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2004 Vol.2 No.2
Published 2004-06-30
Articles
1
TUN Qin-Xiao-；Han-Bing-；Li-Yang-Yang
Characteristics of Soil Infiltration in Watersheds in Loess Hilly Region
Using the method of core sampler and taking the suit place on up slope, middle slope and down slope of different slope exposures in perpendicular profile to watershed, the characteristics of soil infiltration in forested watershed and rangeland watershed of loess hilly region are studied. The results indicated that the soil infiltration rate in forest watershed is obviously higher than that in rangeland watershed. In the matter of slope exposure, the soil infiltration rate on the ubac usually is higher than that on adret in both watersheds, in which the difference of the two is small in forest watershed, only to take on obviously in the up slope and final infiltration rates are 7.8mm/min and 7.0mm/min. That the soil infiltration rate on the ubac is higher than that on the adret in the rangeland watershed is related to fairly good vegetation growth on the former. In the matter of slope position, it exhibited a tendency of lowering in soil infiltration rate with the drop of position. In other words, the spatial characteristics of soil infiltration rate along the slope is up slope>middle slope>down slope. It is analyzed that the reason may be related with the sediment deposited from the up slope on the down slope, resulting in forming a layer with low infiltration rate on the down slope. For the loess hilly region the process of soil infiltration could be well described by Fang Zhengshan Equation and the mixed use of Fang zhengshan Equation with A. Kostiakov equation, may fully describe the initial and final infiltration rate.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 1-5 [
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6
DAN Da-Chuan-；Tun-Yong-Gong-；Kou-Quan
Water and Sediment Variations of Huanjiang River Basin in 1990s and Discussion on Its Controlling Methods
Based on surveyed hydrologic data, the water and sediment variations in 1990s (from 1990 to 2000) of Huanjiang river basin were deeply analyzed and studied, which is the second level branches of Jinghe river. Taking three methods, the reduction benefits of flood and sediment by integrative measures were calculated, the variation of the underground water supply was analyzed, the utilization rate of the surface water resources in basin was estimated, and the general plan of exploring of water resources and controlling of Huanjiang river basin was discussed. The results showed that since 1990 the maximum precipitation in 24 hours had increased evidently, runoff and sediment had increased by a big margin, and the effective precipitation per mm contributing to flood and sediment had been the highest in four periods. The roles for reduction of flood and sediment by integrative measures reduced, the underground water supply increased, and the utilization rate of surface water was low. Accordingly, a general plan of integrative control was given, which can be used to consult for the eco environment construction of soil and water conservation in Huanjiang river basin.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 6-11 [
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1402
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12
WANG Fei-；Li-Dui-；Mu-Xin-Min-；Yang-Xin-Min
Characteristics and Regional Differences of Runoff Cost of Sediment Control of Conservation Measures and Their Simulation in Weihe River Basin
The runoff cost of sediment control of soil and water conservation measures and water resources engineering projects play an important role in integrated evaluation of influence of measures on runoff and sediment and resolving the sediment and water problems in Weihe River Basin. The soil and water conservation measures include terrace, reforestation, grass planting and dam land, and water resources engineering measures include irrigation with sediment flow and reservoir. By comparing the Ratio of detained Runoff and Sediment (
R
rs
) in different measures, the results showed that the runoff cost of sediment control of irrigation measures is the highest, that of terrace, reforestation, grass planting is less, and that of dam land and reservoir is relatively low. The regional differences of measures are clear, and the correlation between sediment flow modulus in flood period and the runoff costs of sediment control of all kinds of measures except dam land are evidently negative. The simulation showed that when the same amount of sediment are detained, the more runoff could occur in case of different measures change and regional distribution.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 12-17 [
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1359
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18
WANG Chun-Gong-；Wang-Chi-Guo-；Tie-Mei-；Wang-Guo-Cheng
Study on Spatial Variety of Soil Moisture and Distribution of Vegetation and Biomass in Hegou Small Watershed
The spatial variety of soil moisture, distribution of vegetation community and species and biomass in different physiognomies and land use types are analyzed based on soil moisture survey and vegetation investigation in Hegou small watershed in Shanxi province. The results showed that soil moisture of loess remnant ridge varies in a certain law from ridge top to gully foot. In the terms of soil moisture, that is descending from middle part of ridge to middle up part of gully slope and highest in the foot of slope and gully, ubac is higher than adret, farmland is higher than grassland, forestland is the lowest. The relation between the spatial distribution of soil moisture, vegetation distribution and biomass is positively correlative on the whole. Vegetation distribution and growth are controlled by suitability of vegetation to different physiognomy locations. The evaluation tables of vegetation suitability in different locations are put forward with comprehensive analysis, which can provide scientific basis for the vegetation restoration, watershed management and soil and water conservation.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 18-23 [
