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2006 Vol.4 No.3
Published 2006-06-30
Articles
1
XU Jian-Hua-；Jin-Shuang-Pan-；Zhang-Cheng-；Lin-Yin-Beng
Definition on source area of centralized coarse sediment in middle reaches of Yellow River with method of marginal analysis
In order to investigate and control the centralized coarse sediment source area where is the greatest damage to filling of main channel in the lower reaches of Yellow River,according to the size fraction of deposit in the main channel before 1960 in which Sanmenxia reservoir not be operated,that 0.1mm is the limit of coarse sediment in the source area of centralized coarse sediment in middle reaches of Yellow River is concluded.Based on the method of marginal analysis,it is calculated that the centralized source area of coarse sediment is 18.8 thousand km
2
,although the area is 23.9% of overloaded and coarse sediment region,the sediment discharge of total load,grain size larger than 0.05mm and 0.1mm is 34.5%,47.6% and 68.5% of the corresponding period of overloaded and coarse sediment region.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 1-5 [
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1223
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6
ZHENG Ji-Yong-；Li-Yu-Yuan-；Shao-Meng-An-；Wang-Quan-Jiu
Relationship between side evaporation of gully cliff and environment aridization in Loess Plateau
The intensive soil erosion in the Loess Plateau leads to a distinct increment of ground drape due to the formation of numerous erosion gullies,increases the loss of soil moisture by evaporation,and finally speeds up the environment aridization in the Loess Plateau.To testify this viewpoint,an experiment was conducted at a typical gully bank in the water-wind erosion crisscross region in the north China.Neutron tubes were installed at the bank region of a gully with different distances of 20cm,100cm,200cm,300cm,400cm,500cm and 600cm apart from the gully margin.Soil moisture distribution and dynamic variation of the soil water storage were monitored.The results showed that soil moisture increased with distance from the gully margin in the range of 0 to 500cm,which proved the external existence of side evaporation at gully cliff.The increments of soil water storage in the layer from 0 to 300cm at different distances from the gully margin had no significant difference when rainfall occurred,however,the closer the site to the gully margin,the faster soil moisture loss through evaporation.The change of soil moisture loss(implied) that the side evaporation of gully cliff speeded up the environment aridization in the Loess Plateau.The confirmation of power function relationship between soil water storage and distance apart from the gully margin presented a preliminary base for the quantificational study of side evaporation of gully cliff on accelerating environment aridization in the Loess Plateau.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 6-10 [
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1481
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11
ZHANG Bao-Hua-；Wang-Chi-；Liu-Zi-Ting-；He-Yu-Rong
Soil erosion of natural forest in Gongga mountain and planting forest in Yanting
To research the condition of soil erosion in upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the effects on it by correlative soil characteristics,the soil erosion ratio and its quantitative relation with soil organic matter content,stability of soil aggregates,and saturated soil infiltration rate were calculated.The indirect indexes(of soil) erosion showed that soil erosion ratio was low under sub-alpine forests and which was higher under hilly artificial forests.The quantitative analysis showed that soil organic matter content,stability of soil aggregates,and saturated soil infiltration rate were main factors influencing soil erosion ratio with both correlate coefficients and regression analysis through the most significant test at level 0.01.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 11-15 [
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1481
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16
GUO Gao-；Xie-Bing-；Lin-Quan-Zhong-；Wang-Pan-Hui-；Guan-Wei
Dynamic pattern of water conservation forest on space-time in Guishui river basin
Dynamic variation of distribution pattern of water conservation forest in the last 20 years in Guishui river basin of upper reaches of Guan Ting was reservoir analyzed.The results showed that the forest cover rate increase straightly from 10.96% in 1975 to 46.61% in 2000.The area of cash forest increases rapidly about 150hm
2
each year.The main tree species composition is becoming variety from 4 in 1975 to 8 in 2000.So it is considered that the situation of water conservation forest in Guishui river basin is better and better,but also there are many problems,such as too many cash forest causing environment pollution and irrational distribution of forest vegetation in the watershed and so on.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 16-20 [
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1651
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21
WANG Hui-；Wang-Quan-Jiu-；Shao-Meng-An
Influence of different drainage conditions on soil erosion and nutrient loss of slope land
