中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2023 Vol.21 No.6　　Published 2023-12-30
  
 
Foundamental Studies
1 CAO Yousong, XIAO Bo, JIANG Zihao
Soil weathering and pedogenesis effect of biocrusts in the Chinese Loess Plateau
[Background] As the pioneer groups extensively developed in arid and semiarid areas, biocrusts have a variety of ecological functions including essential weathering and pedogenic effects on the surface soil. These biocrust effects on soil weathering and formation are of great importance but still have not yet been intensively investigated, especially for the primitive soil such as loess soil and aeolian sandy soil. [Methods] In the northern Chinese Loess Plateau, the biocrusts developed on loess and aeolian sandy soils for about 30 years were sampled by field investigation. The major elements geochemical characteristics of the soil within biocrust layer were explored by laboratory analysis, and the different weathering and pedogenic indicators that indicated pedogenic processes were quantified by formula calculation. The correlations among the weathering and pedogenic indicators and their interpretations were also revealed by correlation and factors analyses. [Results] 1) The contents of K2O, Na2O, CaO, and MgO in the soil within biocrust layer were significantly lower than those in un-crusted soil, while Al2O3 and Fe2O3 were comparatively enriched in biocrust layer. 2) The silica-alumina-iron ratio, silica-alumina ratio, leaching index, weathering and leaching coefficient, and de-alkalization coefficient of the soil within biocrust layer were averagely 40.0% lower than those of un-crusted soil, whereas the weathering index, residual index, plagioclase alteration index, and mafic alteration index were averagely 1.6 times higher than those of un-crusted soil. These results indicated that biocrusts greatly promoted the leaching process of soil base cations as compared with un-crusted soil, and the degree of alternation from primary minerals to secondary clay minerals in the soil within biocrust layer was higher than that in un-crusted soil. 3) In comparison to un-crusted soil, biocrusts promoted weathering process of soil minerals. More specifically, the chemical alteration index of soil within biocrust layer was 48.5 on average, indicating that it was transitioning from the primary to the moderate weathering stage. 4) According to the results of correlations and factors analyses, the chemical alteration index and plagioclase alteration index can be utilized as typical and representative indexes to indicate weathering and pedogenic processes of soil. [Conclusions] All the above findings indicated that biocrusts made a significant contribution to the weathering and pedogenic processes of primitive soils(loess and aeolian sandy soils). The development of biocrusts greatly promoted the base leaching, as well as the weathering and pedogenic degree of surface soil, which is of positive significance to soil formation and ecological restoration of the fragile ecological area in the Loess Plateau. It is, therefore, essential to pay high attention to biocrust effects on weathering and pedogenesis of soil in drylands.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 1-12 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4062KB] ( 390 )
13 ZHENG Jian, LI Yongchun, WANG Yan, SHI Cong, BAO Tingting
Effects of biochar addition on the infiltration, water and salt distribution of soil irrigated with brackish water
[Background] There are abundant brackish water resources in China, and the use of brackish water for irrigation poses a great danger to soil quality and sustainable use. Salinization has been a major threat to soil quality deterioration and sustainable agricultural development in arid and semi-arid regions. Combining biochar, which has strong adsorption properties and soil improvement effects, with brackish water irrigation and using brackish water resources in a scientific and rational manner is of great significance to alleviate water shortages and achieve sustainable agricultural development. [Methods] 4 biochar blends(0, 1%, 2% and 4%) and 4 water mineralization levels(0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L) were set. Soil moisture characteristic curves were measured by centrifuge method and fitted with Van-Genuchten model to analyze the soil moisture characteristic curves. The transport distance between the marsupial readings and the wetting front of soil column was recorded by indoor one-dimensional vertical constant head infiltration test, and the relationship between cumulative infiltration and time was fitted with Kostiakov model, and the relationship between the transport distance of wetting front and time was fitted with power function. [Results] 1) The volumetric water content of soil treated with 2% biochar was greatest when the mineralization of brackish water was 0. The volumetric water content of soil treated with 0 biochar was greatest when the mineralization of brackish water was 1, 3 and 5 g/L. The soil moisture characteristic curves of different treatments could be accurately described using the Van-Genuchten model, with R2 > 0.98. 2) In the same period, the cumulative infiltration time for each treatment was less than that of the control treatment. The length of infiltration time was 4% < 2% < 1% < 0 for brackish water mineralization of 0, and 2% < 4% < 1% < 0 for brackish water mineralization of 1, 3 and 5 g/L. The cumulative infiltration was described by the Kostiakov model with R2> 0.97. 3) Biochar significantly increased the transport distance of wetting fronts. When the mineralization of brackish water was 0, the shortest time was required to treat the transport distance of wetting front with 4% biochar; when the mineralization of brackish water was 1, 3 and 5 g/L, the shortest time was required to treat the transport distance of wetting front with 2% biochar. The transport distance of wetting front can be described by a power function with R2 > 0.99. 4)Biochar significantly increased the mean mass water content of the soil, but it increased and then decreased, with the peak occurring in the 2% treatment; the soil conductivity increased with the increase of biochar, and the most significant effect of salt adsorption in the soil was observed in the 4% treatment of biochar. [Conclusions] The combined use of biochar and brackish water can help alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand. Biochar can significantly improve the water-holding capacity of the soil and has a strong adsorption effect on salt ions in the soil, improving the distribution of soil water and salt and effectively alleviating the problem of land salinization.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 13-22 [Abstract] ( 62 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1242KB] ( 261 )
