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2008 Vol.6 No.5
Published 2008-10-31
Articles
1
WANG Guang-Qian-；Fu-Xu-Dong-；Li-Tie-Jian-；Zhang-Jian-Xin-；Liu-Fan-；Gao-Ji
Analysis for emergency treatment of quake lakes in Wenchuan earthquake-hit regions
The 8.0-magnitude Wenchuan earthquake triggered huge landslides that blocked rivers and created more than 34 quake lakes including the Tangjiashan one on the Jianjiang River in Beichuan County.More than 17 quake lakes were in moderately dangerous situations and needed to be tackled in emergency for hazards relief.The Digital Watershed Model(DWM) and hydrodynamic models developed at Tsinghua University were adopted for quickly forecasting the incoming flow discharge and dam-breach processes of the Tangjiashan Quake Lake.Dam break scenarios of typical quake lakes were also simulated for outburst flood routing in downstream rivers and the simulation results were used for the design of emergency treatment plans.To meet the need of emergency forecasting and treatment of quake lakes in areas with limited data,it is desirable to set up an integrated modeling system that functions as hydrological forecasting,dam breach analysis,inundation analysis,and optimal decision of engineering measures.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 1-6 [
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7
LIU Su-Xia-；Jia-Jun-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Wang-Sui-Ji-；Shu-Chang-；Zheng-Chao-Lei
Prediction of the possible data monthes and locations of mountain torrents disaster after Wenchuan Earthquake and the countermeasures
The loose of current land surface after Wenchuan Ms 8.0-magnitude earthquake on May 12th,2008 may cause the high risk of mountain torrents disaster in rainy season.Based on historical events and information of vicinity,this paper presents the possible months incurring the mountain torrents disaster and four possible zones where the mountain torrents hazard is high,less high,middle,and low.Four countermeasures are put forward respectively to each of the hazard zones to keep away from mountain torrents disasters.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 7-10 [
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1536
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11
CAO Wen-Hong-；Zhang-Xiao-Meng
Earthquake damage investigations of silt dams and corresponding measures in Gansu Province
Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th,2008 brought not only tremendous losses of people's lives and fortunes,but also induced lots of sub-disasters threatening human's lives and treasures.Gansu Province was the second worst damaged province followed Sichuan Province.In Gansu province,the silt dams had different degrees of damages.In order to find dangerous cases as soon as possible,ensure the safety of silt dams during flood season and avoid the occurrence of subdisasters caused by earthquake,the authors as members of investigation group arranged by Ministry of Water Resources classified 4 levels of silt dams according to the degree of earthquake damages which were the most dangerous,the less-most dangerous,dangerous and the less dangerous,and analyzed the main reasons and indirect factors caused the damages of silt dams,by through field investigations and risk evaluations of damaged silt dams.Besides,based on different damaged types of silt dams,the corresponding measures were proposed for instance crack treatment,leakage prevention and collapse disposal.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 11-15 [
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16
TIAN Jia-；Tian-Chao-；Diao-Ting-Ning-；Gao-Jia-Rong
Application of micro-site factors revegetation technology(MFRT) to revegetation of Wenchuan after earthquake
Wenchuan Earthquake on May 12th,2008 has caused landslides,debris flows,and rock falls,and the local vegetation was destroyed seriously.Micro-site factors revegetation technology is appropriate to the site with complex conditions and it has a broad applicability to revegetation.On the basis of studing the types of vegetation damaged slope in the disaster areas,sites for revegetation are divided into three types: rock slope,earth slope,earth-rock slope.And then we divided micro-site types for each slope type,choose suitable vegetation restoration technologies for the disaster areas.That will make disaster areas revegetation effectively,and provide an important experiences for perfecting of micro-site factors revegetation technology.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 16-20 [
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1475
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21
LIU Jian-Jin-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Fang-Hai-Yan
Distributed soil erosion model for single storms based on GIS:A case study in the Wangjiagou Catchment in Western Shanxi Province
