中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2021 Vol.19 No.1　　Published 2021-02-28
  
 
Yellow River Basin
1 HUANG Tingting, YANG Yang, SHI Yangzi, CAO Qi, FENG Bo, LIU Baoyuan, LIU Yingna
Using WorldView-2 images to estimate gully development of the Liudaogou catchment in the Loess Plateau after the Grain for Green project
[Background] The Grain for Green project has been implemented for approximately 20 years in the Loess Plateau, which substantially modified the land uses and vegetation covers, thereby inevitably resulting in changes in gully erosion. It is therefore necessary to systematically evaluate gully erosion of the small catchments upon the Grain for Green project and to identify the primary factors affecting gully development. Recently, the resolution of remote sensing products has been greatly improved, and the remote sensing technique may serve as a useful tool for gully erosion monitoring, especially at large spatial and temporal scales. [Methods] A total of 33 typical gullies were selected in the Liudaogou catchment and measured by real-time kinematic GPS (RTK GPS) as well as visually interpreted from a WorldView-2 (WV2) image. The accuracy of WV2 in interpreting gullies was evaluated with the measurements made by RTK GPS and the sources of error were analyzed. The Liudaogou catchment was divided into 50 drainage areas and their basic terrain attributes, annual mean vegetation coverage and comprehensive dynamic index of land use were also extracted or calculated. The gullies in each of the 50 drainage areas were delineated from WV2 images of 2012 and 2018, and the change rates of four gully morphological parameters, i.e., gully length, maximum surface width, perimeter and area, were calculated. [Results] 1) Gullies could be accurately interpreted from WV2 images, as compared to the measurements made by RTK GPS. The relative errors of gully length, maximum surface width, perimeter and area were smaller than 5% for 94%, 79%, 58% and 76% of the total gullies, respectively. The accuracy of WV2 interpretation was mainly influenced by the activity of gully head, vegetation type of gully edge, and soil conditions of gully walls. 2) During 2012-2018, the annual mean change rates of the total gully length, maximum surface width, perimeter, and area in the Liudaogou catchment fell between -2.1%-1.2%, -1.7%-0.5%, -1.8%-1.4% and -0.2%-1.5%, respectively. Among the 50 drainage areas delineated, 78%, 80%, 40% and 78% possessed changes rates within the range of 0-0.5%/a for the four gully morphological parameters, respectively. The negative rates were probably due to the merging of adjacent rills and artificial gully filling. 3) According to the correlation analysis, the gully development was positively affected by the mean slope length and profile curvature of the drainage areas, but negatively by the mean slope steepness. In addition, it was also related to slope aspect and vegetation coverage. The change rate of total gully area was relatively lower for the leeward slopes and/or the slopes with vegetation coverage greater than 45%. [Conclusions] The WorldView-2 images provide accurate data for gully development analysis at the catchment scale. In the Liudaogou catchment, the generally slow gully erosion upon the Grain for Green project was mainly affected by terrain attributes and vegetation coverage. These findings hold important implications for soil conservation in the Loess Plateau as well as in other arid and semiarid regions.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 586 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8195KB] ( 546 )
11 MENG Qingxiang, ZHANG Likun, YUN Wenju, WU Tian, CHEN Bingfei, WEI Hejie
Health evaluation of cultivated land in typical counties of loess hilly region: A case study of Yiyang county, Henan province
[Background] Cultivated land health is the foundation of food security and the foundation of a nation. It is particularly important to explore farmland health evaluation methods that conform to the new era. Yiyang county is located in the loess hilly area. It is a typical ecologically fragile area and concentrated contiguous poverty area in China. The terrain is fragmented and complex. The quality of cultivated land and the spatial heterogeneity of the soil environment are strong. The research can be used to promote the high efficiency of cultivated land resources in the loess hilly area. [Methods] In order to meet the needs of cultivated land management in the new era, this paper selected 3 criteria layers of cultivated land quality, cultivated land productivity and soil environment, a total of 16 indexes to build a cultivated land health evaluation system in the loess hilly region. Cultivated land quality includes 8 indicators: surface soil texture, depth from barrier layer to surface, profile structure, organic matter content, topographic slope, soil pH, irrigation guarantee rate and drainage conditions. Cultivated land productivity includes 1 indicator of unit yield of cultivated land. The soil environment contains 7 evaluation indicators of beneficial trace elements and soil erosion. The beneficial trace elements are: effective B, effective Mn, effective Mo, effective Fe, effective Cu and effective Zn. The methods of layer overlay quantitative evaluation, analytic hierarchy process and minimum factor were used to evaluate the health status of cultivated land in Yiyang county.