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2005 Vol.3 No.3
Published 2005-09-30
Articles
1
ZHONG Guo-Shui-Cha-Liu-Shi-Yu-Sheng-Tai-An-Quan-Zeng-Ge-Ke-Hua-Kao-Cha-Ban-Gong-Shi
Outline of comprehensive scientific investigation plan on soilerosion and ecological security in China
To promote soil erosion control and ecological construction in an all around way, implement scientific development concept, enhance ecological and economic sustainable development and realize development goal of constructing comfortably off society in an all around way, Ministry of Water Resources, China Academy of Sciences and China Academy of Engineering decide to carry out "comprehensive investigation on soil erosion and ecological security in China ". Its overall plan outlines is introduced, including investigation scale, purples, tasks, principle, desired results, work content and schedule planning, division of investigation group, monographic study and conciliation and management of investigation work.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 1-3 [
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4
JIAO Ji-Ren
Implementation and policy execution of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation project in the northwestern areas
In the last four years since the project of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation was launched in 1999, great progress has been made in the six provinces (districts) of northwest areas. Leaders of all levels have paid much attention and together with the farmers, they have had the project put into practice seriously. The job schedule has been kept going fast forward with the tasks being well fulfilled. The medium term assessment conclusions are that when trees are planted by one time in one afforestration task, the survival rate tends to be very low especially so when in barren hills, more attention should be paid to this problem in the progress of removal lands from cultivation for afforestation project in arid and semi arid areas. But after several supplementary plantings, a higher survival rate was gained in most of the provinces in the acceptance check and so was a higher qualified rate. Policies such as the project acceptance, the distribution of money and food, giving out woodland certificates, and so on have been implemented fairly well on the whole in all the areas. This guaranteed a steady, safe and healthy development of he project.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 4-9 [
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1439
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10
TUN Qin-Xiao-；Li-Yang-Yang
Yield process and its characteristics in different kind of small watersheds in Huanglong mountainous area
Using the method of measuring weir, the runoff yield and its process are studied in forested watershed, cutting watershed and rangeland watershed during the period from 1999 to 2003 in Huanglong mountainous area. The results show that the runoff variations of interannual and seasonal are various. The runoff in forested watershed is yielded during a whole year and its amount is mainly connected with precipitation. The runoff in rangeland watershed is yielded only in storm season and its amount is mainly connected with storm intensity. Except the rare storm year, the annual runoff yield amount in forested watershed is more than that in rangeland watershed and the former tops the latter by 3 times on an average of 5 years. The different kind of small watersheds have also different functions on the regulation of the precipitation. The annual flood runoff amount in forested watershed has decreased by 94.9% over the rangeland watershed, up to 5.2?mm on an overage, and the runoff in dry season in the former has increased 0.5?mm over the latter, amounting to 8.7 percent of annual runoff amount, which results in the runoff yield in the watershed relatively well distributed. Cutting forest can change the runoff distribution in watersheds. The runoff yield during a whole year is replaced by that only formed in storm season, but its amount is less than that in rangeland watershed. The process of runoff yield in different kind of small watershed is various. In forested watershed it is comparatively gentle and its fluctuating range is comparatively smooth, while the curve of runoff yield in rangeland watershed is steep, the flood peak is formed rapidly, and it falls after a rise more quickly.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 10-15 [
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1616
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16
LU Chao-Wei-；Jin-Fang-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Xie-Yuan-Yuan-；Li-Pan-Hui-；Wang-Shu-Sen
The evaluation of soil conservation of forest ecosystem in China