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1522
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24
NIE Xin-Shan-；Yang-Cai-Min
Relevant Problems of Dam System Construction at More and Coarse Sand Region in the West Part of Shanxi Province
In order to make full use of water and sand resources, dam system which can control the flood water, retain sand and silt up cropland, is a kind of engineering system with large, medium and small size of dams at the bottom of gully as a unit of small watershed. Dam system construction is a check dam engineering system for building cropland which can distribute reasonably large, medium and small size of dams in the small watershed, whose main purpose is to control flood when it's flooding, irrigate crops when drought, silt up cropland, drain water in the flood season, control flood and get harvest. In order to sum up the experiences and morals of the dam construction, and to direct future construction of gully and dam system, the relevant problems of dam system construction are analyzed based on the comprehensive investigation on typical cases of dam system in the small watershed. In order to ensure dam system safety, and make the best benefit from the dam system, the reasonably determining dam system scale, construct dams density, time and order, and proportion of large, medium and small check dams for building cropland should be considered.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 24-27 [
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28
ZHOU Hua-Jun-；Jia-Wei-Sheng
Relationship of Ancient landform and Modern Erosion of Granite Areas in Southeast of China ——Take Hengshan mountain in Hunan as an Example
The relationship between the soil erosion and water loss and the eroded landform of granite in southeast of China is studied, and that maybe offer reference of sustainable development in agriculture and environment in the area. The analysis of influence of slope shape, direction and formation of its matter on the modern erosion in granite ancient landform in Hengshan mountain showed that the ancient landform is the basic factor of the production and development of modern erosion. When little disturbance of human activities was, modern erosion must be natural erosion. But if the vegetation is destroyed, then the accelerating erosion may take place. Meanwhile the modern erosion reshape the landform, affecting the formation and development of rock, gully slope collapse and slope vale landform. Single planted vegetation decreases the soil erosion at certain extent and stabilizes the development of landform, but far off the mixed vegetation of nature formation.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 28-34 [
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35
HONG Dong-Chuan-；Lei-Yu-Dong
Development of Soil Erosion Models Abroad
Soil erosion models can be adopted to predict soil erosion and water loss, guide the allocation of soil and water conservation measures and optimize to effectively use of water and land resources. According to time factor, the development of soil erosion models is divided into three periods on the basis of the characteristics of models. That is period before establishment of USLE, period of establishment and development on ULSE and contention of a hundred schools of thoughts about soil erosion models. Based on the three periods, some basic soil erosion models in the world are described, and the development process of models abroad are given a brief account.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 35-40 [
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1483
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41
YANG Jian-Feng
Condition of Soil Erosion and Countermeasures in Road Construction Projects in Windy sand Region
Road construction in Xinjiang desert region is easily to cause soil erosion. To prevent from it, the natural and soil erosion conditions are introduced. Based on analyzing the reason for causing soil erosion, combining with the characteristics of road project itself, the countermeasures of preventing soil erosion in project design, project construction and organization and management are put forward.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 41-44 [
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45
DONG Zhi-；Li-Gong-Li-；Zuo-Ge-Jun-；Ding-Guo-Dong-；Sun-Bao-Beng
Wind Protection and Sand Fixation Effects of Soil Coagulant Sand Barrier
The wind erosion characteristics of soil coagulant sand barrier with different concentration treatments were measured under wind tunnel test in the testing wind velocity of 7.0m/s,15.0m/s and 20m/s. The results showed that the strongest wind erosion resistance was sand fixing sampling of 40% concentration treatment, and the 20% sampling treatment was worst, but 30% treatment sampling was more practical. The soil coagulant sand barriers, which consisted of 1×1m,1.5×1.5m and 2×2m etc., with 30% concentration spraying was built on shifting sand dune at brim of oasis in northeast of Wulanbuhe desert. Based on the investigation of wind velocity, roughness, structure value ( λ ) of wind sand current, erosion and deposit conditions of sand barrier, the results showed that the best ability of deposition and erosion resistance of sand barrier was 1×1m scale, 1.5×1.5m was worse, and 2×2m was the worst. The ability of erosion resistance of barrier at different parts of sand dune was different. The erosion rate and erosion degree were strongest in windward slope of dune.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 45-49 [