[Results] The quality score of the cultivated land in Yiyang county is between 62.7-100.0, The area composition of first to fourth grade is 16.38%, 75.88%, 7.62% and 0.12%, respectively. The quality of cultivated land on both sides of Luohe river is the best, and the overall quality of cultivated land on the north side of the river is higher than that on the south side. The cultivated land productivity index is between 0.18 and 1.00, and the area ratio of productivity levels from low to high is 2.87%, 21.89%, 46.12%, 21.25%, and 7.87%, respectively. The areas of soil environmental index from low to high were 2.99%, 36.69%, 47.77% and 12.56%, respectively. The overall level of soil environmental assessment is medium to low. And the differentiated characteristics of the cultivated land health evaluation results in Yiyang county are obvious. The proportion of healthy, mild sub-health, moderate sub-health and unhealthy areas is 16.08%, 33.54%, 45.47% and 4.91%, respectively. Most areas of Yiyang county are in mild sub-health and moderate sub-health status. The health status of the cultivated land on the 2nd side of Luohe river is the best. Huaguoshan town and Shangguan town in the southwest of the study area are in the lowest cultivated land health levels.[Conclusions] Based on the characteristics of the loess hilly region and the human demand for cultivated land, the author breaks the conventional comprehensive method model and conducts targeted evaluation of cultivated land health in Yiyang county. The research on cultivated land health in the loess hilly area provides new opportunities for cultivated land protection. The idea provides a scientific basis for the improvement of cultivated land quality and a useful reference for the research of cultivated land resource safety.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 11-19 [Abstract] ( 547 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4290KB] ( 508 )
 
Foundamental Studies
20 WAN Fa, WU Wenyong, YU Liming, LIAO Renkuan, WANG Yong
Dynamics of sap flow of apple trees in Yellow River irrigation areas and their responses to micrometeorological factors
[Background] China's agricultural water occupies a significant proportion of total water, but the utilization coefficient of irrigation water is low. At the same time, apple is a widely grown fruit tree in northern China, the study of its water consumption rule can guide irrigation effectively, improve the utilization coefficient of irrigation water, and assess the effects of local irrigation systems on soil water use. Transpiration is one of the ways plants consume water, there are some differences in the conclusions about the variation regularity of the sap flow of apple trunk transpiration and the relationship between it and meteorological factors. [Methods] The water consumption rule of apple tree transpiration in irrigation area of the Yellow River was studied in this paper. The experiment was carried out in Fuji apple orchards irrigated by local farmers in Zuncun irrigation area in Shanxi province from February 20 to September 30 in 2016. The thermal diffusion probe stem flowmeter was used to monitor the changes of apple trunk sap flow. At the same time,the weather data were obtained from a small local weather station near the apple orchard. The law of apple tree sap flow during the whole growth period was analyzed, the characteristics of apple daily sap flow density under different weather conditions were analyzed, SPSS bivariate correlation analysis was used for analyzing the correlation between the characteristics of sap flow density and various meteorological factors. Finally, the hysteresis effect between sap flow and meteorological factors were analyzed. [Results] 1) The annual transpiration of apple trees in Yellow River irrigation areas was 685.8 mm, and more water was consumed by transpiration in July, August, and September. 2) There was a single peak variation rule for the apple trunk sap flow, apple trees maintained a certain sap flow at night, which was about 30% of the daytime sap flow rate. Apple tree's sap flow rate on cloudy days was 2/3 on sunny days during the same growing season. 3) The degree of correlation between sap flow rate and meteorological factors was ranked as water vapor pressure deficit > air temperature > illumination > relative humidity > wind speed. [Conclusions] Apple orchards in this area should be timely replenished in July, August and September depending on rainfall and under the current irrigation system, there was no soil drying effect, and the soil can maintain better water suitability. During the day, the trunk sap flow was mainly driven by transpiration activities caused by water pressure deficit, temperature, light, and other environmental factors, while the liquid flow driving factor was mainly the nighttime water replenishment activities at night, after consumption in the day. And there was a time delay between the change of sap flow density and meteorological factors, and the asymmetric response between sap flow density and vapor pressure deficit and air temperature factors was large.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 20-27 [Abstract] ( 466 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 958KB] ( 393 )
28 LIU Gang, XING Wanjun, JIAO Jian
A method for calculating curve number of each runoff event on a sloping cropland in the Typical Black Soil Region