According to field observations and simulated rainfall data in Yangdaogou Catchment,the relationship between the runoff and sediment yield on the hill slope and gully was analyzed,and then the Yangdaogou soil erosion model was established.With GIS,40 hill slopes,40 gullies,and 40 sub-geomorphic units were obtained though dividing Wangjiagou Catchment.After comparison the six main factors that influencing soil erosion,including rainfall,relief,vegetation coverage,tillage measures,control measures,and soil in the context of spatial scale,in Yangdaogou Catchment and other sub catchments of Wangjiagou,the calibrating indexes was obtained.Combined with the sediment delivery ratio of the main gully of Wangjiagou,a distributed soil erosion model for single storms based on GIS was established.The model was validated by the 22 natural rainfall data from 1963 to 1968 in the Wangjiagou Catchment,the prediction precision of the model is reached 55%.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 21-26 [
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27
LIU Xia-；Tao-Xiao-You-；Yuan-Li-；Niu-Yong-；Zhang-Guang-Can-；Zhang-Rong-Hua-；Chang-Cheng
Effects of different measures of soil and water conversation on soil erosion in rocky mountainous area of the middle of Shandong Province
For exploring the effects of the ecological restoration project on soil erosion,3S technique is used to monitor spatial and temporal changes of soil erosion and to explore the changes of soil erosion by four restoration measures both in area and in intensity.The result indicates: soil erosion in the region is being alleviated;soil erosion both in area and in intensity are reduced obviously by ecological restoration measures;the biggest function to control soil erosion in different measures is reinforcement planting in the open forest land,and others in turn are the economic forest taking back for afforestation,reforestation in the wild land on slopes and closing land for reforestation.The research results can provide the reference for the benefits appraisal of ecological restoration project and determining the reasonable measure of ecological restoration.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 27-31 [
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32
JING Guo-Chen-；Lin-Xian-Beng-；Liu-Xu-Jun-；Liu-Bing-You-；Zhang-Li-Hua-；Yang-E-Juan-；Wang-E-Juan
Relationship between freeze-thaw action and soil moisture for Northeast black soil region of China
It is about 70 percent of the whole land area on earth that effected by freezethaw action,but it is 98 percent in China.Freeze-thaw action can effect in varying degrees to factors such as soil moisture,density,organic quality and soil machinery composition.Based on field observation and interior experiment,the relation between freeze-thaw action and soil moisture was studied in Northesat black soil region.Results showed that under the freeze-thaw the soil water flow from lower part with height flow to upper part with low flow,and water content of freezing soil increased.The soil moisture removed lessened soil moisture content of non-freezing layer.The soil moisture migration in the process being frozen led to soil swelling deformation,which is the major factor caused freeze-thaw erosion.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 32-36 [
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37
WANG Jian-Hua-；Luo-Si-Zhong-；Xie-Dong-Mei
Benefits of biological measures to the soil and water conservation in Gannan Mountain Area
In order to find out the ecological benefits by biological measures in the Chongdungou small watershed,all the different soil and water conservation benefits are monitored by using the way of the runoff plot and the hydrometric station.It is efficient to reduce runoff,soil erosion,and fertility loss by the reinforcement planting of the Schima superba Gardn.et Champ,bushes and herbs in the low efficient Pinus massoniana Lamb.stands.The benefits are the most remarkable by the reinforcement planting of the Schima superba Gardn.et Champ.The vegetation coverage is higher in the area of closing land for reforestation and the afforestation area with less runoff and soil erosion.The runoff and the soil erosion are reduced year by year with the various bunds planted with Gardenia stenophylla Merr vegetation in the orchard.Compared to the year of 2006,the runoff volume in 2007 was reduced by 14.83% and the soil loss by 1 142.49 t in the Chongdungou Watershed.The benefits of biological measures are very remarkable to control the water and soil losses.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 37-43 [
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44
CHEN Xue-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Wang-Hua-Jiang
Suitability of soil and water conservation measures on sloping farmland in typical black soil regions of Northeast China
Choosing the appropriate soil and water conservation measures has importance to control the losses of soil and water on sloping farmland in black soil region.In this paper,some control measures such as the contour ridge tillage,contour hedgerow intercropping,bench terrace have been studied,and it is found that they have different effects on soil and water conservation and play a high efficiency of soil and water conservation on sloping farmland with different gradient slope.So some kinds of control modes can be established,which is that,the contour ridge tillage should be used on the slope of 0-5°;contour hedgerow intercropping should be used on the slope of 5°-8°;bench terrace should be used on the slope of 8°-15°;and returning farmland to forest,if the slop is more than 15°.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 44-49 [
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50