To study mass transport from slope land,the process and mechanism of soil erosion and nutrient loss on the slope land under different drainage conditions were investigated by simulating rainfall.Results had indicated that,runoff from the impervious-base soil boxes was generated 5～7min earlier than those from slurry and impervious-base boxes.The total amount of soil erosion from the impervious-base was much more than the sum of those of slurry and impervious-base.Especially,soil erosion of the impervious-base was extremely(intensive) during the second simulating rainfall,and the amount of soil loss was much 5 times than the sum.There was no significant discrepancy for chemical concentration in runoff from the three kinds of base boxes during the initial rainfall.However,during the second rainfall,there was notable discrepancy for chemical concentration in runoff from the different conditions.Therefore,the existing impervious base and low-infiltrate rate ploughed-base slope lands are the potential hazards of soil erosion and phosphorus and potassium loss,(especially) under initial soil water high content.The work may provide some useful information for allocating water and soil conservation management measurements and preventing nutrient loss on the slope land.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 21-25 [
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1433
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26
ZHAN Wei-Qiang-；Zhang-Zhi-Jiang-；Wu-Jun-；Xiao-Jin-Jiang
Spatial variability of throughfall in forest canopy layer of Chinese Pine(
Pinus tabulaeformis
) plantation in Northern China
The interception of rainfall by vegetation and the subsequent evaporation of intercepted water from canopy surface play an important rule in hydrological processes,water and energy balance of forest ecosystem.Spatial variability of interception has different effects on runoff yield from watersheds located in different climatic and biome regions.In order to indicate spatial distribution characteristics of interception,rain-gauges were installed by grid-sampling method to measure throughfall.Results show that the coefficient of variation(Cv) of throughfall tends to be declined as rain intensity increases.After canopy is saturated,Cv of throughfall was(remained) at a constant value,which is close to the Cv of leaf area index(LAI) value 0.18.So the Cv of LAI is regarded as extremum of that of throughfall.Because of the special characteristic of Chinese pine(
Pinus tabulaeformis
),and the lower droopy branches,negative values for interception account for 13% of the total samples,thereinto the max is above 70% of gross rainfall.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 26-30 [
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31
SUN Yan-Gong-；Zhang-Hong-Jiang-；Cheng-Jin-Hua-；Wang-Yu-Jie-；Cheng-Yun-；Dan-Jian
Hydrological effect of forest litter and soil in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing
In order to know the soil characteristics of subtropic evergreen broadleaf forest in mid-Asia,four forest stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing was selected as objects.Through investigating standard spots,determining soil physical characteristics and water-holding capacity,and experimenting on soil infiltration,forest litter and soil hydrological effect was studied.The results indicated that the forest soils of 1m deep have an obviously strong water-holding capacity wlthin a range from 9.50 to 13.17mm.The litter storage amount is from 16.21 to 32.42t/hm
2
.The sequence of maximal water retention rate of litter is the coniferous and broad-leaves mixed forestlands>shrub lands>evergreen broad-leaves forestlands> phyllostachys pubescens forestlands.The sequence of maximal water retention of litter is the shrub lands> coniferous and broad-leaves mixed forestlands> evergreen broad-leaves forestlands> phyllostachys pubescens forestlands.The Philip（infiltration） model can better reflect the soil infiltration process of different forest types in research area.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 31-35 [
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36
LI Xin-Beng-；Shu-Jin-Zhao-；Chang-Jian-Guo
Influence of coal exploitation on forest ecosystem in Shanxi
In order to open out the influence of coal exploitation on forest ecosystem in Shanxi,and provide basic datum for vegetation restoration in mineral area,the cosmically coal exploitation area,exploitation empty area and area impacted by coal exploitation obviously were selected as investigating region,and regional
Pinus tablaeformis
forest was researched as main stand.Combining with existing investigation datum and remote sensing information,contrast of forest ecosystem between those area and area approximating with non-exploitation area was analyzed.The results indicated that the forest damaged by coal exploitation was 133.68km
2
.The Hg and Cd content of soil in coal exploitation area were 3.26 and 2.73 times respectively as much as those of soil mean content in Shanxi.The soil water content of ubac and adret in coal exploitation area declined 18.0% and 23.4% respectively as much as those in non-exploitation area.Contrast with non-exploitation area,the biomass and productivity of
Pinus tablaeformis
forest in coal exploitation decreases 15.78% and 15.30%（respectively）.The trend of species abundance,diversity and function of soil and water conservation of
Pinus tablaeformis
