中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2023 Vol.21 No.5　　Published 2023-10-30
  
 
Foundamental Studies
1 LI Hong, BAO Yuhai, HE Xiubin
Comparative analysis of different measurement principles of water turbidity
[Background] Turbidity is one of the important indexes of water quality detection in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. As a common instrument and equipment for water turbidity measurement, the turbidity meter has a wide variety of measurement methods. In the current water quality evaluation work, the applicable conditions and scope of the turbidity meter are often ignored, and the true turbidity of the water body cannot be obtained,This paper summarizes numerous literature, sorts out the advantages and disadvantages of various measurement methods of turbidity, and helps readers to choose turnitacturometer in an appropriate environment.[Methods] In the measurement method of turbidity, the calculation method, remote sensing inversion method, analogy method, turbidification method and photoelectric detection method are obtained. The calculation method calculates the turbidity through the sediment chlorophyll in the water, and the remote sensing inversion method is to reverse the turbidity by using the empirical model. The comparison method is to replace the turbidity. The photoelectric detection method is to obtain the turbidity by judging the light intensity absorbed or reflected by the liquid to be measured. When the turbidity value of the tested solution is >10 000, a desktop laboratory neopidometer can be used to determine the diluted tested liquid.[Results] From the selection of turbidimeter light source, the color, stability, luminescence intensity, measurement of particles and optical system of tungsten halogen lamp and infrared LED are analyzed. The comparison shows that infrared LED has wider applicability. Measurement methods are divided into indirect measurement and direct measurement, indirect method is divided into calculation method, remote sensing inversion method, analogy method. Direct measurement methods include:turbidimetric method, photoelectric detection method. The current commonly used method is photoelectric detection method in direct measurement. According to the optical path principle of photoelectric detection method, incident light can be divided into transmitted light, scattered light and transmitted scattered light, among which the scattered light can be divided into 90° scattering method, rear scattering method, front scattering method, surface scattering method, underwater scattering method, etc. Based on the principle of turbidity measurement, the upper limit of commercially available turbidity meters is 9 999 NTU. When the turbidity of water sample is greater than the upper limit, in order to meet the needs of emergency detection, the bench laboratory turbidity meter (measuring range 0~9 999 NTU) can be used for dilution determination of high turbidity water sample. For different application scenarios, laboratory, on-site online and portable have their own characteristics.[Conclusions] 1) For the turbidimeter's light source, infrared LED stability and optical system are more stable.2) The transmission formula, 90° scattering formula, back scattering formula and surface scattering formula are applicable to water bodies with turbidity >2 000, <2 000, 10~4 000 and <1 000 NTU The transmission scattering type sensitivity is high, but the measurement range is limited3) In different application scenarios, the accuracy of the field is second only to the laboratory; portable accuracy and measurement range are limited.In the present paper summarizes the applicability of turbidity meter in different measuring principles, points out the methods and instruments suitable for turbidity monitoring in different water bodies, and provides reference for water quality monitoring and evaluation.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 895KB] ( 417 )
9 GUO Xingyue, WANG Tian, CHENG Shengdong, LI Zhanbin, ZHANG Jiao, LI Peng
Spatio-temporal pattern change of land use based on fractal theory: Taking Jialing River basin as an example
[Background] Land use type is an important indicator to quantitatively predict the degree of soil erosion, which reflects the situation of soil and water loss in the basin to a certain extent. Its change process directly reflects the interaction between human activities and the natural environment. Over the years, scholars have constantly innovated research methods and models to explore the law of land use change. This study discusses the temporal and spatial change pattern of land use from the perspective of fractal theory, and provides scientific reference for future watershed soil and water conservation planning.[Methods] Based on fractal theory, Jialing River basin was selected as the research object. By calculating the land use conversion matrix from 1990 to 2005 and from 2005 to 2020, we calculated the fractal dimension and stability index of the whole basin and different land uses in the third phase, and established a regression model. Further we analyzed the transformation of area and the stability of spatial pattern, and deeply explored the changes of spatial and temporal pattern of land use in 1990, 2005 and 2020 to clarify the rules of land use structure change and evolution transformation. [Results] From 1990 to 2020, the area of cultivated land and grassland decreased, and the area of woodland, waters, construction land and unused land increased. The number of patches in the overall land use type decreased, and the average patch area showed an upward trend. The number of patches of the overall land use type showed a downward trend, and the average patch area showed an upward trend. The average patch area of woodland increased the most, 11.81 hm2, and the average patch area of grassland increased the least, 0.74 hm2. The number of patches of cultivated land, woodland, grassland, waters and unused land showed a downward trend, while the number of patches of construction land only showed an upward trend, of which the number of patches of woodland decreased the most, by 591 833, and the number of patches of construction land increased the most, by 15 130. The fractal dimensions of the overall land use in 1990, 2005 and 2020 were 1.486 3, 1.497 2 and 1.514 2 respectively, rising gradually. The internal self similarity of the Jialing River basin weakened, and the patch shape developed toward an irregular state. The fractal dimensions of cultivated land, woodland, grassland, waters and construction land increased year by year. The fractal dimensions of unused land decreased first and then increased. The fragmentation of polygon patches of most land use types increased, fragmentation was serious, nesting structures became more complex, and spatial structure stability decreased. [Conclusions] Influenced by the "Changzhi" project and the policy of returning farmland to forests, the land use in the Jialing River region has changed greatly from 1990 to 2020 due to human activities. The overall fractal dimension of land use has gradually increased, the self similarity within the watershed has weakened, the patch shape has developed towards an irregular state, the nested structure of polygon patches has become complex, and the stability of spatial structure has decreased.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 9-18 [Abstract] ( 97 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2792KB] ( 228 )
