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2007 Vol.5 No.4
Published 2007-08-31
Articles
1
YANG Qi-Ke-；Shi-Wei-Juan-；TimR.McVicar；TomG.VanNiel；LingtaoLi
On constructing methods of hydrologically correct DEMs
Hydrologically correct DEMs(Hc-DEM) is one of DEMs which correctly and sufficiently represents genesis and locational relationship between hydrologic parameters,including direction and pathway of overland runoff,stream networks,and boundary of watershed,and landform,etc.As the only way to extract terrain parameters based on DEMs for the studies of watershed hydrology,and soil erosion modeling of regional scale,therefore it is necessary to constructing Hc-DEMs for representing terrain shape,extracting terrain and hydrology parameters.In this paper,the concept,constructing method of Hc-DEMs were introduced and discussed,then taking Loess Plateau as an example,key parameters for Hc-DEMs constructing based on digital topographic maps and ANUDEM software package were identified by series tests;the quality of resultant DEMs have been assessed by comparing them to DEMs from TIN approach which is widely applied in China.The results show that varied resolution Hc-DEMs can be generated based on available digital topographic maps,including features of contour,spot heights,stream lines,etc,and ANUDEM software,and provide solid support for hydrology and soil erosion modeling at the watershed/regional scales,and mapping of vegetation suitability.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 1-6 [
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7
WANG Shu-Li-；Yang-Zhen-；Yuan-Wei-Bin
Soil hydrological properties of four forest types around Jinbo Lake
Through field investigation and experiment analysis,the soil hydrological properties of virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,
Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla
forest,
Quercus mongolica
forest and
Pinus koraiensis
plantation were studied.It is shown that: 1) The total litter stock of four forest types ranges from 22.32 to 34.15 t·hm
-2
,of which the decline order is virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,
Pinus koraiensis
plantation,Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest and
Quercus mongolica
forest.The decline order of the maximal water-holding rate,maximal water-holding amount and the modified interception is virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,
Pinus koraiensis
plantation,Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest and
Quercus mongolica
forest;2) The decline order of water absorption speed of the litter is virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest,
Quercus mongolica
forest and
Pinus koraiensis
plantation;3) Both the decline order of the maximal water-holding capacity and the field water-holding capacity is Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest,virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,
Quercus mongolica
forest and
Pinus koraiensis
plantation;4) The decline order of soil infiltration ability and raise order of steady infiltration time is Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla forest,virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest,
Quercus mongolica
forest and
Pinus koraiensis
plantation;5) Considering from both the water-holding capacity and water absorption of the litter,the water-holding capacity and infiltration characteristics of the soil to evaluate soil hydrological properties of four forest types,virgin
Pinus koraiensis
forest and
Populus davidiana-Betula platyphylla
forest are the best,
Quercus mongolica
forest is the intermediate,
Pinus koraiensis
plantation is the worst.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 7-12 [
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1359
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13
TAO Zhi-Hong-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Tun-Zhe-；Cui-Yan
Calculation of soil erosion and sediment yield at the regional scale
null
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 13-17 [
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1263
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1250
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18
YANG Jin-Fu-；Tun-Jing-Dong-；Qi-Sheng-Lin-；Xie-Zhi-Han
Technical practices for building clean small watershed in Beijing
Watershed management is an important approach to rehabilitate ecological environment,protect water resources,control soil erosion,and improve the balance of eco-economic systems in Beijing.Based on the experience over the years on small watershed management and the considerations on demand of environment protection,a new concept for building clean small watersheds is advanced by Beijing government in recent years.In this paper the theory and definition of the new concept,and the systematic technical practices on watershed management for meeting the demand of the concept were described.Taking the management of Sheyuchuan watershed in the upstream of Miyun Reservior as an example,the paper presents the experience of building a clean small watershed in Beijing Area.The results would be used as a systematic and practical guidance for small watershed management in Beijing and other regions.It is significant for environment rehabilitation for our country especially for the mountainous regions.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 18-21 [