forest in coal exploitation were all descendent.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 36-41 [
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42
LI Yang-Bing-；Tan-Qiu-；Bai-Xiao-Yong-；Wang-Shi-Jie
Landscape pattern variation and its ecological effects of karst area
Based on 1995a and 2000a TM images,the landscape pattern and it's dynamic variation from 1995 to 2000 on the plateau-hilly region in middle of Guizhou were analyzed in order to understand the change processes of landscapes and corresponding ecological effects.The results indicate that shrub land,sloping farmland and mid-coverage barren grassland hold a dominant status.The transform relation among dry farmland,forest land and barren grassland is complicated also."Removal lands from cultivation for afforestation and grassplanting" and "damage forest and grass lands and reclamation",and vegetation restoration and degradation all exist at the same time.The whole landscapes have been in a fluctuating state still.The relative ecological value of different land use types have been fallen from 1995 to 2000 in studied area.The characteristics of landscape pattern are the result influenced by lithology,physiognomy and artificial activities together,and controlled by human activities mainly,for example,the variation of cultivated land are due to the conversion into construct land in this area.The change processes of land use patterns may behave as ecological restoration and degradation in studied area from 1995 to 2000.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 42-47 [
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1487
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48
ZHANG Xiao-Meng-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Wu-Sai-Hong-；Liu-Hui-Fang-；Zhang-Hua-Pei-；Wei-Tian-Xin
Influence of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment transport of watershed in loess area
In order to deeply study the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment transport at the scale of watershed,and to provide theoretical basis for vegetation restoration of Loess area,forested watershed and rangeland watershed with similar terrain and topographical features are selected using method of clustering analysis to inlaid Caijiachan catchment which lies in Jixian county of Shanxi province in Loess area,and runoff and sediment transport of which are contrasted and analyzed.The results showed that runoff was delayed dramatically at beginning time,and the peak flow of watershed reduced for forest vegetation played role in holding up and absorbing precipitation depending on canopy layer and litter.Besides,with increase of forest coverage,the amount of runoff,runoff depth and runoff coefficient in rain season decreased.It clarified that runoff depth and runoff coefficient of rangeland watershed in rain season were 5—20-fold as much as those of forest watershed,and those of less forest watershed were 2.7—2.9-fold as much as those of more forest watershed.And sediment yield from less forest watershed by storm was 2—5-fold than those from more forest watershed.(Besides),the variation of sediment transport hydrograph of the former was more acute than those of the latter.For the reason of complexity and scaled dependence of runoff influenced by forest vegetation,assess of forest hydrological functions based on regional scale or watershed scale was worth of further research challenges.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 48-53 [
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54
FAN Heng-Hui-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Gao-Jian-En-；Wang-An-Zhou-；Sun-Qing-Li
Influence of density and water content on unconfined compression strength of solidified soil
On the certain condition of soil and certain amount of soil stabilizer dosage,density and water content are the key factors to effect on the unconfined compression strength of the catchments area with soil stabilizer.The rule of solidified soil intensity influenced by density and water content is studied.The results indicated that the density influenced the strength more than water content.Along with the increase of the density,the unconfined compression strength increases straightly.Under the same density,the strength was the greatest if the water ratio lies in the field from 75% to 85% of the optimum water content.If the water content wasn't in the scope,the unconfined compression strength of solidified soil descended straightly.This test shows that solidified soil should be compacted as much as possible and the compactness should be above 0.94 in the catchments area construction.The water content should be from 80% to 90% of optimum moisture content.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 54-58 [
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59
LIU Qing-；He-Kang-Ning-；Wang-Zheng-Ning-；Chang-Guo-Liang-；Li-Shi-Rong
Extinction characteristics of artificial forest in removal lands in Datong of Qinghai province
Based on the observed data of net radiation（Rn）'s distribution of typical sunny day in the canopy in artificial forest community which existed after removing lands from cultivation to afforestation and grassland in Datong county from May to July,the extinction characteristics of the communities of
Picea crassifolia
,
Larix principis-rupp rechtii
,
Hippohae rha mnoides ssp
.