19 HOU Wenning, WANG Haiyan, NING Yihong, ZOU Jiahe, ZHAO Han
Soil water-holding capacity under different land use types in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
[Background] Soil water-holding capacity determines its function of water conservation and indirectly reflects its capacity of water redistribution. Land use type is one of the factors affecting soil water-holding capacity. Reasonable land use types may improve soil structure and soil fertility, and adjust hydrothermal conditions for plant growth. Thus, it is desirable to take the soil under three land use types (garden, woodland and farmland) in six catchment areas of the Sunxi River watershed in Jiangjin city, Chongqing as the research object to explore the differences and influencing factors of soil water-holding capacity. The result may provide a reference for the selection of land use types in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. [Methods] We collected 126 undisturbed soil samples in total under garden, woodland and farmland for soil bulk density and water-holding capacity measurement, and 126 composite soil samples for organic matter determination. The ANOVA was used to clarify the differences of soil bulk density, soil porosity and soil water-holding capacity under different land use types and different catchment areas, and correlation analysis and stepwise regression were applied to find out the dominant factors affecting soil water-holding capacity. [Results] 1) Significant differences were found for soil bulk density, total porosity and non-capillary porosity at soil depth of 20-40 cm under different land use types (P<0.05). The soil bulk density was in the order of farmland> garden> woodland with a significant difference between farmland and woodland, while the total porosity and non-capillary porosity showed the opposite trend. 2) The mean values of soil saturated water content, capillary water capacity and field capacity of woodland at 0-40 cm were the largest, and the soil water-holding capacity was woodland> garden> farmland. 3) The water-holding capacity was shown as lower section> middle section> upper section of the Sunxi River with a significant difference between the lower section and the upper section under the same land use type (P<0.05). 4) At depth of 0-40 cm, the soil water-holding capacity showed a significantly negative correlation with soil bulk density,significant positive correlations with total porosity, capillary porosity, non-capillary porosity and soil aeration (P<0.05), but no significant correlations with soil volumetric water content and soil organic matter content (P>0.05).[Conclusions] Soil water-holding capacity is the highest in the woodland and the lowest in the farmland. Soil bulk density and soil porosity are the main affecting factors. The results can provide a reference for land use planning and data support for soil erosion control in Jiangjin city.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 19-28 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1972KB] ( 202 )
29 LUO Lan, XI Yuan, HUA Zhongchen, YAO Linlin, JIANG Guiying, SHEN Fengmin, LIU Fang, LIU Shiliang
Effects of typical soil types and land use patterns on soil labile organic matter and carbon pool management index in Henan province
[Background] Labile organic matter (LOM) is a vital index to soil fertility, and it is more sensitive than soil organic matter to human and nature activities in short term. Soil type and land use are the main factors on LOM. Therefore, the study on the effect of different soil types and land use patterns on LOM and carbon pool management index (CPMI) will provide a scientific theoretical basis for soil sustainable development in Henan province. [Methods] Based on the typical soil types and different land use patterns in Henan province, the characteristics of LOM and soil CPMI by soil types and land use patterns were studied. In this study, three typical soil types (fluvo-aquic soil, Shajiang black soil, and cinnamon soil) and four land use patterns (orchard, farmland, vegetable land, and wasteland) were selected. The LOM was measured and divided into different components by KMnO4 oxidation method. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the influence and interaction of LOM and CPMI by soil types and land use patterns.[Results] 1) In cinnamon soil and fluvo-aquic soil, the SOM content in orchard soil was the highest, which was 70.12% and 29.04% higher than that in wasteland soil, respectively. In shajiang black soil, the SOM content in farmland soil was significantly higher than that in other land use patterns, which was 23.61 g/kg. 2) In cinnamon soil, the orchard use pattern was beneficial to increase the content of LLOM (Lowly LOM) and HLOM (Highly LOM), but the proportion of TLOM (Total LOM) to SOM in wasteland soil was as high as 67.79%. In Shajiang black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, LOM content increased in farmland soil, and the proportion of TLOM was 48.66% and 41.08%, respectively. 3) The carbon pool index (CPI) in farmland under different soil types was higher than 1, indicating that farmland was more conducive to improving SOM accumulation than the other land use types. In cinnamon soil, the vegetable land was beneficial to increasing the CPMI of LLOM and MLOM (Moderately LOM) with the value as 95 and 137, respectively. In Shajiang black soil and fluvo-aquic soil, the farmland contributed to CPMI increase of LOM, with the values ranging from 183 to 202 and 154 to 171, respectively. Two-way ANOVA showed that the interaction of land use type and soil type×land use pattern had an extremely significant effect on LOM and CPMI. [Conclusions] The orchard had the best effect on improving LLOM and HLOM content, followed by vegetable in cinnamon soil. The farmland was helpful to increase LOM in Shajiang black soil and fluvo-aquic soil. The interaction of land use and soil type×land use significantly affected SOM, LOM, and CPMI.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 29-37 [Abstract] ( 125 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1610KB] ( 144 )
38 GUO Yuchao, REN Hongrui
Spatiotemporal variation and influencing factors of leaf area index in the arid desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