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1322
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22
FANG Xiang-Jing-；Li-Gui-Xiang-；Meng-An-Chao-；Chai-Yong-；He-Li-Ping-；Zhang-Zheng-Hai-；Li-Ning-Yun
Soil and water conservation action of different land use in Zhanmadi small watershed in source area of Pearl River
The soil of different land use including shrub land,open forest land,farmland and grassland in Zhanmadi small watershed in source area of Pearl River were investigated.The results indicated that: 1) Inside soil depth 60 cm,as the soil depth increased,the soil water content of shrub land and open forest land were decreased,the case of that on farmland and grassland was in the opposite direction.2)The content of organic matter of soil of grassland was 2.34%,that was the highest,and was 1.08,1.89 and 3.46 times as much of that in shrub land,open forest land and farmland respectively.The content of nitrogen was in the order of grassland >shrub land >open forest land >farmland,the content of phosphorus and potassium was in the order of open forest land >grass land>shrub land>farmland.3) As far as soil hydroscopic water and soil permeability were concerned,the order was shrub land > grassland > open forest land > farmland.4) The started water penetration rate and stable water penetration rate of shrub land were the highest,which were 2.06 times,1.14 times and 2.7 times as much of that in open forest land,farmland and grassland respectively.That implied among the four land use types,the soil permeability of shrub land was the best,next came farmland and open forest land,that of grassland was the lowest.5) In 0-20 cm soil layer,the maximum water-holding capacity was in the order of farmland > shrub land > open forest land > grassland;in 2040 cm soil layer,the order was open forest land > shrub land > grassland > farmland.The water yield time started by grassland at first,next came open forest land,shrub land and farmland.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 22-26 [
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1267
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1215
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27
HONG Bang-Wen-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Liu-Zhi-Gong-；Meng-Qiang-Xiang
Changes of soil erosion intensity due to conversion of farmland to forest and grassland in Yanhe River Basin
Based on the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),the variables for RUSLE were selected carefully and calculated and the dynamic changes of soil erosion were analyzed due to the conversion of slope farmland to forest and grassland in Yanhe River Basin using ArcGIS techniques.The results showed that: 1) after the conversion of slope farmland to forest and grassland,soil erosion decreased greatly.Compared with soil erosion in period from 1986 to 1997,soil erosion amount had been reduced averagely by 30.6% by 2000;2) Of different land uses,slope farmland had the greatest impact on soil erosion,and the conversion of slope farmland to forest and grassland was the main driving force for the reduction of soil erosion;3) In short term,soil erosion was mainly controlled by C-factor,implying that the adjustment of land use structure might be an effective approach to reduce soil erosion.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 27-33 [
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1514
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34
CHAI Cheng-Wu-；Xu-Xian-Yang-；Wang-Fang-Lin
Forecast of influencing factors of desertification in Minqin Oasis of lower reaches of Shiyang River
Based on some forecasting researches on the influencing factors of desertification which were done,the Hurst indexes of 5 factors which were rural population,cultivating area,power consumption in rural,amount of electromechanical well,and days of sandstorm were calculated to forecast the trend of desertification in Minqin Oasis under the practices of desertification combating.The results show that in the next 10 years periods,the Hurst index of rural population will be 0.381 which could make up a opposite trend compare with the up-trend from 1989 to 2003;the Hurst index of cultivating area will be 0.578 3 that there are a same up-trend as before,but it remained a short growing period;the Hurst indexes of power consumption in rural and the amount of electromechanical will be 0.332 4 and 0.261 8,respectively,in which their total trends would be opposite to the up-trend from 1989 to 2003;and the Hurst index of the days of sandstorm will be 0.404 3 which had a up-trend compare with the down-trend from 1953 to 1998, but the trend was a weak correlativity.In view of the forecast,some several suggestions that strengthening macroscopical control of cultivating area;reducing desertification caused by land using;enhancing efficiency of cultivating land utilization;making macroscopical control of rural population、power consumption in rural、amount of electromechanical well for sustainable development were put forward.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 34-38 [
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1613
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39
GU Yan-Feng-；Jiao-Ju-Yang-；Zhang-Zhen-Guo-；Wang-Ning