23 WANG Qiong, FAN Zhiping, CHEN Han, HAN Qing, LI Xincang, LI Yifan
Distribution characteristics of labile organic carbon in the soil aggregate in periglacial landforms of eastern Liaoning
[Background] The stability of soil aggregates, the basic units of soil structure, is a key property for many soil ecological processes and functions such as soil and water conservation and soil carbon sequestration potential. The stability of aggregates is strongly correlated with labile carbon, and soil aggregation is mainly affected by labile organic carbon. The periglacial landform of eastern Liaoning is experiencing severe soil erosion and loss of soil fertility due to its special geological conditions. This study aims to reveal the stability of soil carbon and its regulation mechanism. [Methods] In June 2019, about 1 kg of undisturbed soil blocks were collected at depths of 0-10 cm at 4 vegetation types(mid-mountain grassland, natural secondary forest, larch plantation and riparian grassland) according to elevations in periglacial landforms in the mountain areas of eastern Liaoning. Aggregate distribution and stability were determined using dry-sieving methods: 2.000, 1.000, 0.250 and 0.038 mm mesh sieves from top to bottom. After separation, the fractions of the aggregates were dried at 60 ℃ and then weighed. SOC(soil organic carbon) was determined by the digestion method with K2Cr2O7-H2SO4. Labile organic carbon was determined by the oxidation of 333 mmol/L KMnO4. [Results] The content of labile organic carbon in the soil aggregates with particle size >2.000, >1.000-2.000 and >0.250-1.000 mm of different vegetation types was basically the same, showing the following order: mid-mountain grassland > natural secondary forest > larch plantation > riparian grassland, decreasing with altitude. The contribution rate of soil aggregate liable organic carbon decreased with aggregate size in mid-mountain grassland, natural secondary forest and larch plantation. Nevertheless, the contribution rate of labile organic carbon within aggregate size >0.25 mm was higher, and the contribution rate of >0.038-0.250 mm was lower. The linearly positive correlation was found between content of the soil aggregate labile organic carbon and total organic carbon. And the correlation between soil aggregate labile organic carbon and total organic carbon was more significant at the larger size. Soil aggregate organic carbon, labile organic carbon and non-labile organic carbon were positively correlated with vegetation coverage, litter biomass, root biomass and Eh, and negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen, bulk density, pH and water content. [Conclusions] The characteristics of liable organic carbon in soil aggregates are mainly affected by vegetation characteristics, and soil physical and chemical characteristics were caused by vegetation type and temperature change-driven elevational changes. Therefore, more attentions should be paid to the impact of vegetation change and climate warming on soil carbon pool of periglacial landform in eastern Liaoning. The results of this study may provide a reference for the regulation of soil carbon pool stability in periglacial landforms in the mountain areas of eastern Liaoning.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 23-31 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1102KB] ( 211 )
32 ZHU Qingzheng, FENG Zhipei, FENG Erpeng, ZHANG Guangyuan, KONG Yuhua
Phospholipid fatty acid analysis of soil microorganisms in different vegetation zones along an altitudinal gradient in Qilian Mountains
[Background] Soil microbial community structure and distribution characteristics can be used as highly sensitive indicators reflecting environmental changes.The Qilian Mountain is an important ecological security barrier for western China.However, the distribution characteristics of soil microbial community structure and its influencing factorsin this area were rarely reported. [Methods] Soil samples were collected from four soil layers(0-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm) in different vegetation zones along an altitudinal gradient, i.e., 2 830 m(E1), 2 860 m(E2), 2 890 m(E3), 2 900 m(E4) and 2 920 m(E5) in Qilian Mountains.Soil microbial community composition and structure among the five elevation gradients were detected using the phospholipidfatty acid(PLFA) labeling method, and their physicaland chemical properties were determined. [Results]1)In total, 31 PLFAs were detected from the soil of the five altitudinal gradients, and the total PLFA(28)and content((770.55±23.77) nmol/g) in E3 soil were significantly higher than those in other elevations(P<0.05). The PLFA biomarkers with high content were 15:0 iso, 16:00, 18:1 w7c, 18:1 w9c and 16:0 10-methyl. The bacteria were the most dominant microorganisms, while the abundance of protozoa was the lowest in these soils.2)Except for protozoa, the PLFA biomarkers' contents of soil microorganisms in different vegetation zones showed a trend of E3>E2>E4>E5>E1.With the increase of soil layers, the contents of PLFA biomarkers tended to decrease in E1, E2 and E3 soil, while increase in E4 and E5 soil.3)Principal component analysis showed that the explanatory variances of the two principal components related to soil microbial PLFA community structure were 57.35% and 35.73%, respectively, which basically distinguished the microbial community characteristics at different altitudes.Correlation analysis of the principal component score with 31 PLFA biomarkers showed that in 27 PLFA biomarkers were significantly correlated with PC1 score and 18 PLFA biomarkers were significantly correlated with PC2 score(P<0.05).The redundancy analysis showed that the first and second ordination axes accounted for 89.45% and 5.04%, respectively.Soil microbial communities were negatively correlated with pH, clay and silt volume fractions, while positively correlated with soil water content, sand volume fraction, total carbon(TC), total nitrogen(TN) and C/N(P<0.05).[Conclusions]Variations in soil water content, soil TC and TN contents resulted from altitude gradients could have a strong influence on soil microbial community diversity.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 32-42 [Abstract] ( 51 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1243KB] ( 211 )