[Background] Ecological environment in the arid desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is fragile, anti-interference ability is low and vegetation growth is easily affected by external conditions. Under the influence of climate change characterized by global warming and encroachment from human grazing, construction and other activities, problems such as the decline of grassland productivity and the expansion of decertified land area have become increasingly apparent in this area. In this context, it is urgent to study the temporal and spatial distribution of vegetation cover and its change characteristics in this area, and monitoring vegetation growth by remote sensing data is of great significance for regional desertification control, land sustainable utilization and ecological environment protection. [Methods] Based on global land surface satellite (GLASS) LAI data and auxiliary factors such as temperature, precipitation, topography, population (POP) and gross domestic product (GDP), this study used maximum synthesis method, trend analysis method, coefficient of variation method and partial correlation analysis method to explore the spatiotemporal variation of vegetation LAI and its relationship with temperature and precipitation in the arid desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (including 4 physical regions:H1D1:Kunlun high mountain and plateau alpine desert region. H2D1:Qaidam Basin desert region. H2D2:Kunlun mountain north desert region. H2D3:Ngali mountain desert region) from 1981 to 2018. At the same time, the influence of POP and GDP change on land use and vegetation cover were analyzed. [Results] The spatial distribution of LAI of vegetation was generally low and showed a significant increasing trend during the past 38 years (P<0.05). In the study area, 64.85% of areas tended to increase and 35.15% of areas tended to degenerate. In these four physical regions, the LAI distribution of vegetation from high to low was H2D3, H2D2, H2D1 and H1D1. 2) There were differences in LAI change characteristics of vegetation at different altitude ranges, showing an insignificant decreasing trend ≤ 2 000 m (P>0.05), and a significant increasing trend >2 000 m (P<0.05). Taking 4 000 m as the cut-off point, the coefficient of variation roughly presented a "groove shape" characteristic of high at both sides and low in the middle. On the whole, the LAI fluctuation was higher in the elevation of >6 000 m and ≤ 2 000 m. 3) The proportion of areas with positive correlation between vegetation LAI and temperature and precipitation were 63.93% and 52.72%, respectively. Among them, 11.56% and 4.45% of the areas passed the significance test, respectively. Temperature had a more significant effect on vegetation LAI changes compared to precipitation. From 1981 to 2018, the hydrothermal environment in the arid desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau gradually shifted toward warming and humidification, which positively influenced the vegetation growth. Economic development and rising population brought certain negative effects on vegetation cover, which were reflected in land use changes, mainly showing the characteristics of grassland degradation, increase of unused land, expansion of construction land, growth of farmland, enlarge of water, and extension of woodland. [Conclusions] This study revealed the temporal spatial distribution and variation characteristics of vegetation cover in the arid desert area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and analyzed the relationship between vegetation LAI and influencing factors, which may provide a basis and reference for desertification prevention, land sustainable use, sustainable development and environmental protection in this area for future.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 38-50 [Abstract] ( 109 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4599KB] ( 149 )
 
Applied Studies
51 ZHANG Yali, TIAN Yichao, WANG Donghua
Evaluation of rocky desertification degree in karst peak cluster depression based on machine learning
[Background] Rocky desertification (RD) has become one of the most serious ecological and environmental problems in karst areas. The ecological environmental security problems such as soil erosion caused by rocky desertification have seriously affected people's living environment and sustainable development. Accurately evaluating rocky desertification is the key to implementing soil and water conservation projects, and ecological projects in karst areas. The study is aimed to compare the performance of seven different optimization algorithms machine-learning models so as to assess the degree of rocky desertification and then invert the spatial and temporal distribution of rocky desertification in a typical peak cluster depression basin in Southwest Guangxi by selecting the optimal model. [Methods] Based on Boruta, the Maximal Information Coefficient (MIC) and Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) feature selection method, Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm, Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), Firefly Algorithm (FA), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) optimization algorithm, Difference Evolution (DE) algorithm, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) were used to adjust the super parameters of Support Vector Machine (SVM) model for assessing the extent of rocky desertification, using Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) remote sensing data, topographic data, and meteorological data from 2001 to 2020 as well as the field survey data in 2020. [Results] 1) The bare rock rate and fractional vegetation coverage played an important role in assessing the degree of rocky desertification, followed by slope. 2) As shown by comparative analyses of three feature selection methods, the feature set constructed by Boruta had the best dimension reduction effect and the highest accuracy. 3) Seven intelligent optimization algorithms could effectively assist in the super parameter optimization of SVM. In addition, the accuracy of the optimization models, in descending order, were PSO-SVM, FA-SVM, GSA-SVM, CS-SVM, ABC-SVM, WOA-SVM, and DE-SVM. The corresponding overall accuracy values were 96.2%, 95.4%, 95.4%, 93.1%, 93.1%, 93.1% and 93.1%, and the Kappa coefficients were 0.95, 0.93, 0.93, 0.90, 0.90, 0.90 and 0.90, respectively. 4) In terms of spatial variation, in the early study period (2001-2010), severe rocky desertification and extremely severe rocky desertification accounted for large areas. However, from 2011 to 2020, the degree of rocky desertification was contained, and the extremely severe rocky desertification was scattered in small areas. [Conclusions] Generally speaking, the rocky desertification in the study area demonstrates a positive trend of improvement. The optimization algorithm and support vector machine have a good prospect for assessing rocky desertification in peak cluster depression basins. In short, this result may provide data support for the control of rocky desertification and the implementation of soil and water conservation plans in the karst area of the peak cluster depression in Southwest Guangxi.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 51-61 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4778KB] ( 147 )
62 LIU Jiaqi, YAN Yechen, YANG Jianying, WANG Meiqi
Site classification and evaluation of Dalan small watershed in the hilly area of Daqing river basin