The value of soil conservation of forest is the important part of environmental product value of the forest Aiming at economic value of soil conservation of forest in China, the value of reducing soil degradation, nutrient loss of soil and sediment deposition is calculated for Chinese forest ecosystem taking opportunity cost method, shade price method and substitution engineering method The results show that total value of reducing abandoned soil is 624140 million/a in China, total value of reducing loss of N, P and K of soil is 453 billion and 872400 million/a, total value of reducing sediment deposition is 1 billion and 37545 million/a and total value of reducing soil erosion is 455 billion and 872000 million/a The value order of protecting soil function in Chinese forest ecosystem is subtropical zone>tropical zone>warm temperate grasslands>cold temperate zone>temperate zone>temperate deserts>warm temperate zone >Tibetan Plateau zone The maximum quantity of soil conservation are 3 billion 287040 million t/a in subtropical zone, and the minimum quantity of soil conservation is 262145 million t/a in temperate desert.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 16-21 [
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1701
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22
SUN Yong-Jiang-；Wang-De-Zhong-；Yin-Lin-Ke-；Xu-Hai-Liang
Factor analysis in environmental degradation at the lower reaches of Tarim river
The environmental degraded degree of 39 monitoring sites built along the Tarim river in the lower reaches were analyzed by using the factor analysis method, which is provided by the software of Statistical Package for the Social Science(SPSS). Through mathematic transform, the 8 observed indexes are transformed into 3 synthetic indexes. According to the fact and data invested in this area, environmental context of these synthetic indexes was given. Based on the contribution rate, the factor scores of the 39 sites are calculated, and the desertification degree is classified by its factor scores. Viewing from the consequence, the more distant from the Daxihaizi Reservoir the worse the desertification degree in the lower reaches of Tarim river. Analysis results showed that the vegetation is deteriorated with the water deficit and salt accumulated. Due to the result is suit for the fact, the method is accurate, scientific and practical for reason that it synthesizes the affect of every index.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 22-26 [
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1218
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27
LI Yang-Bing-；Tan-Qiu-；Wang-Shi-Jie
Current status, problems analysis and basic framework of karst rocky desertification research
The rocky desertification is becoming one of the most serious menaces in the eco-environmental vulnerable karst mountain areas of southwest China during economic development in new century. Much progress had been made in theories, means, techniques, successful experiences and measures of policy and management of ecological reconstruction and sustainable development in karst mountain areas since 1990, therefore, the progresses and weakness points of karst rocky theory are summarized. Based on the above researches, the connotation of karst rocky desertification is discussed and it is suggested that the concept of rocky desertification includes three characteristics, which are that regional differences of formation and distribution and manmade driving, the landscape spatial heterogeneity and scale of rocky desertification, the regional difference of rehabilitation benchmark. Last, some conclusions for further studies are demonstrated. Rocky desertification research should be under the guidance of earth system science and ecological economy theories, sticking to the man-land relation, and research should pay attention to the coupling actions of eco-system structures and the conversion of research scale, and to the restoration mechanism other than the genesis mechanism of rocky desertification, attach importance to the reciprocity between land ecological pattern and ecological process, carry out ecological economics comprehensive research of eco-region (watershed).
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 27-34 [
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35
WANG Bai-Tian-；Wang-Ying-；Guo-Jiang-Gong-；Zheng-Pei-Long-；Ma-Feng-Bin-；Zhang-Hua
Effect on biomass of stand density of artificial Black Locust forest in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau
Stand volume increment and biomass were respectively investigated by using stem analysis and weighing at 10 permanent sample plots of 18-year artificial black locust（Robinia Pseudoacacia）forest in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau, and the relation between biomass and stand density was analyzed. The results show that there is a good correlation between
D
2
H
and stem biomass and leaves biomass while same between
D
and branch biomass in forest inventory factors, and a closely power function relation of stand density to total biomass, branches biomass, leaves and fructification biomass of individual tree. Meanwhile it is true that there is not significant correlation between total stand biomass and stand density. Stand biomass is higher in lower and higher density than in medium density ranging between 833hm
2
and 5000hm
2
stand density, moreover higher stem biomass can be obtained to stand density less than 1111hm
2
. Individual tree biomass of 5000hm
2
and 833hm
2
stand density is respectively 9.19kg and 56.31kg, while its stand biomass is respectively 45950kg/hm
2
and 46906kg/hm
2
, not significant different. Furthermore, water production efficiency （WPE） of present biomass was analyzed. Annual average rainfall is 487mm for 1986—2003 at the region, WPE of 5000hm
2
and 833hm
2