43 LUO Haiyan, WU Zhuo, GAN Ziying, CHEN Jiayi, HE Peiting, CHEN Zhenfang
Spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of coupling coordination of “production- living-ecology” space functions in the Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration
[Background] With the accelerated urbanization of the Pearl River Delta(PRD), urban and rural construction land has been expanding, resulting in a series of problems such as serious soil erosion, damage to the ecological environment, and unbalanced development of urban and rural areas. The contradiction in the utilization of “production-living-ecology” space in the PRD is prominent, but the development relationship between internal coupling and coordination is not clear. We propose to quantitatively identify the evolutionary characteristics of the spatial coupling and coordination relationship among the three living things in the PRD. [Methods] We used the coefficient of variation method and entropy weight method to construct the evaluation index system of three spatial functions. Using the coupled coordination model, we calculated the degree of coupling and the degree of coupled coordination of the three living spaces in the PRD for the year 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 and 2019. Then, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variation characteristics based on ArcGIS software. [Results] 1) The interaction of the three spatial functions of the cities in the PRD urban agglomeration was getting closer and closer, and the number of high-coupling cities has nearly doubled, showing the characteristics of moving from the running-in stage to the high coupling stage. 2) The evolution of the relationship between three space functions showed the characteristics of overall coordinated development, and the number of imbalanced cities decreased by nearly double. These manifested the overall coupling coordination degree changing from imbalanced to coordinated. Besides, the north-south cities' coupling coordination degree increased significantly. 3) The difference between the two coupling coordination degrees was obvious, and the coupling coordination of “production-living” functions was poor, which was the key direction for the optimization of the three spatial functions for the PRD urban agglomerations. [Conclusions] By exploring the characteristics of the functional coordination evolution of the PRD in the past 20 years, this study revealed that a systematic analysis of the interaction between the multi-functional relationships of the PRD may help identify the unbalanced and uncoordinated development of ecology, production and life, so as to provide a scientific basis for the overall improvement of soil and water conservation functions and the restoration of ecology in the PRD.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 43-52 [Abstract] ( 118 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4828KB] ( 177 )
53 WANG Jiani, WANG Yunqi, LI Yaoming, WEI Shang, LI Cheng, WANG Yujie, QI Haimei
Landslide susceptibility assessment based on weighted information value model:A case study of Chongqing city
[Background] Affected by four types of factors: topography, geology, hydrological environment and human activities, landslide disasters occur frequently in Chongqing, with the distribution characteristics of “many points and wide areas”. The frequency of landslide disasters has caused huge casualties, property damage and ecological damage. Regional landslide susceptibility assessment is one of the effective measures for disaster prevention and control, which is of great significance to the government to carry out disaster risk management. The susceptibility evaluation was conducted at Chongqing city where landslide disaster seriously developed. [Methods] Elevation, slope, aspect, lithology, distance from construction, distance from water system, rainfall, soil type, land use, distance from road and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) were selected as the influencing factors affecting the development of landslides. The band set statistical tool of ArcGIS was used to test the correlation, and the factors with strong correlation were eliminated to form a landslide susceptibility evaluation index system. Based on the sample data of 8 756 historical landslide disaster sites from 2000 to 2020, with the support of remote sensing(RS) and geographic information system(GIS), the weighted information value model was used to evaluate the landslide susceptibility in the study area. [Results] 1) Based on the results of relevant analysis, the elevation factor was eliminated. 2) The main factors affecting the landslide development in the study area were water system, NDVI and slope. Among which the top 5 values of weighted information were: the distance was between 200 m and 500 m from water system(0.809), the NDVI was between 8% and 38%(0.563), the slope was between 13°and 20°(0.500), the distance was between 0 m and 200 m from water system(0.429), the distance was between 500 m and 1 000 m from water system(0.428). 3) The high and relatively high susceptibility areas accounted for 17.26% and 31.82% of the study area respectively, and the spatial distribution of relatively high susceptibility areas was highly consistent with the distribution of water system. [Conclusions] The research area is mainly dominated by high susceptibility area and medium susceptibility area, and the assessment accuracy of the weighted information value model is about 78.20%, which can better reflect the landslide disaster situation in Chongqing. The results provide technical reference for the prediction of landslide disaster in Chongqing and the government's disaster prevention and mitigation work.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 53-62 [Abstract] ( 86 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 9587KB] ( 205 )
 