[Background] The Daqing river basin is an important component of the water resource security system in Xiong'an New Area and a key area for governance in the 14th Five-Year Plan. However, due to arid climate and severe soil erosion, the upstream of the basin has experienced flow interruption and frequent river dry-ups, resulting in low vegetation coverage and poor water conservation function. Therefore, comprehensive basin governance is urgently needed, with a focus on providing technical support for "appropriate tree species in appropriate areas" and "scientific forest management" to the upstream water conservation forests.[Methods] The present study was carried out in the Dalan small watershed located in the upper reaches of the Daqing river basin. Through field surveys and indoor experiments, eight site factors, including topography and soil, were obtained for research.By employing correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and ArcGIS overlay analysis, the primary factors that impacted the site type division were identified and site type maps were generated. The index weight was determined using the mean square deviation and analytic hierarchy process. Kriging interpolation was used to convert the sample point data into surface data, which was then standardized using the fuzzy membership method. The site quality grade map was generated by overlaying the index weight using raster calculator, and subsequently, reclassified and graded. [Results] 1) Elevation, slope, aspect and soil type are the dominant site factors. 2) Dalan small watershed is divided into 26 site types, and the site type of hilly gentle sunny slope cinnamon soil is the main one, accounting for 16.37%.3) There is no "excellent" site in the small watershed, with "good" site types accounting for 50.47% and "medium" site types accounting for 48.48%. The "poor" site type accounts for 1.05%. [Conclusions] When constructing water source conservation forests based on the principle of "suitable land and suitable trees," attention should be paid to the classification and quality evaluation of the site types. For different types and qualities of sites, appropriate afforestation tree species and spatial allocation schemes should be selected to improve the productivity of forest land. This can provide theoretical guidance for the scientific afforestation of the relatively tree-poor regions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area in northern China.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 62-70 [Abstract] ( 73 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4128KB] ( 126 )
71 KANG Chenbo, GUO Hanqing, ZHANG Yao, LIU Yang
Soil infiltration characteristics and influencing factors of different land use types in reclaimed areas
[Background] With the development and utilization of mineral resources, a series of eco-environmental problems have emerged. Land reclamation and vegetation restoration are the main measures for ecological restoration and reconstruction in mining areas. Soil infiltration is an important hydrological parameter to evaluate the water conservation capacity of soil. The study on soil infiltration characteristics and its influencing factors of different vegetation in the reclamation area is helpful to understand the improvement of soil texture by different vegetation in the mining area, and has certain guiding significance for the prevention and control of soil erosion and ecological construction. [Methods] In order to reveal the difference of soil water infiltration characteristics and its influencing factors of different land use types in reclamation area, taking four kinds of artificial restoration of vegetation (Populus woodland, Amorpha fruticosa woodland, reclaimed land and grassland) in the coal gangue reclamation area of Shanxi Yang Coal Group as the research object, the ring knife method was used to determine the soil water infiltration process of different land use types, and the correlation between soil density, soil moisture content, soil porosity, mechanical composition, water-stable aggregates and organic matter content and infiltration performance were explored through the main component analysis. [Results] 1) Compared with grassland, the soil total porosity increased by 0.71%-14.45%, the organic matter content increased by 77.67%-136.89%, and the soil density decreased by 0.65%-14.37% among Populus woodland, A. fruticosa woodland and reclaimed land in the reclaimed area; the initial infiltration rate and the steady infiltration rate were shown as Populus woodland > A. fruticosa woodland > reclaimed land > grassland, and the soil infiltration rate under the same land use type decreased with the increase of soil layer thickness. 2) The fitting of the soil infiltration process to obtain a common empirical equation was the best model to describe the soil infiltration process in this area, with a coefficient between 0.961 and 0.996, and Pearson correlation analysis showed that the soil initial infiltration rate and the steady infiltration rate were significantly and negatively correlated with the soil density (P<0.01), and the infiltration rate was significantly and positively correlated with the total porosity and organic matter content (P<0.05). 3) Principal component analysis showed that soil water-stable aggregates, porosity, mechanical composition and organic matter content were the four main factors affecting soil permeability in the reclamation area, and the cumulative contribution rate of the four was 87.760%. [Conclusions] The arbor-bush reclamation model has a strong soil water infiltration capacity, and its effect on improving soil texture is better than that of grassland reclamation model. In addition, the infiltration performance is closely related to the composition of water-stable aggregates, porosity, mechanical composition and organic matter content. The research results may provide reference for the selection of soil and water conservation tree species in reclamation area.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 71-80 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 963KB] ( 199 )
81 YANG Xiang, JIN Qiang, LI Xiande, LIU Xuyang, YIN Xiaolei, WANG Weiqi, ZHANG Yongxun
Effects of management modes on soil aggregate stability and contents of carbon and nitrogen in tea garden