Primary study of the vegetation characters of the margin between gully and inter-gully on hilly-gullied Loess Plateau
null
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 39-43 [
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1349
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1745
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44
MAO Jun-；Gu-Chao-Feng-；Zhang-Ke-Bin
Application of FEFLOW in numerical simulation of groundwater——A case study:Xiangride Oasis in Qaidum Basin
null
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 44-48 [
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1378
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49
CHEN Lian-Guang-；Liu-Fan-Ji-；Chen-Jian-Yuan-；Wang-Shu-Ting-；Lin-Ku-Qi-；Lin-You-Jing-；Li-Zhuo-Lun
Sedimentary hazard analysis for Shihmen Reservoir watershed
null
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 49-55 [
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1423
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3284KB] (
1252
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56
LI Jian-Gang->；Wang-Ji-He-；Jiang-Zhi-Rong
Evaluation of economic benefits of the agro-forestry and grass-forestry system in Zhuanglang County
Using the methods of static evaluation and dynamic evaluation,the economical benefits of the agro-forestry and grass-forestry system in different growth cycle in Zhuanglang County in the city of Pingliang were evaluated.These patterns were contrasted with the only-planting crops.Both the gross profits and average profits of intercropping models are 2.5 times as much as the profits of non-intercropping models.And the Pinus tabulaceformis Carr.-Medicago sativa L.intercropping model has the highest profits,which is 263 097 yuan/hm
2
,and 5.16 times as much as the non-intercropping.The present value(PV) of profits per hm
2
of all intercropping model is more than the PV of profits of non-intercropping models.Results showed that the economical benefits of agro-forestry and grass-forestry system are much better than the non-intercropping,which had long-term profits although it needs a larger antecedent investments.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 56-61 [
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1465
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1198
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62
CHEN Hong-Rong-；Yue-Hui-；Bang-Chao-Yun-；Liao-Hong-Hai
Effects of improving the inferior Pinus massioniana forest on the eroded land
Two measures of caving & fertilizing and grass strip-channel & fertilizing were used to improve the inferior Pinus massioniana forest on the eroded land.The annual shoot growth,amount of wood volume,cover degree,and bio-diversity of grass and shrub of the inferior Pinus massioniana in two spots of ecological garden and Sanzhou in Changting county were analyzed.The results showed that after 3-year improvement,1) the annual shoot growth of ecological garden was 1.8 m and 2.41 m with the ways of caving & fertilizing and grass strip-channel & fertilizing respectively,which was 0.9 m and 1.51 m larger than the control respectively,and 0.65 m and 1.1 m larger than the control respectively in Sanzhou.2) the amount of wood volume was 20.5 m
3
/hm
2
and 23 m
3
/hm
2
with the way of caving & fertilizing and grass strip-channel & fertilizing respectively in the ecological garden,which was 16.7 m
3
/hm
2
and 19.2 m
3
/hm
2
larger than the control respectively,and 12.7 m
3
/hm
2
and 4.7 m
3
/hm
2
larger than the control respectively in Sanzhou.3) the cover degree was 67% and 78% with the ways of caving & fertilizing and grass strip-channel & fertilizing respectively in the ecological garden,which was 19% and 27% larger than the control respectively,and 24% and 32% larger than the control respectively in Sanzhou.4) the species of plant increased more than 10 in the two spots.Results showed that the improvement of the inferior Pinus massioniana forest on the eroded land could promote the benefits of plant growth,ground cover degree,and biological diversity.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 62-65 [
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1341
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66
HUI Jie-；He-Xiu-Bin-；Hong-Chong-；Hua-Li-Zhong
Assessing benefits of soil and water conservation based on the DPSIR conceptual framework
Quantifying the benefits of soil and water conservation(SWC) practices aims at providing a basis for temporal and spatial comparison of different regions as to serve the promotion of SWC technology and the decision-making for regional eco-environmental construction.The driving force-pressure-state-impact-response(DPSIR) framework,an integrated policy framework providing a holistic system approach to deal with all cause-effect relationships in terms of both physical phenomena and socio-economic development,is an ideal analytical tool for establishing policy-relevant indicators to describe pressures,changes in state and impacts or responses by society to these changes.This paper introduces the basic conception of DPSIR framework and then,according to the criteria of selecting indicators for SWC assessment,proposes a modified DPSIR framework for benefits assessment of SWC practices,in addition,the authors recommend the methods of indicators integration.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 66-69 [
