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2005 Vol.3 No.1
Published 2005-03-31
Articles
1
WANG Li-Xian-；Zhang-Wei-Shi-；Li-Dui-；Cui-Feng-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Ca-Jiang-Guo
On key research domain of science and technology for soil and water conservation in China
Based on the present situation and problems of science and technology for soil and water conservation(SWC) in China, the key research domains of science and technology for SWC in China on the soil erosion mechanism, soil erosion models, the functions of the measures of SWC, the environmental effects of SWC and the key measures of SWC are put forward. At the same time some countermeasures are also advanced.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 1-6 [
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1859
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4288KB] (
2642
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7
ZHENG Fen-Chi-；Wang-Tie-Li-；Yang-Qi-Ke
Status, challenge and tasks of water erosion prediction model research in China
Research on soil erosion model is the front issue of soil erosion science and is effective approaches for soil and water conservation planning. This paper detailedly outlined research progresses in water erosion prediction models at hillslope, watershed and region scales, and treand prediction of soil erosion at macro-scale in China. Meanwhile, this paper proposed challenges and tasks for developing water erosion prediction models in China. The recent priority fields on soil erosion science are also pointed out.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 7-14 [
Abstract
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1354
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4970KB] (
1673
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15
ZHANG Chang-Yi-；Chen-Fa-Yang
Soil and water conservation technical standard system establishment in China
To the development of soil and water conservation, it has the same importance and effect between technical standard system construction and legal system establishment. Based on analysing the situation of technical standard system on soil and water conservation in China, according to the “water resources technical standard system” which was issued by the Ministry of Water Resources and comparing with international experience on relevant technical standards, the preliminary framework of Chinese technical standard system on soil and water conservation was put forward.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 15-18 [
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1380
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2459KB] (
1396
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19
LI Zai-Ming-；Guo-Xiu-Pei-；Chen-Zheng-Hui
Vegetation survey of coastal windbreaks in Pescadores, Taiwan
Pescadores is considered one of the most difficult areas to establish coastal windbreaks in Taiwan area because of the critical weather condition. The main impact factors, including salty mist, typhoon, and human activities, result in the fragment of existing mature windbreaks. Twenty one sampling plots were established to examine the relationship between vegetation community structure and the disturbance of neighborhood. The improvement of forestation techniques and the ecological progress of windbreaks were also evaluated. Species richness of vegetation, the important value index of trees, and the cover-abundance of groundcovers were analyzed to evaluate the vegetation variation among stands. A total 39 families and 80 plant species were recorded. The main species of plantation was Casuarina equisetifolia and Leucaena leucocephala invaded into most plantations to form as a mixture forest. A quantified similarity coefficient, Motaya coefficient, was used to analyze the species composition among sampling plots. The results showed that the species composition in most windbreaks were quite different. The Motaya coefficients among the plots ranged from 0 to 87, which means the vegetation in some plots were totally different to others and in some plots near 90% of vegetation were the same. It is considered that species diversity of groundcovers among the plots was due to the variant landuse types of neighborhoods.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 19-24 [
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1606
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3097KB] (
1531
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25
ZHANG Zhi-；Shu-Qing-Ke-；Shu-Jin-Zhao-；Zhang-Yu-Qing-；Li-Yong-Fang
Application of participatory rural appraisal in watershed landscape pattern: A case study of Caijiachuan watershed, the Loess Plateau of western Shanxi province
As a method of rural social investigation, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) is developing rapidly and applying widely in the international since the 1990*!s in 20th century. Its core concept is a process of communication and dialog between the outsiders and local people. The authors try to study the watershed landscape pattern and its effect elements by using the PRA tools involve semi-structure interview and problem tree to get and analyses local community information in Caijiachuan watershed of Shanxi Province. Combining with the spatial data management function of geographic information system (GIS), the integration and mapping of relative data is finished. Otherwise, some landscape elements are selected to do pattern analysis. The results show that PRA offers an active and effective approach to understanding and evaluating artificial disturbance, and is helpful to explain and dissect the actual pattern cause and future development by associating with GIS and remote sensing data.In the study area, the recent changing of landscape pattern is due to both the direct activities of the outside benefit groups and the local core problem, that is, the lack of water.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 25-31 [