WANG Shu-Li-；Yang-An-Wei-；Zhou-Yan-Yang
Effects of land desertification on ecosystem service value
By using the method of combining the investigation and remote sensing date,introducing the effecting index of desertification degree on ecosystem service value,based on the area,desertification degree and distribution pattern of the different land using types,the effects of land desertification on ecosystem service value were studied.It is shown that: 1) Desertification land area rate within desertification region is 76.66%.The desertification area rate of grassland is the biggest,the desertification degree of grassland and unused land are also the biggest,but the desertification area rate and desertification degree of forest land and cultivating land are smaller than that of grassland and unused land. Light and middle degree desertification land mainly distribute on cultivating land,forest land and most part of grassland.Heavy degree and extra heavy degree desertification land mainly distribute on unused land and few part of grassland.The desertification area rate and desertification degree of Linxi county,Wengniute county,Right Balin county,Left Balin county,Aohan county and Arlukerqin county are bigger and heavier than that of other counties,and that of Hongshan county is the smallest and lightest.(2)Total ecosystem service value reduced 7 992.41 million yuan per year because of desertification.The reducing value is bigger in Aohan county,Wengniute county,Right Balin county and Arlukerqin county than that of other counties,which reduced 1 639.74 million yuan per year,1 663.94 million yuan per year,1 539.27 million yuan per year and 1 365.89 million yuan per year respectively.Reducing rate of value in Linxi county is biggest,which reached 23.47%.Both reducing value and reducing rate in Hongshan county are smallest,which reached 4.11 million yuan per year and 2.63% respectively.Reducing value of soil forming and protecting service of ecosystem are the biggest,which reached 1 786.77 million yuan per year.Reducing rate of food production service is the biggest,which reached 20.65%.Both reducing value and reducing rate of amusement are the smallest,which reached 231.39 million yuan per year and 13.34% respectively.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 50-56 [
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57
LI Chi-Xia-；Lv-Jie-；Wang-Mei-；Long-Zhong-Qi-；Li-Chi-Yun
Economic valuation and ecological compensation for the public welfare forest in Eastern-Liaoning
This paper aimed at evaluating the ecological compensation for the public welfare forest in Eastern-Liaoning.Followed the theory of labor value,we calculated the price of the public welfare forest of each age during one rotation in Eastern-Liaoning,by employing the cost-benefit method.Then we figured out the total value and value of per unit area of public welfare forest in Eastern-Liaoning.The total value is 114.627 52 billions yuan and 93.14 thousands yuan per hm
2
.Based on which,the compensation criterion was put forward.The compensation criterion is 158.85 yuan per hm
2
per year.Thus the theoretic basement for evaluation of forest resource and compensating for their ecological benefits in the region were provided.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 57-61 [
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62
CHEN Bao-Yu-；Zhang-Lin-；Teng-Die-；Sun-Hai-Qin-；Huang-Shua-Rui
Effects of super absorbent polymers on the characteristics of mixed soil
In order to find out the effects of super absorbent polymers(SAP) on physical and chemic characteristics of soil and apply it reasonably on drought resistance and water saving,soil moisture constants,soil density,pH values,soil expansion ratios and soil hardness of SAP-mixed soil were measured at experimental station,Agricultural University of Hebei.The three kinds of SAP were offered by Lvbao Company,Xining,Qinghai Province.Results indicate that SAP can make soil moisture constants and soil porosity increased markedly,but soil bulk density of SAP-mixed soil decreased.Soil expansion ratios increased by 65%-170%.SAP had little effects on the soil pH.The hardness of SAP-mixed soil obviously decreased,and the hardness of control soil was 5.2-32.9 times as much as that of SAP-mixed soil.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 62-65 [
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66
HUANG Dong-Hua-；Zhang-Hua-；Diao-Ting-Ning-；Yang-Jian-Yang
Experiment of growing medium in using combustion wastes of coal
In order to provide high-quality,cheaper growing medium for the ecological management of waste land,and promote the reuse of waste,orthogonal design methods were used.The crushed slag,straw,and non-treated fly ash were used as three factors of growing medium composes.According to the L
9
(3
4
) orthogonal tab,nine different ratios of growing medium were obtained.The physics-chemical character of growing mediums were measured,then the
Festuca arundinacea
seeds were planted in the growing medium.Emergence rate,survival rate,and biomass of
Festuca arundinacea
were observed and analysed.The most optimized growing medium type was A2B2C3,The volume ratio of fly ash,slag,and straw were 2 to 2 to 3.The order of the primary and secondary factors were B(slag),A(fly ash),and C(straw).