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1507
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70
LI Nu-Yun-；Qi-Ling-；Wang-Guo-Qing-；Li-Hong-Jun-；Hong-Jia-Yi
Status and industrialization development of wood biomass energy in Three North regions
Based on researches of the types and quantity of wood biomass energy in "Three North regions",the resource and use status of wood biomass energy are analyzed,and its potentiality and industrialization development are studied.Finally,some policies for promoting integration of material forest base construction and industrialization of wood biomass energy in those regions are put forward.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 70-74 [
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1450
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1462
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75
BANG Biao-；Gai-Xin-Min
Evaluation of the sustainable development of Ningde City based on ecological footprint
Evaluation of the sustainable development is one of the frontiers of ecological economics.The present study aims to determine whether the human being's needs can be satisfied by the ecological carrying capacity of nature by quantitative indicators.Ecological Footprint Analysis is a new method for measuring sustainable development of a region.The method is used to calculate the ecological footprint from the facet of need and the ecological carrying capacity from the facet of support.Based on its results,the sustainable development situation of a country or an area can be evaluated.Based on the introduction to the concept and the calculation method of ecological footprint indicator,the authors calculated and analyzed the ecological footprints of Ningde City in 2002 according to the data of the statistical yearbooks.According to this calculation,the ecological footprint and the ecological carrying capacity and the ecological deficit per capita of Ningde in 2002 were 0.769 7 hm
2
,0.621 0 hm
2
and 0.148 7 hm
2
respectively.The ecological footprint deficit showed that the human load has already stayed beyond the regional ecological capacity and the regional natural ecosystem is under great pressure of human activities.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 75-80 [
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1370
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1320
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81
MENG Xin-Hua-；Qi-Wei-Xiang
On the vegatative measures of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau
In order to accelerate the course of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau,and realize the harmonious regional development,it was thoroughly analyzed and discussed that key problems appeared in the harness of soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau,as well as the necessity and efficiency of vegetative measures here basically.Furthermore,the constructive thoughts and countermeasures for the river valley and plain area,loess hilly and gully area,gully area of plateau,Ordos plateau,as well as rocky mountain area of the Loess Plateau were put forward respectively,and of which the construction and protection of vegetation should be focused.Moreover,it was also pointed out that some attentions to the harness of soil and water loss by vegetative measures should be paid.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 81-84 [
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1753
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1466
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85
DANG Wei-Qi
Sustainable integrated management of small watershed in the Loess Plateau
It is important to follow the sustainable development strategy and circular economy on the small watershed management.This paper presents a method to manage comprehensively the small watershed with a beautiful landscape and high productivity.Eight circular economic models were introduced to develop the eco-nomy,save the resources,and protect the environment of the small watersheds in the Loess Plateau.The effects of the integrated management of the small watersheds were evaluated with an evaluation index system in this study.Public participation and multi-channel investments,including those from the government,collectives,individuals,and foreign countries were also encouraged to develop the watersheds continually.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 85-89 [
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1439
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1352
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90
TU Xin-Xiao
Status and countermeasures of higher education of soil and water conservation in China
Considering current status and problems of higher education in soil and water conservation of international and domestic,and in order to accelerate the development of higher education in soil and water conservation,some countermeasures,such as establishment of a "training center for soil and water conservation education of the Ministry of Water Resource," foundation under the categories of agriculture at the national first level discipline,building of the faculty development,establishment of a base(park,outdoor classrooms) of long-term stability in the teaching,research and production,strengthening vocational and technical education were put forward.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 90-93 [