Sinensis
,
Betula platyphylla
and
Populus cathayana
were studied.According to Beer Lambert' equation and considering the dynamic variation of the leaf areas index in the growing season of forest,the daily extinction coefficient in different time,daily minimum extinction coefficient and the daily mean extinction coefficient of typical day were studied.Some researches in the variation of leaf areas index and extinction capacity of different canopy depths in different communities were also done.The results showed that the correlation between daily mean extinction coefficient & minimum extinction coefficient and leaf areas index is obvious and equation was simulated.In different canopy depths of all forests,the（cumulative） distribution curves of leaf areas index were S-shape;the extinction capacity above two thirds of the canopy of the
Larix principis-rupp rechtii
and
Picea crassifolia
is higher distinctly than he lower,but the variance of
Betula platyphylla
and
Populus cathayana
is not obvious.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 59-64 [
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65
SHU Re-Jie-；Gao-Jian-En-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Tian-Dong
Test method of raindrop spectrum using plotting software of computer
Raindrop spectrum observation is a key work to research characteristics of natural precipitation and simulated precipitation and design equipment of rainfall simulator precipitation.Combining plotting software of computer with traditional Color-spot method,a new method for raindrop diameter measuring and data processing was probed into.The method decreased the lower limit of measurement from 1.0?mm to 0.2?mm,it(enlarged) the measure range as 10 times as before,and reduced the work quantity largely.The correlation formula between raindrop diameter and Color-plot diameter was educed,whose applicability and advantages were tested.Results showed that the formula would be the best when raindrop spectrum was analyzed by improved Color-spot method.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 65-69 [
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70
CHEN Ju-Chang-；Lei-Ting-Wu-；Diao-Chu-Yin-；Su-Pei-Feng-；Xu-Suo-Zhu
Design method of level ditch of runoff harvesting on Slope land and its application
In order to solve the problem of absenting rationality and system on design method of level ditch of runoff harvesting,based on theory analysis,the systematic design methods and calculated formula were put forward.The distances between ditches were decided by the water requirement of local vegetation combining with the designed potential rainfall amounts.The equivalent width and depth were estimated by the maximum potential rainfall amount during a storm even of the locality,the highest rainfall intensity and the soil infiltration rate and etc.factors.The feasibility of the method of level ditch of runoff harvesting was demonstrated by the practical engineering application.Compared with traditional design methods,this method was more rational and(reliable,) could be applied wildly.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 70-73 [
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1509
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930
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74
JI Shi-；Xiao-Yong-Jiang-；Zhou-Li-Jun-；Shu-Guo-Beng-；Hu-Xiao-Jing
Budgetary estimate software for soil and water conservation project and it's application
The budgetary estimate software for soil and water conservation project was designed in order to(improve) the efficiency and accuracy of the budgetary estimate for soil and water conservation project.It was(developed) base on the preliminary estimate norms of soil and water conservation and the related regulations.The functional modules of software were edited by Visual Basic and the database was constructed by Access.When the software was tested and debugged,working hours was saved,and human error was reduced,and a solid foundation was provided for further improvement.The unification between budgetary estimate for soil and water conservation project and project drawing based on computer assistant design and layout drawing based on GIS was established.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 74-78 [
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79
GUO Bai-Beng-；Bao-Li-Te-；Wu-Chen-Yi-；Xu-E-Wen-；Ha-Shi
Monitoring and early warning system of sediment disaster in Japan and enlightenment from it
Monitoring and early warning system of sediment disaster in Japan consists of danger area investigation and division,monitoring system,early warning system and disaster guarding preparatory scheme.Danger area investigation and division is the foundation,the monitoring system and early warning system are the heart,the disaster guarding preparatory scheme is the key.In district cooperating disaster system,instructor and(financial) subsidy are provided from the state to local government to grass-roots government level by level.Local government instructs disaster prevention,grass-roots government supply disaster information and train dweller to defend disaster and so on.The experience in the construction of sediment disaster monitoring and early warning system in Japan is worth making use of reference in China.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 79-82 [
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1303
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83
JIAO Ji-Ren
Principal experience and problems of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation project in North-western areas
Some principal experience in removal lands from cultivation for afforestation has been summarized.The project should be attached importance to and organized with meticulous care by leaders of all levels.More efforts should be devoted in advertising and enthusiasm of farmers should be ignited by preferential policies.Rules and regulations should be made in order to standardize the operation,individual contract system should be implemented and operating mechanism should be innovated.The way in promotion,the supplementary measures should be refined and several relations should be solved correctly.Natural law should be paid more attention to and scientificalness should be strengthened.The principal problems have been put forward: Lack of comprehensive general plans with clear thinking and outstanding focal point.Trees are overvalued while grass is neglected,environment is overvalued but people's daily needs are neglected,planting is overvalued but closing is neglected.Survival rate in the afforested year is low,programming and vegetation construction patterns is irrational,water resources bearing capacity is not considered,policies are fulfilled,but fulfillment in supplementary measures is failed.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 83-86 [
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1420
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87