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 66-70 [
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71
MA Hai-Juan-；Chen-Li-Xin
Spatial distribution and compositional evolution of soil cation exchange capacity in <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> plantation
Pinus koraiensis
plantation in Changbai Mountain was regarded as research object in this paper.Spatial distribution and compositional evolution of soil cation exchange capacity(CEC) in
Pinus koraiensis
plantation were studied by the methods of comparison and analysis.The result showed that soil CEC and base saturation pencentage in
Pinus koraiensis
plantation decreased with the age going on,but the contents of exchangeable H+ and Al3+ were opposite.The contents of CEC,exchangeable Ca
2+
+ and Mg
2+
+ in the surface layer were higher than those in the bottom.The contents and composition of CEC in rhizosphere soil were more than those in non-rhizosphere soil.The contents of CEC,exchangeable Ca
2+
+,Mg
2+
+ and Na+ in
Pinus koraiensis
broad-leaf mixed forest were higher than those in the
Pinus koraiensis
plantation.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 71-76 [
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77
CHENG Xiang-Rong-；Huang-Meng-Bin-；Shao-Meng-An
Relationship between fine roots distribution and soil water consumption of <i>Populus simonii</i> and <i>Caragana korshinkii</i> plantation on sandy land
The relationship between fine roots distribution of
Populus simonii
and
Caragana korshinkii
and soil water in the wind-water erosion crisscross region of the Loess Plateau were studied based on 2-year field positioning observation.The following conclusions can be drawn from this paper: 1) The fine root area density(FRAD) of
Populus simonii
and
Caragana korshinkii
declined with the increasing of soil depth,the proportion of fine roots in 0-100 cm soil layer was 63% and 95% of the whole profile,respectively.2) There are closing relationship between soil water in profile and fine roots distribution,the soil water characteristics in profile was similar between
Populus simonii
and
Caragana korshinkii
stands.According to the soil water variation,the soil profile can be divided into 3 layers: 0-50 cm was fast change layer,50-200 cm was slow change layer and gradually attenuation layer below 200 cm.3) Total ET in
Populus simonii
stand was close to
Caragana korshinkii
stand during 2year,and which almost equaled to rainfall during the same period.4) Most of fine roots of
Populus simonii
and
Caragana korshinkii
concentrated in shallow layer of soil,because the upper soil was frequently recharged by rainfall in this region.These results will provide an important theoretical basis to protection forest construction in the wind-water erosion crisscross region.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 77-83 [
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84
DONG Zhi-；Liu-Xia-；Tao-Xiao-You-；Gao-Feng-；Wang-Yan-Beng-；Li-Gong-Li-；Zhang-Guang-Can
Soil and water conservation countermeasures of different degeneration types of ecosystem
According to the characteristics of soil and water losses,status of soil and water conservation,and the underslanding of eco-restoration,this paper presented the concept of eco-restoration,and the idea,method,principle,object of ecorestoration and so on.Based on analysis of driving and influencing factors of degeneration and soil erosion,five degeneration types of ecosystem was presented.Further more;the countermeasures for different degeneration types of ecosystem were put forward.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 84-88 [
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89
ZHENG Qiu-Gong-；Wang-Bing-；Guo-Gao-；Zhang-Hong
Dynamics of underground biomass during natural restoration process of abandoned farmland in Huailai Basin,Hebei Province