[Background] This paper explored the influence of different tea garden management modes on the stability of soil aggregates and the carbon and nitrogen content, moreover, clarified the factors affecting the stability of aggregates, which will provide scientific basis for soil erosion prevention, scientific management of tea gardens, and the sustainable development of agricultural cultural heritage sites. [Methods] The typical Tieguanyin tea garden soils were selected as the research object in Anxi, Fujian province. The 0-30 cm soil layer were collected under different tea garden management modes:routine management mode (M1), intercropping mode (M2) and modern technology mode (M3). Wet sieve method was used to obtain soil aggregates of four particle sizes. Mean weight diameter (MWD), the geometric mean diameter (GMD) and fractal dimension (D) indicated the stability of the aggregates, and the soil carbon and nitrogen content were measured by carbon and nitrogen element analyzer. The data were processed and analyzed by software such as SPSS and Cannoco. [Results] 1) Compared with M1, the soil pH of M2 and M3 both decreased. The soil electrical conductivity of M2 was significantly higher than that of M1 in each soil layer, but the soil bulk density was not significantly different in each treatment. 2) In M1, M2 and M3 modes, aggregates with particle size >0.25 mm were dominant.3) The stability of soil aggregates was M1>M2>M3. 4) Soil carbon and nitrogen contents of M2 and M3 treatments were higher than those of other management modes in M1 mode of 0-30 cm soil layers. 5) Soil pH were positively correlated with MWD and GMD (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with D (P<0.01). Moreover, D was negatively correlated with MWD, and GMD (P<0.01). Redundancy analysis showed that soil pH was the main factor affecting the distribution and stability of soil aggregates in tea gardens. [Conclusions] On the whole, there were significant differences in the stability characteristics of tea garden soil aggregates under different management modes. Management mode affected the distribution and stability of soil aggregates by changing the physical and chemical properties of tea garden soil.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 81-89 [Abstract] ( 115 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1509KB] ( 179 )
90 HUANG Hui, ZHENG Changling, ZHANG Jinsong, MENG Ping
Variation characteristics and influencing factors of pan evaporation at the southern foot of Taihang Mountain: A case study in Jiyuan station
[Background] Pan evaporation (PE) is an important parameter for estimating land evaporation and agricultural water resources management. The southern foot of Taihang Mountain is an important component of the key ecological area along the Yellow River. Study on the variation characteristics and influencing factors of PE in this area is of great significance to maintain the ecological security of the Yellow River Basin in China. [Methods] This study took Jiyuan city in the southern foot of Taihang Mountain as the research area. Based on the meteorological data from 1980 to 2013, the variation characteristics of meteorological factors and pan evaporation in different seasons in this area were analyzed. Mann-Kendall trend test was used to test the reliability of climate tendency rate. The influencing factors of PE in different seasons were analyzed by multiple regression. [Results] 1) The change rate of temperature was 0.041℃/a. The warming rate in spring and summer was higher than that in autumn and winter. The interannual fluctuation of precipitation is large. Precipitation showed a slight increasing trend, with a change rate of 6.72 mm/10 a. Precipitation decreased in spring and autumn and increased in summer and winter. 2) The overall change of PE showed a downward trend, and the change rate was -1.966 mm/a) PE in spring showed an increasing trend, with a change rate of 1.732 mm/a, and the other three seasons showed a downward trend. The evaporation in autumn decreases the most significantly, followed by winter. The change rates of PE in autumn and winter were -2.173 mm/a and -1.029 mm/a respectively. PE had an abrupt change around 2003. In the two periods before and after abrupt change year, PE declined slightly in winter, and showed an increasing trend on a yearly scale. The increase rate after the abrupt change was higher than that before the abrupt change. 4) The main influencing factors of PE were diurnal temperature range (DTR) and vapor pressure deficit (D) in spring, the DTR and average temperature in summer, DTR in autumn, DTR and D in winter. DTR had an obvious effect on PE in all seasons. Wind speed and sunshine duration only had effects on PE in winter. [Conclusions] The climate change in Jiyuan tends to be warmer and wetter over the past 34 years. There is an obvious phenomenon of "evaporation paradox" in Jiyuam. PE shows a downward trend. The decrease of diurnal temperature range is the main reason for the decline of PE. The energy supply of evaporation is the main limiting factor of evaporation, and the water vapor transmission conditions also have a synergistic effect on evaporation in winter and spring.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 90-98 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1140KB] ( 134 )
99 XU Tingyu, NIU Xiang, WANG Bing, SONG Qingfeng, WANG Nan, SUN Jianjun, LIU Ru
Responses of sap flow characteristics under different Chinese fir provenances to meteorological factors under different soil moisture conditions
[Background] Chinese fir is a common afforestation tree species in southern China. Under the background of climate change, droughts frequently occur. Studying the water transfer process of forest trees under special weather conditions can provide a basis for predicting the characteristics of transpiration water consumption in future scenarios.[Methods] We used the Granier thermal diffusion sap flow probe (TDP) to observe the sap flow of Chinese fir from March to July, and the soil moisture dynamics were measured by the AZS-100TDR, the meteorological factors such as the solar radiation, air temperature, relative air humidity, and rainfall were simultaneously observed. The saturation index curve was used to respectively fit the sap flow density, solar radiation and air vapor pressure deficit to analyze the influence of the sap flow characteristics of different provenances of Chinese fir in Dagangshan on the meteorological factors and the response of soil moisture dynamics. [Results] 1) The diurnal changes of sap flow of different Chinese fir provenances showed obvious changes in day and night with solar radiation and air vapor pressure deficit, and the difference was significant (P<0.01). Among them, the sap flow density of the provenance from Jiangxi Tonggu was the highest. The peak sap flow density during the period of sufficient soil moisture (RSP) was higher than that during the period of soil moisture deficit (RDP). The provenance from Xiushui, Jiangxi had the smallest change in sap flow density under the two moisture conditions with the lowest sap flow density, which is suitable to plant in poor moisture conditions. 2) The fitting equations of sap flow density of different provenances to meteorological factors in the two periods showed that the rate of increase of sap flow density in the RSP period was higher than that in the RDP period. The main factor affecting sap flow during the RSP was vapor pressure deficit, and solar radiation in RDP. [Conclusions] Soil moisture conditions, meteorological factors, and provenance origin will all affect the sap flow density of fir tree trunks, and different provenances have different sensitivities to different factors. This study reveals the drought resistance characteristics of different provenances and the response mechanism to drought, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the sustainable management of fir plantations and the effective management of forest water resources in different regions of southern China.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 99-105 [Abstract] ( 62 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 882KB] ( 145 )