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1256
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2216KB] (
1403
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94
ZHANG Xiao-Ping-；Gao-Zhao-Liang-；Zhang-Lu-；Li-Dui
Responses of runoff to vegetation alteration at different temporal scale
Vegetation influences the water recycle of land ecological system considerably.Understanding these relationships between vegetation and runoff changes is helpful for regional eco-environmental construction and water resources management.Based on paired catchments and time trend studies a number of studies had been undertaken to establish relationships between vegetation cover and water use.The paper reviews results from that which are focusing on changes at various time scales.At mean annual scale the runoff changes resulted from vegetation alteration can be predicted using Zhang curves.The absolute change of runoff due to vegetation alteration in humid area is larger than that in dry region.While the relative change is reverse.At annual scale,it takes 1520 years or longer in arid region for catchments to reach a new equilibrium following afforestation,and under natural restoration,it takes about hundred years.The vegetation changes have a proportionally larger impact on low flow at seasonal scale.For catchments in arid regions,relative changes in low flow section of the flow duration curve will be much more significant compared with that in high flow section,leading to increased number of zero-flow days;however in humid regions,changes in runoff tend to be much more uniform.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 94-100 [
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1254
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1248
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101
SONG Zi-Gang
Eco-hydrological effects of forests and decision-making for forestry development
The ecological functions of forests,such as hydrological regulation,soil protection,peak discharge reduction,are summarized based on the analysis of eco-hydrological processes and of the forest ecosystem structure.The current worldwide hot topic about the water yield reduction caused by afforestation is also discussed in this paper.It is suggested that the benefits of forest should be evaluated by a integrated approach.However,the basic research of forest eco-hydrology should be strengthened for intensifying the scientific and technical basis of decision making in forestry development and forest management,as well as for increasing the decision making ability in the integrated management of forest vegetation,water resource and regional development.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 101-107 [
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1562
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1368
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108
HU Xiao-Jing-；Zhang-Kai-；Liu-Bei-；Lan-Chang-Chun-；Xu-Xiao-Niu
Review on litter decomposition in forest ecosystems
Litter decomposition and related nutrient release are fundamental process of nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems,and an important component of global carbon budget.A thorough understanding of decomposition process is essential in understanding the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems.Decomposition predictors can be divided into three types,including environmental index(e.g.actual evapotranspiration(AET)),litter physical and chemical quality indices(e.g.leaf tensile strength(LTS),C/N,lignin/N and C/P ratios etc.).The mechanism of nutrient release in decomposition is extremely complicated.There are three types of dynamical patterns of nutrients during the decomposition process such as leaching-release,leaching-accumulation-release,and accumulation-release,which vary with litter types,decomposition phases,and elements with respect to both the mobility of nutrients and limitations of nutrients on decomposer organisms.The decomposition of mixed-species litter exhibits different responses such as synergistic,antagonistic or null response,depending largely on species composition and the proportion of individual litter types.Mixtures of different litters likely result in both chemical diversity and microhabitat complexity,which correlated with the change in abundance and physiological activities of the decomposers.Emerging researches suggested that in the mixed-litter experiment,the representation of litter types in proportions should determined by those in the natural setting.Elevated CO
2
can affect the litter chemistry and biotic and abiotic environment including soil resource availability,soil fauna community and the activity of soil enzymes responsible for the decomposition of litter.However,elevated CO
2
do not alter the relationship between litter chemistry and decomposition.The results from most emerging researches implied that changes in the species composition of the plant community under elevated CO
2
have a much larger effect on the long-term rate of nutrient cycling than changes in atmospheric CO
2
alone.
2007 Vol. 5 (4): 108-114 [
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1985
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