YANG Ai-Min-；Wang-Fang-；Liu-Qian-；Liu-Xiao-Ying
Classification of wetland and analysis on wetland distribution characteristics and water questions in China
China is one of countries with richest wetland resources.It plays a very important role in ensuring national eco-security and supporting sustainable development of economy and society to protect and reasonably utilize wetland.The practical classification system of wetland was put forward,and the distribution characteristics of wetland were discussed.Questions concerning water existing in wetland protection and utilization,such as serious shortage of ecological water requirement,water pollution,silt deposit and degradation of bio-diversity were analyzed.Taking Zhalong wetland located in Heilongjiang province as a case,its specific questions concerning water were analyzed.Countermeasures of solving water questions of wetland was proposed.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 87-91 [
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1261
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1333
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92
MA Chao-De-；Chen-Min-；Yin-Wei-Lun-；Jia-Wei-Qiang-；Ou-Yang-Qi-；Yang-Xin
Basic ideas of vegetation construction in South-to-North Water Diversion Project
In order to solve the problems of basic ideas of vegetation construction in the South-to-North Water Diversion Project,guided by the theories of "coexisting harmoniously between human and nature" and "paying equal attention to protection and construction",based on the analysis of the particularity of "three lines and four horizons",which have particularities of crossing different climate zones,length and breadth of land,variable clime,as well as summarizing the former research in related regions.Through analyzing the natural,(social) and economic conditions in different routes,the basic ideas of the vegetation construction were proposed,which are "both the general guiding ideas and the regional characteristics of different zones are necessary".Then the ecological,economic and social benefits of the project,as well as the exertion of long-term functions could be achieved.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 92-97 [
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1599
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98
NING Yan-Jie
Systems of land utilization and planning frameworks in foreign towns
Experiences from land utilization and planning in towns of the developed countries and the main corresponding measures including policies are introduced.Systems of land utilization in towns of the USA and Britain and the land planning in the USA,Britain,Germany and Japan are also presented.It is hoped to be a reference for the rapid development of town in China.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 98-102 [
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1296
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1326
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103
ZHANG Yan-；Shu-Qing-Ke
Review of weather generator in model of soil erosion process
Weather generator(stochastic weather simulation model) is able to simulate stochastic process of weather variations of different time scales,and which is necessary to establish soil erosion models.The stochastic weather generator of precipitation and temperature has been researched outside China since 1960's.In the past decades,several weather generators have been developed for different purposes and many researches were conducted on how to improve them.The theories and structures of weather generators,the methods of estimating model parameters,and the ways to evaluate model were reviewed.Problems,difficulties,and existing issues in the field were discussed.From the point of accumulation of weather datum,investigation achievements on climatic statistics and development of relative models etc.,the basic condition,actuality and requirement foreground are commented.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 103-108 [
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1514
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109
QIN Wei-；Shu-Qing-Ke
Review of soil conservation value by forest in green gross domestic products accounting
The forest resources are important contents in green GDP accounting,the soil conservation is one of its most important environmental service functions,focal point and difficult point in green GDP accounting too.Based on fully considering the characteristics of the forest ecological value,summarizes present and relevant(research) results,and accounting models of soil conservation value by forest are summarized as whole accounting model and additive accounting model.Through analyzing value accounting and including accounting results into the green GDP,it is considered that the main problems in present researches are still not consummate of soil erosion models,error of substitution accounting,the error of accounting variable data and accounting area,and replacement of benefits measure by function measure and so on.In accordance with these problems,it is suggested that strengthening the research on soil erosion,standardizing accounting indicators,separately accounting in different region,taking discounting technique and 3S technology to improve the accounting results.Furthermore,the scientific determination of green GDP,distinguishing the relation among each forests ecological function and their positions in the green GDP system should be done,so as to avoid repeat or omission in the accounting.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 109-116 [
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1438
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1398
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117
LIU Zhi-Gong-；Liu-Wen-Zhao-；Li-Dui
Progress of regional land surface evapotranspiration research based on 3S technology
Regional land surface evapotranspiration research based on 3S technology has become a main(research) direction for there large space,dynamic and easy mapping features.A review is discussed about its theoretical foundation,measurements,models,parameters,and temporal-spatial scaling,and also focuses on some existing problems,such as regional land surface evapotranspiration modeling,its parameters accuracy and the temporal-spatial scale transformation.It is concluded building models based on the physical background and the simulation of energy and material exchange in SPAC and using the RS technology to establish key(parameters) would be a trend.On the other hand,combining with 3S technologies and multiple data sources((remote) sensing and DEM data) will reduce non-remote sensing parameters,improve the accuracy of the(retrieved) parameters and temporal-spatial scaling.Further more,it would work on the land surface heterogeneous effect in the field of regional evapotranspiration.
2006 Vol. 4 (3): 117-122 [
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