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1795
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3859KB] (
1639
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32
WEN Zhong-Meng-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Jiao-Feng
Impacts of soil and water conservation on regional vegetation succession: A case study of Loess Plateau
Based on studying the existing research results and field investigation, the main mode of vegetation succession affected by soil and water conservation, the influence of different soil and water measures (engineering measures, artificial plant rehabilitation, natural eco-restoration) on vegetation succession is analyzed. The results showed that the vegetation succession trend to natural succession under natural eco-restoration. However the influence of artificial plant rehabilitation was restricted completely by choice of species and planting patterns. Normal succession can be accelerated by suitable species and mixed structure; normal succession can be interrupted or conversed by unsuitable species and simple forest planting. The influence of engineering measures on vegetation succession may mainly exhibit on the spatial distribution of vegetation communities. In order to understand and estimate the influence of soil and water conservation measures on regional vegetation succession, the research and investigation should be comprehensive, systemic and scientific.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 32-37 [
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1623
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1584
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38
ZHANG Hong-Jiang-；He-Fan-；Shi-Yu-Hu-；Qi-Sheng-Lin-；Cheng-Jin-Hua-；Bo-Lei
Effect of pipe flow on interflow on granite slope in Three Gorges area of Yangtze River
Water flowing in macropores is called pipe flow, and it is one kind of preferential flow. Pipe flow is common in the granite region. For studying the effect of pipe flow on interflow, a natural second Pinus massoniana woodland which is not heavily influenced by people in the granite region of Three Gorges of Yangtze River was selected as a field site. The process of pipe flow, infiltration and the rainfall is recorded respectively. The results show that pipe flow starts after the infiltration and ends before the infiltration. The peak value of infiltration flow and pipe flow does not appear at the same time. The appearance of the peak value of pipe flow is more than 1～2 hours earlier than that of infiltration in the process of the two rainfalls which have been studied. Just as infiltration, pipe flow is mainly influenced by infiltration water caused by the rainfall. There is certain difference between the discharge change of pipe flow and infiltration. But the discharge of pipe flow accords with the trend of the discharge of infiltration. The discharge of pipe flow will increase while that of infiltration increase during the period that pipe flow produces. The flux of pipe flow is greater than that of infiltration and it can increase the discharge and flux of interflow. The effect of pipe flow on interflow is different according to different rainfall processes. As rainfall amount is larger and rainfall density is higher, the characteristic of pipe flow is more obvious and the effect on interflow is greater.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 38-42 [
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1717
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2770KB] (
1318
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43
LI Xiao-Lei-；Zhang-Guang-Can-；Zhou-Ze-Fu-；Liu-Xia-；Chen-Xin-Jun-；Zhang-Chu-Yong
Response to light of water utilization efficiency of walnut leaf in different soil moisture in loess hilly region
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 43-47 [
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1368
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3429KB] (
1475
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48
WANG Jin-Jian-；Cui-Pei-Hua-；Liu-Xia-；Wang-Li-；Zhang-Chu-Yong
Water-holding capacity of litter layer for different forest vegetation in ecological restoration of small watershed
Water-holding capacity of litter layer for different forest vegetation was researched in ecological restoration of Liuzhuang small watershed, in Zoucheng city, Shandong province. Results indicate that: ①Litter layer of forest vegetation play an important role in water-holding capacity. The maximum water-holding percentage of litter layer for different forest vegetation is 85.0%～198.2%, being larger for broad leaf forest than that for coniferous forest. Coniferous forest is still remaining higher water-holding capacity, owing to the existing amount of coniferous litter is larger than that of broad leaved. The maximum water-holding capacity of litter layer for different forest vegetation is 1.54～2.53*!mm, being larger for coniferous-broad leaved mixed forests and coniferous forest than that for broad leaf forest , the order is
Quercus acutissim
a and
Platycladus orientali
s>
Platycladus orientali
s>
Pinus densiflora
and
Platycladus orientali
s>
Quercus acutissim
a>Robinia pseudoacacia. ②The dynamic course of water-holding capacity and water absorption rate are similar in different forest vegetation types. With the immersion time extending, the water-holding capacity is increasing. When the litter layer is immerged in the water for 8 hours, the water- holding capacity will reach the bigger value. From then on, with the time extending, the increasing range of water-holding capacity shows small. The water absorption rate of litter layer changes fastly in the front 4 hours, after then it becomes smooth. The litter layer stops absorbing water when it reaches the 24th hours. ③The effective interception of different forest vegetation was 0.61～1.43*!mm, coniferous-broad leaved mixed forests>broad leaf forest>coniferous forest, the order was