Applied Studies
63 TIAN Zhiyuan, LIANG Yin, ZHAO Yuan, CAO Longxi, ZHAO Yan, WU Yihang
Updating method of soil erodibility factor in water-erosion areas of China and its application
[Background] Soil erodibility(named K factor) is one of the key parameters of the soil erosion equation. The K is the basic data for soil erosion monitoring, reflecting the difficulty of soil dispersion and transportation under the action of rainfall erosion, and its size is related to the characteristics of the soil. However, the existing national K map was made based on soil species data, and the survey was conducted nearly 40 years again. Besides, the soil-polygon linked method was used to produce the legacy map, which cannot reflect the K variability existing in the same soil polygon. [Methods]This article updated the national K-value map based on the soil series survey(completed from 2008 to 2018) and the random forest regression model. Firstly, the soil texture and organic matter content of 4 327 sample points were collected, and the K was calculated using the nomograph equation; when the soil organic matter content was >12%(mass fraction), the corrected EPIC formula was used to calculate the K. Secondly, the random forest regression model was used to train the K of the sample points, and a variety of environmental factors were used as prediction variables, including climate, surface temperature, vegetation index, terrain and parent rock type, and then remote sensing images were used to carry out spatial mapping. [Results]The cubic spline function combined with natural logarithm interpolated the content of very-fine sand content(≥0.050-0.100 mm) with high R2 and reasonable value. An exponential equation was built between the Nomo-K and EPIC-K values(R2=0.807 1). The updated map showed that the range of national K values was 0.005 1-0.074 5 t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2), with an average value of 0.029 8 t·hm2·h/(MJ·mm·hm2). The map of soil erodibility in China showed the macro rule that the K of the Loess Plateau and North China Plain was the largest, that of the southern and northeastern regions was the middle, and that of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau was the lowest. The spatial difference of the K factor was related to the distribution of main soil types in China. Besides, the divisions of soil and water conservation regions had various K values due to the comprehensive effect of natural factors and human activities. However, the updated K values still need to be corrected based on the measured data of runoff plots when applied in practice. [Conclusions]Our study improved the calculation method of the K, which is more accurate and objective. The updated K map reflects the recent soil condition and expresses the spatial variation of K in more detail with a 30 m resolution grid on a nationwide scale. This study will provide methods and data support for soil erosion investigation and monitoring.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 63-70 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 968KB] ( 242 )
71 ZHOU Dapeng, LUO Yang, GE Hua, GUO Hanyu, WANG Tangyu
Fortification design of slope runoff as well as interception and drainage system for pipeline engineering in mountain area
[Background]Water damage is the main disaster that threatens the safety of pipelines in mountain. Runoff scouring of pipeline construction scope is an important manifestation of water damage. Although some researches have been carried out on prevention and control of slope runoff, however, problems of interception and drainage of construction scope of pipeline in mountain still often occurs, such as inadequate protection, excessive protection or unreasonable protection. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a systematic study on design standards and protective measures system of slope runoff of construction scope in mountainous areas. [Methods]We selected highway, railway, municipal, water and soil conservation, oil and gas pipeline industry design standards and specifications for comparative analysis on interception and drainage of slope runoff. Then we selected 4 typical along-laying slopes and 4 typical cross-laying slopes of the mountain pipeline from Puning, Guangdong, Beilun, Zhejiang, Cangxi, Sichuan, Tongnan, and Congqing in the southern humid area to carry out hydrologic calculation and discuss the design essentials of interception and drainage system.[Results]1) Different design standards of interception and drainage are formulated according to different engineering grades and protection objects in highway, railway, municipal, water and soil conservation. 2)Simplified rational formula shall be adopted for hydrologic calculation of slope runoff, and the calculation accuracy can be improved by using local rainstorm atlas parameters.3) According to the calculation, the slope runoff of pipeline section with equal length in cross-laying slope is 8-10 times that of along-laying slope in southern humid area. For along-laying slope, the interval flow is 0.01-0.02 m3/s with an interval of 25-30 m, and the intercepting ditches or water blocking stems can be used to intercept runoff. The durability requirements for such structures are relatively low. For cross-laying slope, the interval flow is 0.12-0.20 m3/s with an interval of 30 m, and the interval flow is 0.19-0.34 m3/s with an interval of 50m. The intercepting ditches shall be set at the inner side of cross-laying construction scope, and the runoff shall be introduced to the downhill side based on microtopography. Such structures shall be considered to have certain durability and should adopt masonry, concrete and other structural forms. 4)In arid and semi dry areas in North China, fish scale pits, horizontal ditches and other land consolidation methods can be used to regulate slope runoff.[Conclusions]It is suggested that the design recurrence interval of flood for along-laying slope should be 3-5 years, that of cross-laying slope should be 20-30 years for pipelines with DN 800 and above, 15-20 years for pipelines with DN 200-DN 800, and 10-15 years for pipelines less than DN 200. The interception and drainage system on construction scope should be formulated according to the characteristics of cross-laying slope and along-laying slope in mountainous areas.This study can provide reference for the design and construction of hydraulic protection and water and soil conservation of pipeline projects in mountainous areas.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 71-79 [Abstract] ( 102 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 839KB] ( 157 )