stand is respectively 0.5546 and 0.5663, while that of stem biomass is respectively 0.2758 and 0.3965. Obviously, biomass of lower density stands has higher proportion of economic value though higher density stands also harvest more biomass.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 35-39 [
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40
NIU Wen-Quan-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Feng-Gao-；Gao-Jian-En
雨水；雨水资源化潜力；计算方法；评价
Regional rainwater resources potential is crucial to rainwater utilization planning, water resources exploitation and ecological environment improvement in semi-arid area. The definitions of rainwater and rainwater resources potential were discussed. The methods to evaluate the influences of topographical features, rainfall features and utilization ways on regional rainwater resources potential were put forward. Finally, the model and procedures to calculate regional rainwater resources potential were developed and used to assess the rainwater utilization planning.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 40-44 [
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45
JIA Jiang-Bao-；Qu-Zhi-Yuan-；Shu-Wei-；Zhang-Guang-Can-；Wang-Gui-Xia-；Yang-Ji-Hua
Soil water characteristics of different artificial forest in mountainous area in the middle of Shandong province
To find out the variant rule of soil water resources in different forests and then provide scientific basis for vegetation rehabilitation in rocky mountainous area of north China, soil physical structure and characteristics of soil water of five artificial forests are studied in Shengquan temple forestry center in the southern mountainous area of Jinan city. Results indicate that in these forest, some indexes expressing soil pedonydrological physical character, such as soil density, porosity and infiltration rate, are much better than those in bare land, and these characteristics show this order: mixed forest>pure forest,
Kalopanax septemlobus
>
Koelreuteria paniculata
and
Pistacia chinensis
. In dry and rainy season, with the increasing of soil depth, soil water content decreased in most of forests, and their variant range is less than that in bare land. With the increasing of soil depth, soil saturated water content decreased in all kinds of forests. Soil retention capacity of surface layer is the best in the mixed forest, while differences are little in other forests. Conclusions show that judging from water conservation and validity, mixed forest is better than pure forest, and in pure forest
Kalopanax septemlobus
is batter and Koelreuteria paniculata in worse. Therefore, it is proposed that in the future mixed forest should be afforested and managed firstly, the species being made up of Kalopanax septemlobus and Pistacia chinensis. In the pure forest, Kalopanax septemlobus should be selected.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 45-50 [
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51
CHEN Wei-Jie
A modest proposal for exploiting the rain resources in the west of Henan province
Hilly mountain areas in the west of Henan lie in the semi-arid zone. Only depending on exploiting surface runoff and ground water resources can't meet the demand of local living, production and ecology. By choosing four typical small watersheds which can represent three different natural conditions in this area, the rain resources in hilly mountain areas in the west of Henan are systematically analyzed. The only way of solving the local shortage of water resources is to begin with the source of rain water resources and to explore advanced and effective developing means and technology in order to make the best use of the rain water resources.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 51-55 [
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1402
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56
FAN Heng-Hui-；Gao-Jian-En-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Sun-Qing-Li
Construction technique of flow collecting plot with MBER soil stabilizer
Flow collecting plot is an important component of collecting rainwater for irrigation. The ordinary impermeable materials of artificial catchments area include concrete,polyethylene film and asphalted fiberglass oil sheeting, which have high flow collecting efficiency but have some weaknesses of high cost or poor durability. The soil stabilizer applying to the flow collecting plot in water harvesting system can solve effectively the above-mentioned problems, so it is paid attention to increasingly. Based on introduction of the composition and the solidifying mechanism of the MBER soil stabilizer, the requirements of the raw material and the design of the proportion and structure, construction technique and advances are focused on that the equality, water contents and the construction time of mixture are key points of dry mixture construction technique. Finally it is suggested that plastic mixture construction technique should be enhanced.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 56-59 [
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60
CUI Feng-；Wang-Dao-Jie-；Hui-Fang-Jiang
Model and effect of ecological restoration of dry-hot valley: A case study of the CAS Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation Station