106 LUO Zhidong
Construction of management mechanism model of soil and water conservation information system
[Background] The information system construction management mechanism is an important measure to ensure the successful completion and application of the system, covering the entire lifecycle of the system and is a systematic work. Without effective management mechanisms to motivate and constrain, the effectiveness of information systems is also difficult to achieve. There is currently relatively more research on the functionality of system technology frameworks, but there is still little research on system management mechanisms. This article mainly conducts research on the management mechanism model of information systems, providing guarantees for the effectiveness of the system from the perspective of management mechanisms. [Methods] Using system analysis, this paper sorted the whole life cycle of demand, construction, application and operation and maintenance of soil and water conservation information system, and put forward the overall management model framework and specific model measures for the problems existing in each link.[Results] Focusing on the management of soil and water conservation information systems, four information system management mechanisms are proposed in two directions:the management measures of industry management departments and the technical means of technical departments. They are 1) demand management mechanism, including:management leading mechanism and two-way interaction mechanism; 2) construction management mechanism, including:change decision-making mechanism and confirmation of handover mechanism; 3) application management mechanism, including responsibility management mechanism and restraint incentive mechanism; 4) the operation and maintenance management mechanism includes funding guarantee mechanism, user feedback mechanism, and service experience mechanism.[Conclusions] The construction and operation of information systems is a work that involves multiple departments, multiple links, and a long cycle. By establishing a scientific, systematic, and comprehensive management mechanism system, the effectiveness of information system construction and application can be effectively guaranteed, and the informatization and modernization level of soil and water conservation business can be effectively improved. The establishment of a management mechanism for information system construction is not a standard thing. Based on the application process of this research result, further optimization and improvement should be targeted according to the actual situation, and ultimately establish and improve a management system that is in line with the local actual situation.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 106-110 [Abstract] ( 101 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 805KB] ( 256 )
111 LIU Jinpeng, CHEN Yujin
Technical analysis of soil and water conservation monitoring supplemented to mining projects
[Background] For many mine projects, it is particularly difficult to supplement soil and water conservation monitoring because of long production cycle and complex construction process. The key problem to improve the quality of soil and water conservation monitoring work is to supplement the historical data of soil and water conservation monitoring reasonably.[Methods] Taking a lead-zinc mine in Gansu province with a mining history of over 30 years as the research object, the monitoring work of soil and water conservation in the mine was completed by consulting construction data, measuring the current situation, consulting the mine's senior workers and supplementing the analysis of historical remote sensing image data from 1990 to 2019 and using the calculation methods in the SL773-2018 Guidelines for Measurement and Estimation of Soil Erosion in Production and Construction Projects. [Results] 1) The mine tailings pond area was increasing, the change of the other area was mainly related to the construction progress, and in 2006 turn to stability after the underground mining.2) The total dug earthwork was 24.73×106 m3, the total backfilled earthwork was 2.05×106 m3, and the discarded earthwork was 22.58×106 m3. 3) During the construction period, the key soil loss area was transportation roads, with soil loss of 2 197 t, accounting for 42.76% of the total. In the operation period, the key soil loss area was the open-pit mining area, with soil loss amount of 60 418 t, accounting for 85.74% of the total. 4) During the period of production and construction, the average erosion modulus of each area gradually decreased from 3 494 t/(km2· a) to 193 t/(km2· a).[Conclusions] The primary part is to accurately investigate the important time nodes in the process of mine construction and production when conducting the supplementary work of soil and water conservation monitoring in mining projects, the emphasis is to analyze the change of disturbed land area in each construction period, and the difficulty is to calculate and analyze soil erosion. Based on the research findings, some suggestions are put forward, i.e., the basic price system of water conservation monitoring fees should be introduced, the supplementary monitoring report should be carried out according to the year or the period with significant change characteristics, and the measurement guidelines flexibly should be applied in combination with actual situations.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 111-119 [Abstract] ( 99 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 899KB] ( 155 )
120 ZHAO Ying, WANG Guanghui, REN Jianfeng, DU Wenzhen, QIU Hao
Extracting methods for forestry and grass coverage based on UAV visible light data and multispectral data
[Background] The remote sensing image obtained with unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been widely used in soil and water conservation monitoring. However, compared with other industries, there are shortcomings in the UAV remote image, such as inadequate research depth, few application functions, and low monitoring accuracy. Moreover, images shot with different cameras and application of different classification methods will have impact on the monitoring accuracy of forest and grassland coverage in the monitoring process. The objective of our study is to provide a rapid and accurate method to monitor the coverage rate of forest and grass. [Methods] This study conducted a case study in Kenli, Dongying, Shandong province. The forest and grass coverage was calculated based on the multispectral data of UAV, and then the coverage was compared with the vegetation information extracted from the visible light. The visible light and multispectral images with high-resolutions were simultaneously obtained via UAV equipped with visible light and multispectral cameras having 5 