[Background] Accurate prediction of surface runoff is crucial for the simulation of soil erosion and non-point source pollution. The soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) model has a simple structure and fewer required parameters, and is thus widely used to predict surface runoff. In various storm events, even for the unchanged land use and management, the parameter-curve number (CN) varies over a wide range, and the lack of understanding of rainfall processes and their influence on runoff may cause the simulated deviations. Moreover, the application of SCS-CN model for runoff prediction of the Typical Black Soil Region in China is limited. [Methods] Therefore, our study intended to optimize the SCS-CN model simulation for the Typical Black Soil Region by proposing a SCS-CN calculation method for each runoff event (CNt) based on observation data for 138 rainfall and runoff events from 7 plots in the Hebei watershed. And the rainfall intensity degree over time during the rainfall process was applied to calculated CNt. Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef), correlation coefficient (R), and mean relative error (Re) were used in the examination of simulation results that were calculated by CNt. [Results] The ratio for the maximum to minimum CNt value for different plots varied from 1.38-2.24, with an average of 1.81. This study elucidated a significant positive correlation between the ratio of CNt and the average SCS-CN (CN), as well as the ratio of the maximum X-minute rainfall amount (PX) to the total rainfall amount for each rainfall event (P). The ratio of curve number for each rainfall event to the annual mean curve number(CNt/CN)significantly increased with the ratio of maximum X-minute rainfall to total rainfall(PX/P)for the events. When 10≤X≤40, the correlation coefficient between(CNt/CN)and (PX/P)was higher, and(P10/P)was the most significant factor which represented the character of rainfall process that influenced the variation of CNt. The equation for calculating CNt was established based on the logarithmic function between(CNt/CN)and(P10/P). Moreover, the present study provided the parameters for cropland and bare land. For cropland with longitudinal ridge tillage and bare land, rills were easily formed on exposed surfaces during rainfall events, which facilitated the formation of a more stable convection path. For the calculated runoff depth by SCS-CN model with the parameter of CNt, Ef was 0.47, R was 0.77, and Re was -18.9%. The Ef for the SCS-CN model with the parameter of CN was only -1.63. [Conclusions] Adoption of a SCS-CN calculation method for each runoff event(CNt) may improve the prediction performance for SCS-CN model in the Typical Black Soil Region in China.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 28-34 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1321KB] ( 374 )
35 ZHANG Huifang, YAN Haibing, FENG Fan, YU Zhaoyou, YANG Xiuqing
Effects of alkali stress on the growth and ultrastructure of Nitraria tangutorum
[Background] Soil salinization has become a global problem of resources and environment, which has seriously restricted the growth of crops and the survival of vegetation such as forests and grass, and has broken the ecological balance and system stability. The changes of growth and leaf ultrastructure of Nitraria tangutorum under alkali stress were studied, and its alkali tolerance and alkali tolerance mechanism were discussed in order to provide reference for achieving N. tangutorum's inhibition of soil degradation and sustainable biological improvement of salinized soil.[Methods] NaHCO3 and Na2CO3 mixed solutions of different concentrations (200, 300, 400, and 500 mmol/L) were used to treat the seedlings of N. tangutorum. The growth and physiological indexes of the seedlings were measured, and the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells was observed and compared by transmission electron microscopy. All data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan's multiple tests for each parameter at P<0.05 using R 3.3.1. Parameter values were presented as means with standard error (n=3). [Results] 1)The plant height and biomass of N. tangutorum decreased with the increase of alkali stress concentration, and decreased significantly under 300 mmol/L stress. 2)Root activity and Chl(a+b) content decreased with the increase of alkali stress concentration. The former was more sensitive to alkali stress, and decreased significantly under 200 mmol/L stress. MDA content and electrolyte permeability in the leaves increased gradually with the increase of alkali stress concentration. SOD, CAT activity and proline content in the leaves increased at low concentration, but decreased at high concentration under alkali stress. The activity of SOD reached the maximum at 400 mmol/L under alkali stress, while the activity of CAT and the proline content reached the maximum at 300 mmol/L under alkali stress. 