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50
MAN Che-Qing-；Yang-Zi-Hui-；Xu-Xian-Yang-；Tun-Chun-Rong-；Ding-Feng
Research on Stump Grafting Regeneration of
Populus tomentosa
in Shelter-belt on Farmland of Desert Oasis
The grafting survival ratio of 2n and 3n
Populus tomentosa
is influenced by different poplar family and species of shelter belt cuttings. When stump species is Sect. Populus ones, its grafting affinity is the best, survival ratio is high and growth vigorously, the second is the stump species of Sect. Tacamahaca Spach and Sect. Aigeiros Duby , and each grafting variety of 2n or 3n
Populus tomentosa
has some differences to different stump species. Through grafting shoot introduction with different varieties of 2n and 3n
Populus tomentosa
, the grafters of different varieties were grafted to the original shelter belt stumps of P. nigra var. thevestina , the results showed that
Populus tomentosa
cv. Hebeinica in 2n varieties and YX128 of
Populus tomentosa
in 3n varieties grow the best. When three grafters were grafted to every stump of P. gansuensis , the survival ratio at least one grafter in regenerating shelter belt of
Populus tomentosa
(3n) is 88 8% after 3 winters. The difference of grafting seedling height growth with stump diameters and grafting number is not obvious, and so is the 2n and 3n variety. However, the grafting seedling base diameter difference with them is more obvious, the growth of seedling base diameter is positive correlation with stump ones, the seedling diameter reduce remarkably with the increasing grafting No, and the diameter growth of 3n varieties is more obvious than that of 2n ones. The height of one year grafting seedlings is about 2.0～4.4m, the average grafting forest belts for two years are 6.2m high. The average height and the diameters are 7.3m, 7.65cm with 2n varieties and 7.4m, 8.87cm with 3n varieties for three years, and the regenerating sheltered effectiveness will be reached to more than 90% of original shelter belts in farmland after four years.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 50-54 [
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55
HU Jian-Zhong-；Shu-Jin-Zhao-；Zhou-Xin-Cheng-；Li-Wen-Zhong-；Zhang-Chun-Xia
Soil Infiltration Capability of Project of Removal Lands From Cultivation for Afforestation and Grass planting in Beichuanhe Watershed
Infiltration is not only the important physical capability of soil but also the main part of the ecological benefits. The study on the mechanism of soil infiltration of the Project of Removal Lands from Cultivation for Afforestation and Grass planting (PRLCAG) could provide scientific bases for the project development favorably. Infiltration tests are carried out with the method of Double Test Rings in Beichuanhe Watershed of Datong County, Qinghai Province, one of the national experimental counties for PRLCAG. The results showed that the infiltration processes for epipedon of the rehabilitation lands have high rates at the beginning, medium rates at the mid periods, and lower rates at the ending time which are nearly unchangeable and trend to be constants, the whole process can be imitated well with Inverse and S models. With an average final infiltration rate of 4.2mm/min, the epipedon of rehabilitation land has the same final infiltration function compared with natural forest land, and which is 9.5 times higher than that of cropland. The final infiltration capability can be gradually and effectively improved with the increase of branches and leaves growth of forest, accumulation of litter, thickening of epipedon and soil melioration along with the normal growth of the artificial forests in the rehabilitation lands.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 55-61 [
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62
LIU Chen-Feng-；Yin-Jing-；He-Kang-Ning
Indicatory Function of Soil Moisture of Undergrowth Vegetations in the
Robinia pseudoacacia
Forests With Different Densities in Semi-arid Region on the Loess Plateaus
During months of 510 in 2002, radiation, temperature and soil moisture in the forests, the biodiversity and productivity of undergrowth, and the growth of trees in 9 year old
Robinia pseudoacacia
forests with 6 densities of 3?330 trees·hm
-2
, 2?220 trees·hm
-2
, 1?750 trees·hm
-2
, 1?330 trees·hm
-2
, 1?110?trees·hm
-2
and 950 trees·hm
-2
, and with the canopy density of 1 0, 1 0, 0 9, 0 8, 0 8, and 0 6 respectively were analyzed comparatively. Research can be used to study the indicatory function of undergrowth vegetations with different stand densities. The results showed that the growing condition of trees and undergrowth with low density is prior to that of high density, particularly soil moisture and radiation have a decreasing trend with the increasing density. It also showed the phenomenon of soil desiccation with the density increasing in the woodland of
Robinia pseudoacacia
like the matured stand of the arid and semiarid regions. Accordingly, the species and quantity of undergrowth are gradually reduced with the increase of stand densities. And it will evolve from the
mesophyte
,
Roegneria kamoji
and