multispectral sensors. Each camera was equipped with the same spectral resolution of 2 megapixels. Sixteen vegetation indices, including 8 multispectral vegetation indices and 8 visible light vegetation indices, were established, and the object-oriented threshold method and support vector machine method were used to extract the vegetation information and calculate the forest and grass coverage, respectively. Finally, the optimal vegetation index and classification method were chosen via the confusion matrix. [Results] The accuracy of vegetation index identified by multi-spectrum was over 90%, and the Kappa coefficient was over 0.90. Three types of visible light vegetation indices had reached the above level. The 11 vegetation indices mentioned above met the requirements of practical applications in soil and water conservation monitoring for the production and construction projects. In the classification method of multispectral vegetation indices, the available support vector machine methods were used in green ratio vegetation index (GRVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI) and normalized differential index with red edge (NDRE), while the threshold methods were used in normalized difference vegetation index with red edge (RENDVI), enhanced vegetation index2 (EVI2), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and optimized soil-adjusted vegetation index (OSAVI). The threshold methods were all used in the visible light vegetation indices, including red (R), green (G), and excess green vegetation index (EXG).Confirmatory experiments in three study areas showed that under normal conditions, better effects of vegetation information identification in calculating the forest and grass coverage might be obtained under both of the multispectral and visible light vegetation indices. In the presence of shadows, the single-band visible lights R and G were not well classified. On the contrary, the multispectral vegetation index presented better applicability and stability compared with the visible light covered index. [Conclusions] This study provides a high-precision extraction method to monitor the forestry and grass coverage for soil and water conservation based on UAV visible light data and multispectral data.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 120-128 [Abstract] ( 110 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8571KB] ( 155 )
129 PAN Tiansen, ZHAO Mingquan, GUO Tianlei, HUANG You, DENG Yusong, HUANG Yuhan
Simulation and change characteristics of soil infiltration process during the short rotation of eucalyptus plantation
[Background] Soil infiltration is an important process of forest water cycle. The plantation is an essential part of forests, and the change of soil infiltration capacity of plantation soil indicates the change of benefits on soil and water conservation. Because of the wide planting areas and short rotation of eucalyptus plantations in the southern subtropical area in China, soil infiltration capacities changing with forest age is meaningful to study the change of benefits on soil and water conservation and the hydrological cycle. [Methods] Our study focused on the plantation (Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis) in the State-owned Dongmen Forest Farm in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. According to the rotation of eucalyptus plantation, four first generation eucalyptus plantations with differently forest ages (1, 2, 3, and 5 a) were selected for measuring the physical and chemical properties of soil particle size, soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil organic matter, and soil aggregate groups in three soil layers of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm.The soil infiltration rate was measured by the cutting ring method with variable water head and the soil infiltration process was fitted by four common models.[Results] 1) As the forest age increasing, the soil bulk density of four eucalyptus plantations ranged from 1.03 to 1.38 g/cm3with a fluctuant increase trend. The soil total porosities of four eucalyptus plantations ranged from 47.84% to 60.96% with a fluctuant decrease trend and the soil organic matter content of foureucalyptus plantations ranged from 8.94 to 29.06 g/kg with a fluctuant increase trend, as the forest age increasing. 2) Initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, and cumulative infiltration had the significantly negative correlations with soil depth and soil bulk density (P<0.01), while these parameters had the significantly positive correlations with soil porosity and soil organic matter (P<0.01). Soil infiltration capacity at 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layer had a changing trend of first rising and then decreasing with the increase of forest age, and soil infiltration capacity at 40-60 cm soil layer had a changing trend of first decreasing and then rising with the increase of forest age. 3) Compared with the soil infiltration processes fitted by Kostiakov model and Philip model, the Horton model and the general empirical model were more suitable to well fit the soil infiltration process of eucalyptus plantation. [Conclusions] The soil porosity, soil bulk density, and soil organic matter were significantly affected by forest age during the rotation of eucalyptus plantations. Consequently, the soil infiltration capacity of the shallow soil (0-20 cm) had a whole decrease trend and the soil infiltration capacity of deep soil (20-40 cm and 40-60 cm) had a whole increased trend with the increase of forest age in eucalyptus plantations.Our results may provide a science basis for sustainable management of the eucalyptus plantations.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 129-137 [Abstract] ( 87 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1872KB] ( 153 )
 
Forum
138 LIU Yuansheng, CHEN Zuyong, LIU Fang, BU Tongda, YANG Li
Effect of dolomite sand-improved coal gangue substrate on ryegrass growth and heavy metal leaching
[Background] Coal gangue is a solid waste generated in the process of coal production, the leaching and migration of heavy metal elements such as Fe and Mn in the coal gangue piled in the open air will cause obvious pollution to the surrounding water body of the storage yard. Vegetation restoration is the main way to reduce the leaching and migration of heavy metals in coal gangue dumps, but the improvement of open gangue substrate is the basis of vegetation restoration. [Methods] This study selected the closed coal mining area in the central region of Guizhou province as the research object, 4 treatment plots were set up in the abandoned open-air gangue yard for many years, and ryegrass were planted in the coal gangue with 0, 20, 40 and 60 kg/m2 of dolomite sand in a depth of 20 cm and mixed evenly. In addition, the mixed samples of coal gangue (0-30 cm) on the surface of the gangue yard were collected and brought back to the laboratory for pot experiments, and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) was planted on mixed substrates with dolomite sand content of 0, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. [Results] 1) The biomass and chlorophyll content of ryegrass on the coal gangue substrate added with 10%-30% dolomite sand significantly increased, and the absorption of N, P and K by ryegrass plants also increased significantly with the order of their effects was P>N>K. 2) On the other hand, the contents of available Mn, Cd, and Zn in the coal gangue matrix added with 10%-30% dolomite sand significantly reduced, especially, when 20%-30% dolomite sand was added to coal gangue, the content of available Fe and Mn in the gangue matrix obviously reduced; this effect was closely related to the significant increase in pH of the gangue matrix after adding 20%-30% dolomite sand to the gangue matrix. 