showed that discrepancy of the two models result was very small in the assessment of year
R-value
.It can be used not only in the two studied regions but also in others with high precision.Consistent evaluation criterion may be founded according to the model on the estimating yearly
R-value
in water erosion area in China.This is significant to realize the soil erosion monitoring and forecasting periodically and publish bulletin at a large scale.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 44-49 [
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1558
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1445
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50
CHEN Li-Xin-；Xiao-Xiang
Evolution and evaluation of soil fertility in forest land in <i>Larix gmelinii</i> plantations at different development stages in Daxinganling forest region
The research object was based on larch(
Larix gmelinii
) plantations at different development stages and natural secondary forest in the forest area of Daxinganling Mountains.Using the combined methods of field investigation and quantitative analysis,the changes of soil organic matter,the composition of soil humus,soil acidity indices and their chief nutrition content were determined and analyzed.By the methods of principal component analysis,the contribution rate of each principal component character was used as weight;Integrated fertility index in every forest type was computed by the weighted calculation The results were shown as follows: with the increase of the stand age,the soil acidity presented increasing tendency in larch plantations of different development stages,the soil began to acidify.The content of total phosphorus and available kalium presented decreasing tendency,and the content of organic matter,hydrolysable nitrogen,humic acid and humin increased slightly in near mature stand,but totally decreased.Comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility showed the(results:) natural forest>young stand>near mature stand>half-mature stand>mature forest,namely,with the stand ages increasing,soil fertility began to decrease rapidly because of the slow litter decomposition.It is proposed that the intensity of partial cutting should be increased properly in order to adjust community structure,increasing forestland light,inducing the entrance of natural broad-leaved trees into larch plantations,forming coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests,regulating the contradiction of larch plantations litter between(decomposition) and accumulation,keeping the soil fertility balance and raising forest productivity.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 50-55 [
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1278
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1KB] [
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3375KB] (
1548
)
56
CUI Meng-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Fan-Hao-Meng
Application of returning straw to field to improve the black soil quality in small watershed in black soil region of China
The accumulating of organic materials of the black soil was stopped and the occurring of severe soil erosion caused by irrational farming works are the main reasons for degradation of the soil in typical black soil region of northeast china.While large surplus of straw of crops are burnt and the smoke caused by burning polluted the air there.And lots of facts are presented to demonstrate that the applicability of returning straw to field directly is good in this region.So returning straw to field directly is suggested to solve these problems in the project of soil improvement in small watershed of northeast China considering some technical problems and the resolutions.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 56-59 [
Abstract
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1454
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2244KB] (
1176
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60
KONG Lian-Gang-；Liu-Fu-De-；Wang-Hua-Tian-；Jiang-Yue-Zhong-；Dong-Yu-Feng-；Jiao-Xu-Juan
Effect of fertilization on soil microflora and enzyme rhizosphere effect in poplar forestland
Effect of fertilization on soil microflora mass and soil enzyme activity between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere space in I-107 poplar forestland was studied, and the correlation between soil enzyme activity and soil microflora was analyzed.Results showed that,fertilization treatment increased both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere total soil microflora amount significantly,compared with CK.Amount of soil microflora in organic fertilizer treatment was more than urea treatment and biological fungus fertilizer treatment.Activity of soil urease,alkaline phosphatase,catalase,peroxidase all increased significantly in every fertilization treatment,but activity of polyphenol oxidase in urea and biological fungus fertilizer treatment decreased.Soil enzyme and(microflora) rhizosphere effect of urea fertilizer treatment and biological fungus fertilizer treatment was less than(organic) fertilizer treatment.Soil pH value of urea fertilizer treatment was more than CK,and that of biological fungus and organic fertilizer treatment was less than CK.Rhizosphere effect value of soil pH in different treatment had no difference.Correlation between soil urease activity and cellulose decomposing bacterium,soil(alkaline) phosphatase activity and ammonificator,fungi,actinomyces,nitrosotying bacteria,soil catalase and cellulose decomposing bacterium,fungi,actinomyces was significant at 0.05 levels.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 60-65 [
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1460
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3213KB] (
1336
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66
GAO Jia-Rong-；Wang-Fang-；Shu-Ji-Feng-；Wang-Min
Assessment indexes of naturalness of stream ecosystem