Themeda minor
as the typical ones to
xerophil
,
Incarvillea sinensis
and
Chenopodium glaucum
which showed that the growing conditions will vary with different stand densities in forests.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 62-67 [
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68
ZHANG Zhi-Jiang-；Wang-Li-Xian-；Wang-Cheng-Ping
Forest hydrology research in China
Research on forest hydrology is the key to understand the physical, biological, and chemical processes in a watershed and has significance to watershed management. Forest water relations and their implications in watershed management, therefore, are one of the key themes of international hydrology and watershed management research. Lacking of long term research data causes vigorous debates over the practical role of forests or reforestation in reducing flood, annual water yield and soil erosion in China among scientists as well as decision makers. This paper presents the historical development of forest hydrology research in China during past several decades, the long term forest ecological research stations, and major results of forest hydrological research in terms of forest canopy interception, forest floor interception, evapotranspiration, runoff, soil erosion. In addition, the future challenges of long-term forest hydrological and ecological studies that are crucial to clarify the forest impacts on hydrological regime under different geographic and forest conditions are also outlined in the context of Chinese national eforestation programs.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 68-73 [
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1592
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74
WANG Jin-Xin-；Huang-Bao-Long
Influence of Sediment-laden Flow on Infiltration Capacity of Soil at Site of Afforestation
Based on field test of infiltration with sediment laden flow and sediment nonladen flow on Black locust at site of afforestation, the impact of sediment concentration and physical clay content of sediment laden flow on infiltration capacity of soil with different texture were studied. The results showed that sediment laden flow can obvious decrease the infiltration capacity of soil with light loam and midium loam, reduce the transfer capability between precipitation and soil moisture. The reduce degree of infiltration capacity, which was affected by the soil texture, was increased with increasing of physical clay content in sediment, sediment concentration of sediment laden flow and infiltration duration.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 74-79 [
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80
LI Wen-Yu-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Ma-Qin-Pan-；Dan-Jing-；Liu-Ping
Analysis to Influence of Water Conservation Forest in Miyun Reservoir on Water Quality
Taking Beizhuang village of Miyun county for a experimental site, based on investigation to water conservation forest and observation of surface water, the main problems and causes of water quality were analyzed. Since engineering of reuse farmland for afforestation of Miyun reservoir was put in practice in 2000, forest area had increased, and non point sources pollution caused by field fertilization had been reduced, which led muddy degree of surface water and the content of NH + 4 and Tur to decline. In the case of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr forest and Castanea mollissima Bl forest, water quality of runoff produced by precipitation which flowed in forestry eco system was supervised and analyzed. The results showed the process of leaching, exchange, adsorption, etc. between water conservation forest in valley of Miyun reservoir and precipitation can cleanse precipitation.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 80-83 [
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1422
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84
DAN Jing-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Li-Wen-Yu-；Wei-Xiang-Liang
Experiment of Water Consumption of Water Conservation Forest by Weighing Methods
In order to select low water consumption vegetation species in cultivating the water conservation forest, the apparatus of lysimeter and TDR etc. are used in basin of water conservation in MiYun reservoir in Beijing. The water consumption characteristics are studied through comparison of average water consumption per day and consumption characteristics in different weather of six species with weighing methods. The results showed that in natural moisture condition, the water consumption per day of different species from min to max is
Vitex negundova
r,
Pinus tabulaeformis
,
Ailanthus altissima
,
Platycladus orientalis
, Poplar,
Robinia pseudoacacia
. In terms of average water consumption per day from July to September, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla living six years is 0 28kg,
Pinus tabulaeformis
living seven years is 0 57kg,
Ailanthus altissima
of living years is 0 55kg,
Platycladus orientalis
living seven years is 0 7kg, Poplar living three years is 0 77kg,
Robinia pseudoacacia
living five years is 0 78kg. The results indicated that Vitex negundo var. heterophylla and
Pinus tabulaeformis
are adapt to be cultivated in water conservation forest because of low water consumption.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 84-87 [
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88
CHEN Yun-Meng-；Liu-Guo-Ban-；Xu-Bing-Cheng-；Chen-Yong-Qi
Research Progress and Prospect of Function on Soil and Water Conservation of Seabuckthorn in China