3) At the same time, after the dolomite sand improved the gangue matrix, the leaching and migration of heavy metal elements significantly reduced, and the concentration of Fe, Mn, Cd, and Zn in the infiltration water of the coal gangue matrix with 10% to 30% dolomite sand decreased significantly; when the addition of dolomite sand reached 30%, the concentration of Cu and Pb in the infiltration water of coal gangue matrix decreased significantly. [Conclusions] Adding an appropriate amount of dolomite sand to coal gangue was beneficial to reducing heavy metals bioavailability and the concentration of water-soluble heavy metals in the gangue matrix, thereby significantly lowering the impact of leaching and migration of Fe and Mn in the gangue matrix on the quality of the water environment.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 138-145 [Abstract] ( 66 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 811KB] ( 144 )
146 SHI Mingchang, ZHAO Yongjun
Monitoring technology system of soil and water conservation in the New Era
[Background] With the development of China's economy and society, the forms, hazards, and governance difficulties of soil erosion are different from those in the past, and the needs of society have changed, based on the which the focus of soil and water conservation efforts has changed. Therefore, the ideas and methods of soil and water conservation monitoring should be adjusted according to the development of society and the advancement of science and technology. There is a vast territory with obvious differences in topography and geomorphology in China, which leads the types of soil erosion in China to be complex and many unique characteristics. Therefore, constructing a monitoring system that includes a variety of soil erosion and composite soil erosion to provide support for soil and water conservation research is a critical needs for building the foundation of the of soil and water conservation in China. [Methods] Focusing on the major demand of soil and water conservation to support the development of ecological civilization and the conservation of a beautiful China, this paper explored the new approaches of soil and water conservation, analyzed the current situation of the monitoring, identified the issues existing in the monitoring process, and proposed the goals and tasks of soil and water conservation monitoring in the new era. [Results] 1) The current monitoring of soil erosion has the following problems:① there are limitations in the objectives; ② the infrastructure of monitoring stations is difficult to support quantitative and accurate calculations; ③ there is a lack of dynamic models of water and sediment processes to support quantitative and accurate calculations; ④ the differences between the spatial distribution data of various factors of soil erosion and ground monitoring data have not been effectively fitted. With the increasing demand for infrastructure protection, the regulation of watershed water and sediment processes will become an important goal for soil and water conservation. 2) This paper suggested that the framework system for future soil and water conservation monitoring should be established by the following four key technologies:① the composition system and business logic of the big data cloud service platform for soil and water conservation monitoring; ② the construction of the monitoring station network based on the layout of the national soil erosion types with the two erosion dynamics of hydraulic and wind power as the main line; ③ the construction of the comprehensive model of two types of erosion from the mechanism of surface erosion process on the basis of monitoring data; ④ revision and improvement of intelligent and standardized acquisition method of large data of soil erosion geographic influence factors. 3) This paper also suggested that special research institutions should be established to support the authoritative and sustainable development of dynamic monitoring of soil and water conservation, and big data warehouse and intelligent application service platform for dynamic monitoring of soil and water loss should be established to accurately calculate space-time data of and water soil loss in real time, and provide service support for ecological civilization construction based on monitoring results. [Conclusions] This paper proposes the development path of soil and water conservation monitoring in the future and analyzes the spatial layout of soil erosion monitoring in China. The new monitoring technology system of soil and water conservation will provide more information and data which is essential to make better understanding on soil and water erosion control at the present stage, and promote the realization of turning from governance phenomenon to root cause, which can provide reference for related work.
2023 Vol. 21 (5): 146-154 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1073KB] ( 292 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Accepted for Inclusion in Scopus
2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of CSCD during 2019-2020
SSWC Indexed in the 2017 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Appreciation for peer reviewer of SSWC Editorial Board
2017 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in the Yangling of Shaan
Professor Wang Lixian, Former Editor-in-Chief of SSWC Won Norman Hudson Memory Award
Calls for Papers in English
Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as a Member of 9th National Committee of CAST
Three Members of SSWC Editorial Board Rewarded as NOSTW in 7th Session Assessment
Election of 4th Editorial Board and First Meeting of New Board Held in Beijing
Deputy Editor-in-Chief of SSWC, Academician Cui Peng elected as a member of the IRDR SC
Notice About The 5 Not-Allowed Rules While Publishing Academic Articles by 7 Organizations
SSWC Indexed in “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Calls for Papers
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of Chinese Science Citation Database During
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Five Papers of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Determined as Excellent in 5th Assessment
Congratulations to Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as Academician of Chinese Academy of Scie
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