The ecological environment of dry-hot valley along Jinsha River is heavily fragile, resulting from that mountain hazards have occurred frequently such as landslide, debris flow and heavy soil erosion and water loss. According to soil conditions at different sites and biological characteristics of plants, two ecological restoration models are introduced by the case study of the Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation Station, CAS. The restorative measures are employed to bare slope by planting trees, shrubs and herbs. And the other one is applied to slope farmland by the way of integrated agriculture measures. And effects of ecological restoration are also monitored and invested, which demonstrate that the surface runoff is only 14.9% and soil loss is 6.4% respectively on the slopes treated by planting trees and herbs, compared to that on bare slopes. The final infiltration ratio is 0.58mm/min on restored shrub-herb land, and is only 62% on bare slopes and 84% on degraded shrub-herb land respectively. The amount of plant species increases from 10 to 30 after restoration. The soil seed-bank density increases from 300grains/m
2
to 1217grains/m
2
～1450/m
2
. The animal species increases by 10 species. The productivity of slope farmland rises from 750～1500 to 4500～6000kg/hm
2
. The per capita annual income increases from 200 to 800～1000RMB.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 60-64 [
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65
XIONG Wei-；Wang-Pan-Hui-；Cheng-Ji-Min-；Xu-Peng-Chao
Comparison of soil moisture evaporation under different vegetation coverage conditions
To probe into the effect of different vegetations on dynamic change of soil moisture and its evaporation process, soil moisture evaporation under four different vegetation coverage conditions were compared from July to October in 2001 in Guyuan county of Ningxia. The results indicated the order of soil evaporation intensity was abandoned land> Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayer. stand>Srtemisia vestita Wall.+ Stipa bungeana Trin. stand>Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. stand in the observation period. And soil evaporation in the quick-growth period (from July to August) was stronger than that in the later growth season (from September to October). Meanwhile, test of soil moisture evaporation day and night by stages showed that soil moisture evaporation in the night in the observation period appeared negative because especially after September and October, which indicated that amount of condensation water in the night is more than that of evaporation accordingly.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 65-68 [
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69
CHEN Yin-Zhen-；He-Fan-；Zhang-Hong-Jiang-；Wen-Xi-Qing
Preliminary analysis on factors influencing canopy interception in Jinyun mountain
To probe into the primary and secondary relation of factors influencing canopy interception, based on the grey system theory, a grey correlation analysis on factors influencing canopy interception was made, using the data measured in different forestlands of Jinyun mountain, Chongqing. The results showed that the priority of canopy interception capability of different vegetation types was mixed broadleaf-conifer forest>broad-leaved forest>Phyllostachys pubescens forest. For Phyllostachys pubescens forest, the influencing priority of analyzed factors was rainfall intensity>precipatation>temperature>wind velocity>air humidity. For mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, the priority was precipatation >temperature>wind velocity>air humidity> rainfall intensity. For broad-leaved forest, the priority was rainfall intensity> precipatation >temperature=wind velocity>air humidity. The canopy interceptions of Phyllostachys pubescens forest, mixed broadleaf-conifer forest and broad-leaved forest were mainly influenced by the process of rainfall. The process of evapotranspiration was important to the canopy interception of mixed broadleaf-conifer forest.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 69-72 [
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1491
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73
HAO Yi-Rong-；Ma-Lv-Yi-；Liu-Beng
Effects of eco-mat covering the floor of <i>Pinus tabulaeformis</i> plantation on the tree growth and photosynthetic properties
After the floor of the
Pinus tabulaeformis
plantation was covered with the eco-mat for 2 growing seasons, some growth and photosynthetic parameters were checked. The result indicates that the tree growth and survival rate increased to some extent due to the increasing of soil moisture contents by covering the floor with the eco-mat, and the soil moisture contents of 0～20cm was 9.56%～104.17% higher than that of CK ; the survival rate increased by 5.1% and the annual growth of the treated tree diameter was 58.5% higher than CK; the daily maximum photosynthetic rate and the
P
n
in the photosynthesis-saturated point increased by 30% and 10.6%～44.3% respectively compared with the CK; the
T
r
and Cond increased to some extent, while the light compensation points and the water-consumption efficiencies of the trees between the treated and CK were not different from each other remarkably.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 73-77 [
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78