Assessment of naturalness of stream ecosystem is an important proportion of near natural stream control.Naturalness of stream ecosystem refers to the state of a stream with no human disturbance to the process of material cycling and energy flowing in a stream ecosystem.Assessment of naturalness of stream ecosystem is to determine the deterioration degree of the ecosystem and deliver early warning or provide information for the decision-making process to maintain sustainability of streams.Here taking the Nansha River as a(research) object a theoretical framework is established to design an indexes system,including the subsets of ecological indexes,landform indexes and hydrologic indexes.A diagram of naturalness assessment is designed.In detail,among the three subsets,the ecological indexes include riparian vegetation,species diversity,individual scale of plant,biomass,width and entertainment;the landform indexes consist of plane features,diversity of transects,permeability of riverbed,erosion and deposition of river course and habitat diversity;the hydrology indexes are based on the volume variation of flow from natural state,depth and turbidity.According to the theories and methods of multi-objective linear weighting function,the comprehensive indexes of natural condition of stream is established,that is,naturalness degree.By analyzing these indexes,the naturalness condition of Nansha River is assessed,that is the naturalness condition of Nansha River was poor.Therefore,more(attention) should be paid to the disturbed streams,and further study is necessary to be carried out in this field.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 66-70 [
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1386
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71
LU Feng-；Su-Si-Rong-；Niu-Zheng-；Tun-Jin-Shui
Landscape pattern changes and driving force at county level in Hunan Province
Based on the interpretation of TM imageries in 1980、1995、2000,the theory of landscape-ecology and the method of quantitative analysis,the characteristics and changes of landscape pattern in Taoyuan county were analyzed.The results showed that the matrix landscape in this area was woodlands and paddy field,which were embedded by other landscape patches.The average area and perimeter of patches decreased annually by 497.90hm
2
and 646.95m respectively,which indicated that landscape fragmentation enhanced gradually.Landscape evenness decreased first and then increased,however,the dominance had the reverse trend.These results showed that landscape pattern will become smaller and smaller.In the study,canonical correlation analysis was applied to identify the driving forces of landscape pattern change and the different driving factors were labour forces,labour density,and rural social gross output value.The different canonical variants had different driving factors.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 71-76 [
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1637
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3260KB] (
1463
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77
JIN Ying-Sha-；Di-Meng-Pu-；Wang-Chao-；Zhou-Rong-Wu-；An-Yu-Chao-；Lin-Yun-Mao-；Ma-Run-Guo
Analysis of landscape pattern of scenic forest
The paper takes the experimental forest Farm of Beijing West Mountain as an example to study the scenic forest landscape patch type and pattern.Firstly,the scenic forest landscape patches were classified by three levels using the stock map and information of forest resource survey.Then the pattern of each landscape patch type was analyzed based on the application of GIS.The following conclusions were made based on the analysis: 1) The fractal dimension was influenced by three factors from three levels separately.The factors are nature closeness of patterns,using characteristics of victors to the scenic forest,natural attribute of stand.And they are main driving forces for the landscape pattern too.2) The whole landscape pattern was over confined by some patch types,which results in low landscape diversity.3) The continuous decreasing of shrubbery makes it difficult to keep scene diversity and the stability of ecology system.Finally,the main methods to solve the problems were proposed based on these conclusions.1) According to the characteristics of the driving forces for the landscape pattern,the corresponding measures in its management should be taken.2) To those patches with high proportion of
Pinus tabulaeformis
、
Platycladus orientalis
and
robinia pseudoacacia
,it should be regulated their mix proportion,and chosen proper mixed trees,thus its allotment of patch patterns adjusted.3) Reserving the shrubbery patches,especially those have leanness site condition,it is advantageous to raising the scenic diversity and biodiversity.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 77-82 [
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1498
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3244KB] (
1408
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83
WEI Xiang-Liang-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Chen-Ji-Hu-；Liu-Ping
Division on suitable climatic and ecological region for introducing of
Acer campestr
e L.to China
Acer campestr
e L.,originated from Europe and western Asia,introduced successfully to America in 18 century,is a kind of superior plant resources for its ecological,economic and social values.In this article,the suitable climatic and ecological regions for introduction of hedge maple in China are divided by applying the analysis statistic method of Euclidean fuzzy distance similitude priority ratio.The(results) showed that the suitable regions include Liaotung Peninsula and northland of Huabei Plain,Jin-Ji-Lu-Yu mountainous-hilly regions,midland of Loess Plateau,middle-northern regions of alpine woodland in southwest of China;the sub-suitable regions include a most regions of Liaoning Province,northland of Loess Plateau,Fen and Wei River valley,midland of Huabei Plain,southeast regions of Qing-zang Plateau,Wulumuqi and Yining in Xinjiang Autonomous region.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 83-91 [
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1518
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4221KB] (
1294
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92
Chen Jun,Li Chunping,Guan Wenbin,Liu Yanhui,Zhang Nannan,Fan Zhiping
Research on tree architecture of
Populus xiaozhuanica