80 FAN Lin, LIU Nan, ZHAO Li, JIANG Zixia, LIU Huxiang
Spatial layout and regionalization of desert nature reserves
[Background] Desert nature reserves are important ecological security barriers in arid and semi-arid areas of Northwest China. However, the existing desert nature reserves are partially overlapped and unevenly distributed, and the important desert natural ecosystems and biological species have not been effectively protected. Therefore, this study aims to systematically investigate and divide the natural ecological protection space in China's deserts, scientifically identify the protection gaps of each natural geographical region, and optimize the spatial layout by zoning and grading, so as to provide a reference for the rational spatial layout of China's desert nature reserves and maintaining the stability of desert ecosystems.[Methods] Based on ArcGIS spatial analysis, mathematical statistics and GAP analysis, with China's terrestrial desert regions and current nature reserves as subjects, the natural protection in deserts was geographically divided, the key areas for the construction of nature reserves were identified, as well as the protection gaps and geographical units with low protection effectiveness in desert nature reserves were analyzed and evaluated through the division of current nature reserves, natural geographical areas and various relevant special divisions combined with the integrity of desert landform, the difference of desert vegetation distribution and the spatial layout of nature reserves. On this basis, the layout plan for China's desert nature reserves was optimized. [Results] 1) The natural protection of deserts was geographically divided into 5 zones, 17 sub-zones and 58 small zones. There were 23 protection gaps in the natural ecological protection space of the deserts. 2) The background data of 40 desert nature reserves in China were constructed, with a coverage of 41×106 hm2, accounting for 27.83% of the total area of the national nature reserves, accounting for 9.14% of the total area of the deserts in China, and protecting 9.89% of the important natural ecosystems in the deserts. 3) National desert nature reserves were mainly distributed in the Qiangtang Block of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Kunlun Mountains and the Alxa Block and Hexi Corridor of the Northwest Plateau-Basin, presenting a trend of higher land coverage in the west and lower in the east in each province. 4) The optimized layout plan for desert nature reserves in deserts was proposed. It was suggested that 15 desert nature reserves should be newly built firstly, 1 promoted, 2 merged, 2 cancelled and 7 conversed. After optimization, there were 45 desert nature reserves, with an area of 44.08×106 hm2. [Conclusions] The optimized layout will fill in or improve the protection proportion of 9 small nature reserves in China's deserts, increase the protection proportion of the deserts from 9.14% to 9.83%, and enhance the priority protection of desert ecosystems from 9.89% to 14.47%, which solves the contradictions of overlapping, unreasonable spatial layout and unclear protection targets of the nature reserves in the deserts. Moreover, it will improve the systematic protection of fragile desert ecosystems and national key protected wildlife.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 80-92 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1938KB] ( 182 )
93 HOU Lirong, ZHANG Luan, LI Suqing
Characteristics of naturally colonized herbaceous plant communities in the tailings dam of the Zhongtiaoshan copper mining area
[Background] Mine tailings are one of the most serious and longest lasting products of environmental damage generated by mining activities. As an extremely degraded habitat, the tailings dam in the Zhongtiaoshan copper mine area is extremely difficult to restore the vegetation, and ecological restoration is urgently needed. The characteristics of naturally colonized herbaceous plant communities in the Shibahe tailings dam of the Zhongtiaoshan copper mining area were studied to reveal the relationship between herbaceous community diversity and environmental factors, and to screen out the dominant herbaceous species suitable for ecological restoration of tailing dam in copper mine area, so as to provide scientific basis for ecological restoration of tailing dams in copper mine area. [Methods] In September 2020, a total of 54 sampling plots were surveyed in 1 m×1 m samples of the naturally colonized herbaceous plant community at the tailings dam in the Zhongtiaoshan copper mining area according to the gradient change in elevation. The characteristics of naturally colonized herbaceous plant community in the tailings dam of Zhongjianshan copper mine area, was studied by using the methods of TWINSPAN classification, DCA ordination, M. Godron stability, and species diversity index. SPSS 20.0, Excel 2010 and Origin 2021 software were used for data analysis. [Results] 1) A total of 43 species belonging to 16 families and 38 genera were recorded in 54 sampling plots in the naturally colonized herbaceous plant community of the study area.2) 54 sampling plots of naturally colonized herbaceous plant communities in study area were divided into ten associations(Ⅰ-Ⅻ) by TWINSPAN classification. Association Ⅹ located at the top of tailings dam had the shortest revegetation period, while Associations I and II located at the bottom of tailings dam had the longest revegetation