Three types of sites were selected to represent three phases of the restoration process with the method of substituting time with space in Huailai Basin,Hebei Province.They were recently abandoned farmland,abandoned farmland colonized by grasses,and abandoned farmland colonized by shrubs.Dynamics of underground biomass during the natural recovery process of abandoned farmland were studied.Results showed that the living roots,dead roots and total roots increased with the recovery process.The roots in the deep layers were most living.The differences among the three communities of the underground biomass were significant in the 0-20 cm soil layer.Perennial species,especially the shrubs had deeper root distribution.Seasonal accumulation of the underground biomass was different among the three communities.After a growth season,the roots were increased on the recently abandoned farmland and the grass colonized farmland,but slightly decreased on the shrub colonized farmland.The characteristics of the underground biomass of the recently abandoned farmland were mainly influenced by
Salsola collina
Pall.,a shallow rooted species,with noticeable contribution of
Glycyrrhiza uralensis
.The underground biomass on the grass colonized farmland was mainly composed of perennial grass and forbs.Distribution and accumulation of the shrub community roots were consistent with the shrub species,
Wikstroemia chamaedaphre
.With exception of the living root on the recently abandoned farmland,distributions of the living roots,dead roots and total roots of the three communities followed the T shape.The pattern of decreasing roots with depth could be expressed by exponent or power functions.The accumulation of roots in the surface soil layers could easily induced competition for nutrients and water.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 89-94 [
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95
LOU Qi-；Wang-Jian-Jun
Soil and water losses and its countermeasures of hilly area in Zhejiang
There is 38 235 km
2
land resoure in hilly area of Zhejiang Province,which is very important to economic construction and social development.In this paper,the main use types and trend of the exploitation and utilization of land resources in hilly area were introduced,and main problems of soil and water conservation in hilly area was analyzed.Some countermeasures for soil and water losses were put forward.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 95-99 [
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100
LIU Gang-；Liu-Pu-Ling-；Yang-Meng-Xi-；Tian-Jun-Liang
Progress of research on risk assessment of soil erosion
It is very important to research on risk assessment of soil erosion,because soil and water conservation monitoring,harnessing and so on should be based on that.By analyzing the published researches on risk assessment of soil erosion,the evaluation methods are classified as three kinds: evaluation by the antierosion period,evaluation by classification of the main factors of soil erosion potential danger,and evaluation by the models of soil erosion potential danger.Meanwhile,based on the review of the merits and demerits of them,the trends for future development and questions have to be solved are also discussed.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 100-105 [
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106
WANG Xue-；Tian-Chao-；Yang-Jian-Yang-；Tun-Jing-Dong-；Duan-Chu-Fu
Summary on ecological treatment of urban river
Rivers play an important role in city's development.With rapid development of urban modernization,ecological construction of urban has become the attentive focus of citizens,and comprehensive treatment of urban river is the key point to urban ecological construction.Through summarizing urban river's treatment progress in ecological bank protection and the landscape design,this thesis seeks reference for ecological treatment of urban river and recovery.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 106-111 [
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112
DIAO Ling-Beng-；Cheng-Ji-Min-；Mo-Hui-E
Research progresses in the soil seed bank
Based on vast literature,advances on soil seed bank were discussed on the meaning,the present research and the hotpots.We studied the hotpots of soil seed bank on the classification,relationship between seed quality and dormancy,horizontal distribution,and relationship between soil seed bank and above-ground vegetation.At last we pointed out the problems of research methods and contents,such as genetic structure and dispersion of soil seed bank and so on,and also gave some corresponding suggestions.
2008 Vol. 6 (5): 112-118 [
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