3)The ultrastructure showed that the cell wall of mesophyll cells gradually became dark and no longer smooth with the increase of alkali concentration, and the tendency of precipitation or dissolution appeared; the folds and protrusions of cell plasma membrane showed vesicles of different shapes; the chloroplast swelled and deformed, accompanied with the separation of plasma wall, the compact structure of grana lamellae was destroyed, and some thylakoids were arranged disorderly, and appeared vesiculation or even disintegration; the outer membrane of chloroplast was sunken or partially broken, and matrix was exosmosis; osmiophilic granules in chloroplast gathered into piles, and the number and volume of osmiophilic granules increased compared with the control, and a small amount of starch granules appeared. [Conclusions] Low concentration alkali stress had certain inhibitory effect on the growth of N. tangutorum. The concentration of alkali stress ≥300 mmol/L had obvious inhibitory and damage effects on the growth and ultrastructure of N. tangutorum. The activities of SOD, CAT and proline content increased, osmiophilic granule increased and starch grains appeared under alkali stress, which indicated that N. tangutorum had strong adaptability to alkali stress.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 35-42 [Abstract] ( 418 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4108KB] ( 400 )
43 YIN Zhao, GONG Bo, SHI Chen, SHI Changqing
Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of water conservation forests in Chaohe headwater
[Background] In order to enhance the water source conservation capacity and alleviate the problem of the current interruption at the source of the Chaohe, in recent years, a large number of afforestation projects for the purpose of conserving water resource have been implemented in the source area of the Chaohe. We aim to explore the characteristics of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) of water conservation forests in Chaohe source and to assess the effects of soil physicochemical properties on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Then we scientifically assess the function of water conservation forests through the research results. [Methods] We measured soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks)of 5-type water conservation forests (Pinus tabuliformis forest land, Larix gmelinii×P. tabuliformis forest, P. tabuliformis ×Armeniaca sibirica forest land, Platycladus orientalis×A. sibirica forest land, and P. orientalis forest land) and wasteland using constant-hydraulic head method, analyzed the relationship between Ks and soil physical factors and organic matter with correlation analysis, and assessed the dominant factors affecting Ks by principal component analysis. [Results] 1) The average Ks of various forests ranks in descending order as follows:P. tabuliformis×A. sibirica forest land>P. orientalis×A. sibirica forest land> P. tabuliformis×L. gmelinii forest land> P. tabuliformis forest land> P. orientalis forest land> wasteland, showing that Ks demonstrates a negative exponent as the depth of soil increases. The effect of forest stand on improving surface soil is better than that of deep soil. The P. tabuliformis×A. sibirica forest land has the highest water resource conservation capacity among these 5 forests. 2) Ks is exponentially related to bulk density and clay content, and the soil Ks decreases with the increase of the content of these two influencing factors. Ks has a power function relationship with total porosity, capillary porosity, silt content and sand content. Ks has a linear relation with organic matter content as well. The effect of organic matter on Ks is to improve the structure of soil and colloids.3) The dominant factors affecting Ks include soil unit weight, organic matter content, capillary porosity and clay content. Soil unit weight, organic matter and capillary porosity have the highest effect on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, followed by soil clay content. The four factors play important roles in affecting soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. Soil total porosity, silt content and sand content have little effect on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. [Conclusions] Through the comparison between the forests and the wasteland, we find that the soil Ks of P. tabuliformis×A. sibirica forest is the highest, followed by the P. orientalis×A. sibirica forest land. And it is advised that coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests should be the priority for future water conservation forests construction, especially P. tabuliformis×A. sibirica forest land.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 43-51 [Abstract] ( 457 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 897KB] ( 499 )
52 XIN Junwei, SHANG Zhenkun, WANG Junpeng, ZHU Shilei, ZHEN Qing, ZHANG Xingchang, MA Bingzhao
Spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture on a typical slope in the feldspathic sandstone area of Inner Mongolia