period.3) The community stabilities of the ten Associations were ranked as follows: Ⅳ>Ⅷ>Ⅶ>Ⅴ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ>Ⅵ>X>IX>Ⅱ, which indicated that all the ten Associations were in a relatively unstable state.4) The first DCA axis of 54 quadrats represented the changes of the revegetation period and the altitude of the tailings dam, and the second DCA axis represented the change of plant ecotypes.5) The revegetation period were the major limiting factors affecting the composition of the naturally colonized herbaceous plant communities in the tailings dam of the Zhongtiaoshan copper mining area.6) One-way ANOVA showed that the Patrick richness index and Shannon-Wiener heterogeneity index of ten Associations were significantly different(P<0.05). [Conclusions] The dominanrt plant species of Pennisetum alopecuroides and Bothriochloa ischaemum could be used in the ecological restoration of the tailings dams of Zhongjianshan copper mine area in the future.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 93-101 [Abstract] ( 61 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2445KB] ( 147 )
102 HE Li, YAN Junxia, DUAN Lanlan, LIU Ju, WANG Yan
Biomass allometric model of main forest types in Shanxi Plateau
[Background] The distribution pattern and estimation model of forest biomass differ greatly in different regions. It is necessary to establish a biomass growth model suitable for specific area and specific environmental conditions to accurately estimate regional forest biomass and reduce estimation errors. To establish biomass allometry models of different forest types in Shanxi Plateau is of scientific significance for forest productivity and carbon cycle research.[Methods] Based on the data of a total of 97 trees of 9 tree species, which was grouped into deciduous broad-leaved forest(DBF), temperate coniferous forest(TCF) and cold temperate coniferous forest(CCF), from 10 representative ecological stations in Shanxi province, as well as their biomass data of the each part of the species measured by harvest method, we established their biomass regression models by using diameter at breast height(D) and height(H) of a tree as the independent variables for the three forest types to compare the accuracy of the models. [Results] 1) The overall average proportion of total biomass in trunk, crown and root of the 9 tree species was 47.22%, 25.59% and 27.18%, respectively; except for Pinus sylvestris, the tree trunk biomass accounted for the largest proportion of the total biomass. The ratio of root to shoot of the all tree species ranged from 0.12-0.88, with a maximum and minimum ratio in both Platycladus orientalis and Pinus sylvestris. 2) Among trunk biomass models, the model including both D and H variables fitted well for all the species. The determination coefficient(R2) of the model for DBF, TCF and, CCF species, when both D and H was used as a combining variable(D2×H), reached 0.82, 0.97 and 0.96, respectively. The R2 of the model, when D and H were used as additive variable(D+H), were 0.84, 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, for DBF, TCF and CCF, respectively. For canopy and root biomass, the performance of the models was similar to those for the trunks, and both D and H could be well used to estimate their biomass. The R2 values of the fitted models for canopy biomass were 0.67, 0.75 and 0.88 for DBF, TCF, and CCF, respectively, and 0.61 and 0.70 for the roots biomass for both DBF and CF. 3) Comparing with the results from the Chinese Forest Model(CFM), the biomass prediction deviation from the current models was significantly less than those from the CFM. [Conclusions] The established allometric equations using both D and H as independent variables in our study are more suitable for biomass estimation of this area. In practical applications, a model that is applicable and meets the accuracy requirements should be selected for different sites.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 102-110 [Abstract] ( 99 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1313KB] ( 154 )
111 MA Lei, LI Cheng, SI Hongtao, LI Manyi, WANG Chen, MAO Zheng, WANG Ke
Dynamic monitoring and influencing factors of vegetation restoration on a mine park:A case study of Tongluo mountain
[Background] The implementation of mine ecological restoration project such as the Tongluo mountain has an important and positive effect on vegetation restoration and improvement of water and soil loss.It is of great significance to study the vegetation restoration dynamic change on the mine after restoring for the evaluation of mine ecological restoration benefits. It can objectively reflect the current situation of the mine ecological environment, explore the impact of the ecological restoration project on the vegetation restoration in different regions, and guide the next step of the ecological restoration project. [Methods] GF-2 remote sensing images and ecological restoration data were captured in Tongluo mountain mine park in 2010—2020, the image binary model was used to extract vegetation coverage data of Tongluo mountain mine park.To analyze vegetation coverage recovery trend and spatial distribution characteristics, these data were processed by unitary linearly regression analysis. The land transfer matrix was used to land cover transfer analysis, the relationship between vegetation coverage and space distribution characteristics and its influence of mine ecological restoration were studied.[Results] 1) From 2016 to 2020, the annual average vegetation coverage in the study area ranged from 62% to 71%, and the annual average vegetation coverage of the mining area ranged from 39% to 48%.2) In 2016, the vegetation coverage in the mine restoration area was dominated by ultra-low and low vegetation coverage, which accounted for 82.65% of the area. The vegetation coverage in 2020 was dominated by medium and high vegetation coverage, with high vegetation coverage accounting for 65.21% of the regional area, and moderate and high vegetation coverage accounting for 85.36% of the regional area.3) The area of vegetation improvement area in the study area was 78.78% of the total area, and the area of degraded area accounted for 12.18% of the total area. There was an obvious improvement trend, and the ecological situation was well restored. 