ZHENG Cui-Ling-；Cao-Zi-Long-；Wang-Xian-；Diao-Ting-Ning-；Ding-Guo-Dong
Effects of enclosure on vegetations recovery in desertified grassland in Hulunbeir
In order to supply theoretical basis for vegetation recovery of desertified grassland, the effects of enclosure on vegetation characteristics in desertified grassland have been deeply analyzed by measuring characteristics values of desertified grassland communities which are enclosed for 1 year, 4 years and 7 years in Hulunbeir desertified grassland and contrasting with the unenclosed. The results show that community composition has varied regularly after enclosure and the proportion of indicator plant of deteriorated grassland has gradually decreased and the proportion of constructive species and some better palatable species has increased with the enclosing time increasing. In addition, enclosure can greatly increase vegetation coverage, mean height, grass community density, ground biomass and soil turf contents on desertified grassland.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 78-81 [
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82
FU Shi-Feng-；Cha-Han
Matter-element model to the comprehensive evaluation on danger of soil erosion
Based on the new cognition of danger of soil erosion, six indexes are adopted, namely, rainfall erosion force, topographic relief, percentage of forestry area, percentage of slight and above erosion area, soil erodibility factor K value, comprehensive development intensity of regional society and economics through all-sided correlation analysis on influencing factor. By means of methods of extension engineering and principal component analysis, a matter-element model to the comprehensive evaluation on danger of soil erosion in Fujian province is set up. The output of the model provides reasonable bases for soil and water conservation zoning, soil and water conservation planning, setting up the crucial control region and adopting specific measures further.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 82-86 [
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1336
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87
DIAO Ting-Ning-；Qi-Wei-Xiang-；Chang-Run-Yang-；Zheng-Wen-Long
New method of dendro-chronology based on R2V and AutoCAD and its application in the mountainous area of northern Hebei province
Taking advantage of the vectorization function of Able Software R2V and measuring function of AutoCAD respectively, a new method to measure tree-ring is put forward, which has been used to measure the tree-ring diameter width of the elm(Ulmus pumila)distributed extensively in the mountainous area of northern Hebei province, and to try the reconstruction of past climates series. The conclusion demonstrates that average temperature and the total precipitation from May to September have positive correlation to the tree-ring indexes and the correlation coefficient are 0.597(
α
<0.05) and 0.695(
α
<0.05) respectively. According to these datum, a transformation equation of average air temperature and the total precipitation from May to September was build up. Finally, the average air temperatures and total precipitation from May to September of the 16 years (from 1940 to 1955) in the mountainous area of northern Hebei have been reconstructed.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 87-91 [
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1299
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1255
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92
YANG Ai-Min-；Wang-Gao-；Gao-Ji-Zhang-；Cao-Wen-Hong
Methods and measures of building water saving and ecological sediment storage dam for farmland forming in the Loess Plateau
Sediment storage dam for farmland forming was a key measure for the soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau area. Their building on a large scale in this area not only had an important significance to improving ecological environment, promoting sustainable economic and social development and building a relatively comfortable society in an all round way, but also played an unreplaceable role in reducing sediment entering the Yellow River and ensuring security of the river. On the basis of great obtained achievements of their building in this area, the distributing characteristics of their number, farmland areas built by sediment storage and sediment storage quantity by regions and river basins were analyzed. In the light of problems existing in the dams building, which included unreasonable design, low standard, severe pollution in non-point source of dam, large ineffective evaporation and so on, the concepts of individual dam system and water saving and ecological sediment storage dam for farmland forming were put forward. The basic methods of the dams building and its ensuring measures were also proposed. One case of the dam building was introduced and analyzed in order to provide scientific basis for the dams building on a large scale.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 92-97 [
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1445
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1347
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98
LI Jin-Yo
Ecological engineering methods for torrent management in Taiwan