[Background] Soil moisture is an important part of hydrological cycle, and significantly influences vegetation recovery and ecological environment restoration in arid and semiarid area. Understanding the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture on the slope is crucial for vegetation restoration in the feldspathic sandstone area, which is widely distributed in the border of Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia in the north of the Loess Plateau. [Methods] A case study was conducted to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of soil moisture, and 0-600 cm deep layer soil moisture samples were obtained by soil drill sampling. Soil samples were collected at 10 cm intervals in the surface 0-20 cm layer, and 20 cm intervals under 20 cm layer, and totally 862 samples were obtained. Classical statistics and geo-statistics were used to analyze the distribution pattern, variation characteristics and spatial structure of soil moisture on slope.[Results] 1) Soil moisture content ranged from 9.93%-13.88% in 0-200 cm, and increased with the increasing of soil depth. The soil moisture of each layer showed moderate variation, and the coefficient of variation decreased with the increasing soil depth. 2) The differences of soil moisture in different layers were affected by slope position. The soil moisture content in surface layer (0-60 cm) was higher in the middle and low slope than that in the up slope; on the contrary, it was higher in the up slope than that in the low slope in the deep soil layers (below 60 cm). 3) Geostatistical analysis indicated that Gauss model and Spherical model could well fit the spatial structure of most soil layers, and the soil moisture had strong spatial dependence except for 60-80 cm soil layers. 4) The minimum range was 15.60 m, which could provide references for the subsequent sample sites layout. [Conclusions] The results are conducive to understanding the distribution characteristics of soil moisture in the feldspathic sandstone area, which is of great significance for the estimation of soil water resources and vegetation reconstruction in the area. The thickness of soil layer and the soil moisture content are affected by slope position. Soil layer thickness in the middle and low slope is thicker than that in the up slope, and the soil moisture content of surface soil in the middle and low slope is higher than that in the up slope, and thus, the water condition in the middle and low slope is more beneficial to vegetation restoration, while the water condition in the up slope is not conducive to vegetation restoration.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 52-59 [Abstract] ( 518 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1975KB] ( 421 )
60 YAN Ru, FENG Wei, WANG Xijing
Composition and diversity of soil fungi community under different sand-fixing plants in the Hulun Buir Desert
[Background] This paper explored the community structure and diversity of soil fungi under three sand-fixing plants in Hulun Buir Desert, clarified the dominant groups of soil fungi, and provides a scientific basis for determining the optimal sand fixation species for rebuilding degraded sandland ecosystems.[Method] Effects of Artemisia halodendron-, Caragana microphylla-, or Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica-dominated vegetation on fungal community structures and diversity in the Hulun Buir Desert were determined using field investigation and high-throughput 18SrRNA gene sequencing. [Results] The phyla Ascomycota accounted for more than 65% of the fungal sequences in the three vegetation. Additional dominant phyla including Zygomycota, Chytridiomycota, Basidiomycota, Cryptomycota and Glomeromycota were also in all soil sampling. The dominant classes of soil fungi were Dothideomycetes, Chytridiomycetes, Pezizomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Agaricomycetes, Eurotiomycetes and Glomeromycetes. The dominant genera of soil fungi were Talaromyces, Chaetomium, Boeremia, Paraphaeosphaeria, Cochliobolus, Mucor, Pseudogymnoascus, Fimicolochytrium and Suillus. There was no significant difference in soil fungi species among different vegetation, but the relative abundance of soil fungi varied. Compared with other vegetation, P. sylvestris var. mongolica exhibited a higher relative abundance of Pezizomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Chaetomium and Talaromyces, which had the characteristics of promoting soil carbon cycle and phosphorus cycle. The activity values of phosphatase and catalase were significantly higher in P. sylvestris var. mongolica. Vegetation species were the main impact factors causing shifts in the soil fungal community. Soil organic carbon and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors to explain the structure of the soil fungal community. [Conclusions] The application of different vegetation in degraded lands alters the fungal community structure through changing their relative abundance. P. sylvestris var. mongolica was the most suitable species in fixing mobile dunes and improving soil fertility more than the three other species in Hulun Buir Desert.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 60-68 [Abstract] ( 459 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 997KB] ( 442 )
69 WANG Shuhui, SU Boru, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, ZHU Jinqi, FU Jing
Change analysis of runoff and sediment in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region in recent 16 years