4) In the five years, the bare land area changed the most with a decrease of 0.424 km2, followed by the forest land area with an increase of 0.321 km2, then residential land area with an increase of 0.102 km2. 5) The proportion of high vegetation coverage area increased from 7.14% in 2016 to 26.78% in 2020 in the mine restoration area, the growth rate of vegetation coverage was 0.025.[Conclusions]In the context of mine ecological restoration project, Tongluo mountain mine park has experienced significant vegetation recovery in the past years.From 2016 to 2020, the vegetation coverage of Tongluo mountain mine park was generally on the rise, and the vegetation coverage from both sides to the middle gradually decreased.Vegetation restoration project have both constructive and destructive effects on vegetation cover change in the Tongluo mountain mine park, but the positive effect is greater than the negative one.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 111 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4188KB] ( 167 )
121 ZHU Junlin, HOU Ruiping, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, YANG Feng, ZHANG Yuxuan, ZHENG Yonglin, SI Hongtao
Response mechanism of plant seedling roots and soil to acid rain in Jinyun Mountain,Chongqing
[Background] Acid rain is a prominent problem in southern China. It can affect the chemical element balance of plant and soil. Among them, carbon(C), nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) are important elements required for plant growth and development. And the response mechanisms of different plants and soils to acid rain vary. The study was conducted in Jinyun Mountain, a typical acid rain area in Southwest China. Four plant seedlings were selected for simulated experiments under different concentrations of acid rain. The response mechanisms of plants and soils to acid rain stress were investigated by analyzing plant root and soil C, N and P contents and ratios, as well as changes in plant root morphology under different acid rain concentrations. [Methods] The experiment took Chongqing native tree species Pinus massoniana, Cunninghamia lanceolata, Cinnamomum camphora and Phyllostachys edulis as the research objects, and conducted acid rain(SO42-∶NO3-=1∶1) simulation experiment in May 2021, with four different treatments, namely CK(pH 7.0 distilled water), pH 4.5, pH 3.5 and pH 2.5, described as pH7.0, pH4.5, pH3.5 and pH2.5 below. The plant root morphology and soil and root C, N and P contents were measured after 4 months in simulated acid rain environment. SPSS Statistics 22.0 was also applied for univariate analysis, Canoco 5 for redundancy analysis, and Origin 2021 for correlation analysis and graphing. [Results] 1) At pH3.5, the root total N content of C. lanceolata and C. camphorar was significantly inhibited(P<0.05) and decreased by 18.86% and 35.66%, respectively, compared with the CK, and at pH4.5 the organic carbon stock of P.massoniana soil was elevated while the total N of P. edulis soil was lost. 2) Acid rain had different effects on each plant-soil C∶N∶P. The root C∶N of C. lanceolata and C. camphora increased significantly to 50.26 and 61.33 at pH3.5. The trends of root nitrogen and phosphorus changes were consistent under the acid rain treatment, and P. massoniana, C. lanceolata and P. edulis were limited by nitrogen elements. 3) Different plant roots behaved differently under the influence of acid rain, which promoted the root growth of P. massoniana and C. lanceolata and inhibited the root growth of C.camphora and P. edulis. 4) Root morphology was significantly positively correlated with root C∶N and root total carbon content, while it was significantly negatively correlated with root N∶P. [Conclusions] Tree species may influence the overall plant-soil response mechanism to acid rain. Short-term acid rain has not yet disrupted the overall balance of each plant-soil, and the buffering capacity of C. lanceolata soils is stronger than that of P. massoniana, C. lanceolata, and P. edulis soils, and the root system responds more positively to acid rain.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 121-130 [Abstract] ( 54 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3332KB] ( 139 )
 
Review
131 HAN Lei, ZHAO Zilin, YANG Meili, LIU Zhao, ZHAO Yonghua
Research progress and prospects of gully shoulder line in the Loess Plateau
[Background] The gully shoulder line is the topographic structure line that can best reflect the morphological characteristics of loess landform. The shape, level, and spatial distribution of the gully shoulder line show the regional differences of loess geomorphology and is also an important basis for measuring gully erosion and landform evolution. The research of the gully shoulder line has gradually matured and has widely used. This paper systematically summarizes the current research results and scientific theoretical progress of the gully shoulder line, deeply ponders over the current research status, aiming to explore future research emphases and promote the subsequent research. [Methods] In this study, using “gully shoulder line” and “positive and negative terrain” as the keywords, relevant references were selected from CNKI, Web of Science core database and other domestic and foreign databases. Starting from the definition, this paper reviewed and summarized the conceptual model and extraction method of the gully shoulder line, and used VOSviewer software to analyze it, so as to clearly grasp the research hotspots and application directions of gully shoulder line. [Results]1) The gully shoulder line can reflect the internal evolution process of loess landforms. At present, the cognition of the gully shoulder line is relatively perfect, but its classification system is shortage. 