in shelterbelts with pipe model theory
Applying the pipe model theory,tree architecture characteristics of
Populus xiaozhuanica
is（described）.It is a linear relation between the increasing of trunk biomass and descending of height.It is also a linear relation between leaf biomass and branch biomass that can't be affected by different way of dividing layers.And same relation exists（between） accumulated leaf biomass,branch and trunk biomass.The highest correlation coefficients were found between accumulated biomass and biomass per unit trunk.It is an exponent relation（between） accumulated trunk biomass and biomass per unit trunk,the value of exponent is from 1.1 to 1.3.（Relation） between sapwood area and total branch basal area is linear above breast-height.The pipe model for individual trees of
Populus xiaozhuanica
was made.Relation between diameter at breast height(
D
1.3
) and（diameter） of heartwood（
D
x
） is documented:
D
x
=0.522exp(0.1698
D
1.3
),r=0.9848.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 92-98 [
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1332
) [
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3490KB] (
1354
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99
DANG Fu-Jiang-；Ge-Su-Fen-；Zheng-Juan
A circular on research of rainfall simulator-model DQSY
On the basis of the internal and external experiences,a single-spraying head simutator with curved-surface,double-lager,variable rainfall intensity spring was developed.Because of the curved-surface design,it can make the water tongue move regularly,so the artificial rainfall is just as like as the natural rainfall.The simulated rainfall process is well-distributed and spraying area is stable.The experiment showed that the mid-raindrop size is of 0.574.26mm,rainfall area is of 150m
2
,and simulated rainfall intensity ranged 30240mm/h.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 99-102 [
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1333
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2173KB] (
1402
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103
JIANG De-Wen
Examining and approving the soil and water conservation program to protect resources and environment
Scientific development view is the guiding ideology.With the aim of speeding up the establishment of the resource-forehanded and environment-friendly society put forward by country,examining and approving the soil and water conservation program of development and establishment should be an important means to transfer the mode of economy growth and the measures of achieving society transformation.Under the new historical period and the new situation,in the line with the national 11th-five-years planning,according to policy of industry development and the orientation of regional main function,the strategy of the resource and environment conservation of the whole basin or the region should be focused on,not the tactics of soil erosion control technique of the individual project,and according to the different conditions,the results of approval,suspension of approval or not approval should be given,in order to play the role of the soil and water conservation to regulate the economic development.Administrative department being in charge of water resources should strengthen the establishment of soil and water conservation program technical evaluation institution,intensify the soil and water conservation monitor working,master the dynamic variation of land and water resource,ecological environment and the soil erosion,adjust the policy of economic development,provide technical support and scientific basis for our country.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 103-106 [
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1377
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2609KB] (
1374
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107
ZHANG Kai-；Luo-Ning-；Hu-Xiao-Jing-；Xu-Xiao-Niu
Sustainable development models of converting cropland to forest in Dabieshan District,Anhui Province
Characteristics of the eco-environment,extension scale and sustainable models of converting cropland to forest in Dabieshan District of Anhui were analyzed.The Dabieshan District is a main ecological area with the function of soil and water conservation,in which 7 large reservoirs and irrigation system of Pishihang are distributed.Therefore,the extension scale of converting cropland to forest could be enlarged properly in the reservoir area,while it should be limited in the non-reservoir area for the higher population density and food safety.Great attention should be paid to the model selection and results during converting cropland to forest.Some suitable models and effective approaches were put forward for the sustainable development in Dabieshan District,Anhui.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 107-111 [
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1613
) [
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2923KB] (
1371
)
112
YANG Ai-Min-；Wang-Gao-；Bo-Yu-Juan
Advances in water environment quality effects of soil and water conservation
With point source pollution gradually being controlled,the harm of nonpoint source pollution to(economic) and social sustainable development are becoming more and more serious.Because of the close relationship between soil erosion and nonpoint source pollution,it is absolutely necessary and imperative to intensify the research on soil and water conservation controlling nonpoint source pollution. The concept of water(environment) quality effects of soil and water conservation was put forward for the first time;External and(domestic) researched findings related with soil and water conservation and soil erosion on nonpoint source pollution were summed up into three respects: analyses of affecting factors of pollutants movement and mechanism,research and development of models of nonpoint source pollution,research of controlling measures of nonpoint source pollution.Their researching progresses were introduced and reviewed,and their developing tendency was analyzed.
2006 Vol. 4 (5): 112-118 [
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1596
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