Quercus acutissim
a and
Platycladus orientali
s>Robinia pseudoacacia>
Quercus acutissim
a>
Platycladus orientali
s>
Pinus densiflora
and
Platycladus orientali
s.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 48-52 [
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53
JIN Fang-；Zhang-Zhen-Meng-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Rao-Liang-Yi-；Niu-Jian-Zhi-；Lu-Chao-Wei-；Xie-Yuan-Yuan
Value evaluation of forest ecosystem services of Qilian mountain in Gansu province
In order to cause the attention of society and people to the forest ecosystem, and advance the ecological environment conservation in the Northwest China, value of the forest ecosystem services of Qilian mountain in Gansu province were evaluated by using the methods of shadow engineering, market price, substitution expenditure, opportunity-cost, capitalized returns, and so on. The results indicate that the annual general forest ecosystem service value in this area amount to 2430 million yuan (Chinese RMB), of which, 930 million yuan for storing water, 564 million yuan for soil conservation, 26.91 million yuan for carbon dioxide fixation and oxygen production, 741 million yuan for air purification, 151 million yuan for biodiversity protection and 16.88 million yuan for forest landscape and tourism.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 53-57 [
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1596
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2806KB] (
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58
CHANG Guo-Liang-；Diao-Mo-Qi-；He-Kang-Ning-；Shi-Chang-Jing
Water consumption of forests in project area of returning farmland to forests in Datong county, Qinhai province
In order to provide proof for tree species selection in returning farmland to forest project, based on Penman-Monteith equation and oriented flux method, the paper has studied the seasonal changes of water consumption of forests in 2002 and 2003.The studied tree species are
Picea crassifolia
,
Picea purpurea
,
Larix principis-rupprechtii
,
Betula platyphylla
,
Populus cathayana
,
Hippophae rhamnoides
, which were planted for returning farmland into forests since early 1980s. It was concluded that: The month avenge relative error of two calculating stands evapotranspiration methods is 5.7%. The total evapotranspiration of middle stand of mixed forests composed of
Populus cathayana
with
Hippophae rhamnoides
,pure forest of
Betula platyphylla
, mixed forest of
Populus cathayana
with shrubs, mixed forest of
Betula platyphylla
with
Picea crassifolia
and
Hippophae rhamnoides
is 488～538mm, the total evaporation accounting for 74%～79% of total evapotranspiration, the total vaporation is 10%～12% of that and no surface runoff. However, the avenge total evapotranspiration of young aged stands of pure forest of
Picea purpurea
,
Populus cathayana
,
Larix principis-rupprechtii
, mixed forests composed of
Picea crassifolia
is 450～510mm, the total evaporation accounting for 45%～69% of total evapotranspiration, the total evaporation is 16%～44% of that and a surface runoff is 1%～6% of precipitation. The transpiration of the most stands in the period from June to August accounts for 80% of that in total year.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 58-65 [
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1358
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1308
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66
NI Jiu-Bai-；Xie-Chun-Yan-；Wei-Chao-Fu-；Xie-De-Ben
Recent development of predictive model of soil erosion
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 66-71 [
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1295
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3617KB] (
1493
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72
ZHENG Cui-Ling-；Cao-Zi-Long-；Diao-Ting-Ning-；Sun-Bao-Beng-；Ding-Guo-Dong
Succession disciplinarian of vegetation in abandoned land in agricultural cross bedding on south edge of Otindag sandy land
The characteristics of plant communities on abandoned land in different years were surveyed in agricultural cross bedding in the south edge of Otindag sandy land. The results showed that there were four stages in the whole succession of abandoned land, including annual weeds stage, overgrowth grass stage, perennial root grass stage and perennial overgrowth grass stage; changes of total over ground biomass and the abandoned time was not a linear dependence relation, and with increasing of time, the proportion of perennial grass over ground biomass in the total over ground biomass increased too. By comparing the characteristics of plant communities in different pasture disturbances, another result was gained that abandoned land shouldn't be made use in the first two stages, but appropriate use was allowed in the last two succession stages. Along with increasing years of abandoned plant, as long as surface soil is not destroyed, the land would have a progressive succession and reach the partial climax community, and then would cause regressive succession under pasture disturbance.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 72-76 [
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1446
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1257
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77
LIU Beng-；Ma-Lv-Yi-；Hao-Yi-Rong
Effect of eco-mat on soil temperature and water content and weed of afforestation in river-beach
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 77-81 [
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1339
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2733KB] (
1373
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82
YAN Min-；Sun-Bao-Beng-；Lu-Zhen-You-；Tao-Li-Gong-；Guo-Shi-Fu
Discrete particle dynamics model and dynamic process for blown sand sport
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 82-87 [
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1366
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3701KB] (