2) There are currently 4 commonly used extraction methods: Image hand-painted method, geomorphological morphology method, image segmentation, and point cloud data method, but the scope of application is not wide and the extraction accuracy is different, the traditional image hand drawing method has the highest accuracy, but it needs a lot of manpower and material resources. Compared with the traditional extraction method, the method based on geomorphic morphology is of higher efficiency, but the effect on extraction accuracy and continuity is poor. The method based on image segmentation is better in accuracy and extraction efficiency, but the algorithm of model method is more complex. The accuracy of point cloud data extraction method is second only to the traditional method. It can reflect the rich detailed information of the gully shoulder line, but it needs strong computer carrying capacity. 3) The application research of the gully shoulder line is relatively simple, and the wide range application is less. The most widely used research is based on the loess landform, followed by the research on soil erosion of the gully, while the research on land use and vegetation cover is less. [Conclusions] The study proposes that the future research on the gully shoulder line should focus on the following aspects: High-precision automatic extraction, global efficiency and local fidelity of the extraction algorithm of the gully shoulder line, the coupling relationship between the gully shoulder line and the gully of the Loess Plateau, providing theoretical reference and new thoughts for researchers.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 131-143 [Abstract] ( 101 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1454KB] ( 172 )
144 ZHANG Dengxiao, JIE Hongbin, ZHANG Wenjing, GAO Ya, RAO Wei, LI Donghao, WANG Daichang
Effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention and crop drought resistance:A review
[Background] With the aggravation of global climate change, drought stress has become one of the main limiting factors affecting agricultural production. Reports showed that most crop yield reduction was related to drought, which would result in food shortages especially in arid and semi-arid areas. Therefore, it is critical to improve the drought resistance of crops, and the increase of soil water holding capacity may ensure agricultural production and food security. Biochar soil amendment shows the benefit in promoting crop growth and improving soil structure and fertilizer retaining, and have the function of increasing soil water holding capacity and alleviating crop drought stress. [Methods] We reviewed the literatures related to the effect of biochar amendment on soil water retention and on crop drought resistance ability. We conducted literature search via Web of Science, Wiley-Blackwell and CNKI, using the keywords of “biochar” “soil water” and “drought stress”. We discussed the effect of biochar soil amendment on soil water retention and crop resistance for drought stress, and the potential mechanisms, and gave a brief overview of the future research direction. [Results] Drought stress is the main environmental stress factor affecting agricultural production, which seriously affects crop growth, especially the continuous severe drought may cause the disorder of crop metabolism and even lead to crop death. Under drought stress, crops may adjust biomass allocation, especially promoting root growth to get more water, and crops may adapt to drought stress through a series of physiological and biochemical reactions. Researches demonstrated that biochar improved the drought resistance of crops, including mechanisms of improvement of root architecture, and increased the secretion of root exudate, increased the activity of soil microbe. And biochar may adjust crop osmotic potential and increase the water use efficiency of crops. In addition, biochar soil amendment may increase soil water holding capacity, and the key mechanisms including the large numbers of hydrophilic functional group of biochar, the improvement of soil porosity especially the decrease of soil bulk density increased the field water capacity. Due to the variability of biochar properties and soil conditions, it leads to the variability effect of biochar soil amendment on soil water retention and crop resistance for drought stress, and the mechanisms had insufficient understanding. [Conclusions] It is certainly that biochar soil amendment demonstrates the potential to increase soil water retention and increase the drought resistance of crops, and shows a long-term lasting effect. While the mechanisms of biochar on soil water holding capacity and on crop physiological response in different types and textures of soils, and it is urgent to identify the key influencing factors under different. Field experiments are necessary to explore the suitable biochar application method for different soil conditions, and determine the persistence effect, and develop the biochar-based water-retaining products.
2023 Vol. 21 (6): 144-150 [Abstract] ( 81 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 811KB] ( 181 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Accepted for Inclusion in Scopus
2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of CSCD during 2019-2020
SSWC Indexed in the 2017 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Appreciation for peer reviewer of SSWC Editorial Board
2017 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in the Yangling of Shaan
Professor Wang Lixian, Former Editor-in-Chief of SSWC Won Norman Hudson Memory Award
Calls for Papers in English
Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as a Member of 9th National Committee of CAST
Three Members of SSWC Editorial Board Rewarded as NOSTW in 7th Session Assessment
Election of 4th Editorial Board and First Meeting of New Board Held in Beijing
Deputy Editor-in-Chief of SSWC, Academician Cui Peng elected as a member of the IRDR SC
Notice About The 5 Not-Allowed Rules While Publishing Academic Articles by 7 Organizations
SSWC Indexed in “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Calls for Papers
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of Chinese Science Citation Database During
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Five Papers of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Determined as Excellent in 5th Assessment
Congratulations to Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as Academician of Chinese Academy of Scie
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