.Seabuckthorn is a main species of eco economical type for soil and water conservation afforestation in semi arid region of China and has played increasingly effect on eco environmental construction in the Northwest, Northeast and North of China. Based on the domestic research achievements, the developing of seabuckthorn resources in China has been introduced briefly, and the characteristics of function on soil and water conservation of planted seabuckthorn forest effect are analyzed. Function of Seabuckthorn forest depends on three layers of canopy, litter and soil root system to bring into playing soil and water conservation effect. The new research progress of seabuckthorn function on soil and water conservation have been reviewed from the aspects of canopy layer, litter layer, soil root system and the total benefits of seabuckthorn. Based on these, some research fields that should be strengthened to study in the future are put forward.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 88-92 [
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1415
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93
HONG Fu-Hua-；Shi-Meng-Chang-；Zhou-Xin-Cheng-；Luo-Zhi-Dong-；Ceng-Gong-Juan
Management Information System Construction of Removal Lands From Cultivation for Afforestation
The project of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation plays a vital role in the west exploitation in China, which involves a large scope and has various forms. In accordance with scientific management and assessment of benefits in the works of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation, basic data of removal lands from cultivation collected with remote sensing image were studied preliminarily, county scale management information system of removal lands form cultivation for afforestation is constructed based on GIS, and according to comprehensive management of different indexes, scientific planning of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation was discussed, to promote the project to develop favorably.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 93-97 [
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1364
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1236
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98
SU Jiang-Beng-；Hong-Xi-Lin-；Guan-Wen-Ban
Risk Assessment of Debris Flow in Dry Valley Region of Minjiang River Basin Based on GIS
Wenchuan county in Sichuan is located on head of Minjiang, where debris flow takes place frequently. The eruption and distribution of debris flow in this area are influenced by many factors, such as geologic structure, physiognomy, rock kind, precipitation, vegetation, etc. Taking Wenchuan county for example, special data are collected, disposed and analyzed by computer, the risk assessment indexes system and models of debris flow are established based on GIS. After adopting proper appraisable indexes and confirming indexes weight, synthetical appraising value was computed. The results showed that based on synthetical appraising value, probability of debris flow in Taoguangou, Fotangbagou, etc. is great, probability of debris flow in Xinqiaogou, Banzigou, etc. is moderate, and probability in Tanligou, Banqiaogou, etc. is very small. Those accords with historical data can provide reference for preventing and reducing disaster and debris flow forecast.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 98-102 [
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103
CUI Jian-Guo-；Hong-Fu-Hua-；Shi-Meng-Chang-；Chen-Qing-Li
Eco-Construction Engineering Data base of Zhengxiangbai Banner Based on Remote Sensing Technology
Zhengxiangbai banner of Inner Mongolia is located on the south fringe of Otindag sandy land, in which the situation of eco environment is pregnant with grim possibilities. The modern technology and information methods are urgently needed in the eco construction. In order to realize the resources data management and meet the needs of eco construction and environmental protection as well as providing detailed and basic datum to the local production and research departments, the method for eco construction engineering data base established by the remote sensing technology was discussed. The application of data base in the eco construction project management and dynamic monitoring was also probed into.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 103-106 [
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1378
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1095
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107
JIANG Wen-Qiong-；Wang-Dong-Mei-；Li-Yong-Gui-；Hou-Xu-Feng
The Application of Correlation Degree Analysis of Gray Theory in Industrial Structure Restructuring ——Taking Shixia Watershed for instance
Based on principles and methods of correlation degree analysis of gray theory, the correlation degree between annual production value of different industries and total net benefit of Shixia watershed of Miyun county from 1991 to 1997 in Beijing was analyzed, correlation order of which in turn the results showed was fishery (0.903), industry (0.900), forestry (0.894), stock raising (0.890), agriculture (0.882), transportation (0.848), construction (0.824?8), sideline (0.8245), commerce (0.819). Accordingly, the direction of industrial structure restructuring was confirmed to transform single management of agriculture into diversification that fishery, forestry and industry became new management emphases and integrative exploitation according to local conditions was realized.
2004 Vol. 2 (2): 107-110 [
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1267
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