1372
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88
HONG Xiang-；Zhou-Meng-Yao-；Diao-Rui-Long-；Xu-Fang
Present research condition and prospect for ecological slope protection technology of town stream channel
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 88-92 [
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1362
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3344KB] (
2585
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93
YANG Ai-Min
Pan-ecochain theory based on social-economic-natural complex ecosystem
Based on analyzing and concluding the food chain theory, the concepts of pan-ecosystem, pan-eco-element, pan-ecochain, pan-ecoweb on the basis of social-economic-natural complex ecosystem were put forward for the first time, and the types of pan-ecochain were divided and discussed. The pan-ecochain theory was further development and innovation of the food chain theory, and could scientifically explain and described the relations among the pan-eco-elements in the complex ecosystem.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 93-96 [
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1531
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2384KB] (
1249
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97
CHENG Jin-Hua-；Zhang-Hong-Jiang-；Shi-Yu-Hu
Relationship between soil characteristics and preferential flow paths in forest land of granite area, the Three Gorges
Preferential flow paths” means the soil pores formed by plant roots, burrowing animals, cracks and fissures caused by soil shrinkage and soil swell and finger channels made by unsteady wet front. The distribution of "preferential flow paths" in soil profile was measured through the field experiments of a soil profile. Soil water characteristics were also measured by standard laboratory measurements of soil samples. The results showed that soil bulk density at depths 83cm to 110cm was the lowest. The volume of capillary pores is less than that in other layers. This shows that there are many “preferential flow paths” caused by non-capillary pores in this layer. The results also show that “preferential flow paths” are higher in the soil layer from 80*!cm to 100*!cm. The soil in this layer contains many coarse particles, which is benefit to form “preferential flow paths”. The “preferential flow paths” accelerates the saturated infiltration rate of this soil layer, and the quickly moving water in this layer also enhances further formation and development of “preferential flow paths”. The existence of “preferential flow paths” affects soil water characteristics; and on the other hand, soil water characteristics influence the formation and development of “preferential flow paths”.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 97-101 [
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1599
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2797KB] (
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102
FU Meng-Qing-；Jin-Xiao-Hua-；Zhang-Xia-；Luo-Xi-Chao
Undermost board theory of dam flood control criterion of dam system and its application and account
Based on successful experience and lessons of dam collapsing in the process of dam system building and running, undermost board theory of flood control criterion of dam system is put forward through scientific generalization. It will exert a strongly theory oriented effect on dam system developing healthily and stably. The occurring odds of dam system destroyed by water can be forecasted according to its characteristic and innovation, especially chain dam collapsing. The unique meaning of flood-control criterion of dam system in theory is indicated by the theory, according to it, dam system construction can be brought into the scientific and standard process, and development of dam system security and steady can be promoted. Dam types of flood-control and the meaning of whole dam system safety were clarified. The calculation methods of flood-control ability in actual dam system units and distinguish of revising security of flood-control were also introduced. The application of the theory in evaluation of flood-control ability and reinforce and matching of dam system were indicated too.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 102-107 [
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1494
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3340KB] (
1277
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108
LI Jin-Yo
Overview on soil and water conservation in Taiwan
The historical process of soil and water conservation in Taiwan, professional administration and organizational frameworks of soil and water conservation bureau, faculties and curriculum distributions related to department and research institute of soil and water conservation, to set up the doctoral program of disastrous prevention and water resources engineering, and integrated the professional multidiscipline and cooperation with industries, to promote the real benefits and offer advance contributions among the industry, government, and universities were introduced.
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 108-111 [
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1256
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1462
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112
LI Xiao-Jin-；Bi-Hua-Xin-；Diao-Dui-Min-；Liu-Li-Feng-；Li-Xiao-An-；Li-Dun
The measurement principles of TRIME-TDR system and its application in Caijiachuan watershed of Loess Plateau, China
null
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 112-115 [
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1463
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116
SHI De-Meng-；Tang-Ke-Li-；Shi-Hua-Zheng
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 116-119 [
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986
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120
2005 Vol. 3 (1): 120-121 [
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