A successful ecological engineering method require a design methodology for coordination with ecological principles. For recent years, Taiwan is attempting to employ different methods for torrent management, taking local ecological environments and aquatic habitats into account. As shown in many cases, some stone pavement methods have enabled ecological conservation, but resulted in serious erosions after a rainy season or typhoon season. Therefore, torrent management requires fully realizing torrent characteristics, making strict assessment, and coordinating the best construction methods with ecological concepts in establishment of near-nature ecological engineering methods applicable to Taiwan's rivers and streams.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 98-102 [
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1228
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1558
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103
FAN Rui-Yu
Relative stability dam system in Loess Plateau
The basic conditions, which the dam system can come up to relative stability, are as follow. First, the coefficient of relative stability must be equal or larger than a certain permissible value, which is the key to achieve the goal. Then there must be enough storage capacity of flood control, and last the dam system must be safe without disease and danger. In the same time it should be satisfied with these conditions. The harvest in the dam land can be ensured under the standard of storm flood once in twenty years. When the silt area has come up to design silt area, the average silt thickness will be smaller than 20cm. The control methods of stability are rational arrangement of dam system scale and the order of construction, balanced distribution of storm flood persisting in slope control, raising the degree of watershed control, fixing up the flood carrying channels to prevent water logging at the dam land and flood exceeding the standard, as well as enhancing routine maintenance.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 103-109 [
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1454
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1205
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110
NIU Jian-Zhi-；Tu-Xin-Xiao
Preferential flow and its scientific significance
Preferential flow, a term about water movement in soil, was brought forward in recent years, which indicates an ordinary transport phenomenon of rapid and non-equilibrium of water and solutes in most of soil and also has a very close relationship with the ground, surface waters and runoff processes. A start of preferential research symbolizes that mechanism of soil water movement is from homogeneous to heterogeneous field. Basic meanings and characteristics of preferential flow are systematically analyzed, and preferential flow's types and their characteristic phenomena are particularly expounded such as macropore flow, bypass flow, pipe flow, funnel flow, finger flow, channel flow, short circuiting flow, partial displacement flow, subsurface storm flow, gravity-driven unstable flow, heterogeneity-driven flow, oscillatory flow and depression-focused recharge, ect, and meanwhile, scientific significances, problems and developing directions in future are discussed.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 110-116 [
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117
HU Li-；Zhou-Xin-Cheng-；Wang-Dong-Mei
Progress on the reclamation of gangue waste area
Domestic and international research progress is reviewed in the characteristics of weathering products of gangue waste area, water pollution, substratum improvement, feedback functions of vegetation on gangue waste area, vegetation succession and species choice, etc. Meanwhile, some suggestions about the research directions in this field in China are proposed combining with domestic study conditions and practical demands of reclamation.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 117-122 [
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1374
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1383
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123
GAO Lin
Rules of runoff and sediment generation under different measures in Fuxing watershed of the fifth sub-region in loess hully-gully region
Based on Fuxing watershed of Anding district in the fifth sub-region of loess hilly-gully region, by the soil infiltration experimentation and runoff observation, the generation conditions of runoff and sediment of this region are studied, according to which, rational planning of the measures of soil and water conservation are made to reduce watershed erosion. Through the runoff plots observation, the priority of the underlying surface average runoff coefficients is barren slope>sloping field>timber forest>shrub forest>artificial grassland, the priority of the average sediment concentration is barren slope>sloping field>artificial grassland>timber forest>shrub forest. The priority of the infiltration ability of underlying surface is terrace>timberland>grassland>barren slope>town road. The most available and effective measures of increasing soil infiltration ability and regulate the runoff and sediment is changing micro relief, disposing the engineering measures of impounding the surface runoff and increasing artificial vegetation.
2005 Vol. 3 (3): 123-126 [
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