[Background] Runoff and sediment regime play important roles in the stability of fluvial ecosystem and may alter river morphology. The multi-relationship between runoff and sediment is widely used to clarify spatial-temporal change law of a river. The Three Gorges Reservoir Region is one of the most important ecological area and the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir (the largest reservoir in China) has huge influence on the runoff and sediment. This study may expand our understanding of the multi-relationship between runoff and sediment and give reference to reservoir operation and sediment problem. [Methods] Based on the runoff and sediment data of three major hydrologic stations (Zhutuo station: Main inlet hydrological station of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Cuntan station: Downstream hydrological station near the intersection of Jialingjiang and Yangtze River. Yichang station: Main outlet hydrological station of the Three Gorges Reservoir), Mann-Kendall test and double cumulative curve analysis method were conducted to analyze the statistical characteristics, trend, mutations in runoff and sediment time series, and the correlation between runoff and sediment to discover runoff and sediment changes in recent years. [Results] 1) The annual variance of runoff and sediment of all the hydrological stations were similar, which were concentrated in May to October (flood season). As the observation station located at the downstream of the reservoir, Yichang station dispersed its runoff in non-flood season (November to April in next year) and concentrated sediment in flood season. Deviation coefficient of annual runoff (Cv) ranged between 0.101-0.111 and deviation coefficient of annual sediment (Cs) was in the range of 0.510-1.172. 2) Annual runoff in 3 stations showed an indistinctive increase trend (P>0.05), while sediment showed significant decrease trend (P<0.01). Runoff and sediment time series mutations happened in 2005 and 2013 respectively, which could be explained by the operation of water conservancy and hydropower project in upstream, special hydrological year and reservoir regulation activities. 3) Relationships between runoff and sediment varied in different time series, results were associated with human activities and fluvial environmental changes. [Conclusions] In general, comparing to runoff, sediment presents more significant change in recent years. Climate changes and human activities both affect sediment change and the latter one is more notable. Human activities, especially the construction of reservoirs and hydropower projects, take the major role in the decline of sediment, soil and water conservation functions as well.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 69-78 [Abstract] ( 521 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1707KB] ( 458 )
79 HU Bo, CHEN Lihua
Characteristics of soil moisture and path analysis of influencing factors on different forest lands on the Loess Plateau
[Background] Due to the influence of natural and human factors, soil erosion is a serious problem on the Loess Plateau. A large amount of vegetation has been planted on this plateau via various soil and water conservation measures and ecological restoration. At the same time, vegetation growth consumes a high amount of soil moisture. Soil-water deficit restricts vegetation growth and further affects the ecological environment improvement. The Caijiachuan watershed selected in this paper represents typical characteristics of the Loess Plateau. This study not only analyses the pattern of soil moisture change and influencing factors, but also measures the applicability of the path analysis method. [Methods] In the study area of the Loess Plateau, we set up soil moisture dynamic observation points in the Pinus tabuliformis (PT), Robinia pseudoacacia (RP), and Malus domestica (MD) plots respectively, using the WaterScout SM 100 Sensor-6ft to observe the soil volumetric moisture content in different soil layers from April to October 2018. In the August of the same year, we sampled the undisturbed soil with a ring knife and obtained soil samples from different forest lands to determine the physical and chemical properties of the soil. The variation in soil moisture is influenced by many factors, and path analysis was used to analyze the relationship among these factors. [Results] 1) There was a significant difference in moisture contents of the sampled soils (P<0.05). The soil moisture content of the MD forest was generally higher than that of the RP forest and PT forest. 2) The seasonal changes in soil moisture in different forests in the study area tended to be consistent and generally increased first and then decreased. The total soil moisture storage in the forests during the growing season was in the following order: MD (1 460.38 mm) > PT (988.01 mm) > RP (844.67 mm). 3) There was a significant correlation between soil physicochemical properties and the changes in soil moisture. Through path analysis, the most significant factor identified was the soil particle content, with a diameter between 0.050 and 0.002 mm, and its decision coefficient was 9.825. At the same time, bulk density had a large indirect effect on it. The content of organic matter in soil and the content of soil particles with a diameter of 2.000~0.050 mm had extremely significant inhibitory effects on soil-water content, and their decision coefficients were -2.669 and -5.645. [Conclusions] The soil moisture changes regularly in the Loess Plateau, and the soil moisture in the MD forest is better than that in the PT and RP forests. The PT and RP forests consume more soil moisture. The analysis results of path analysis on the influencing factors of soil moisture change are the same as those of previous studies, which can be further used in the related research on soil moisture. The research results can provide reference for tree species selection and ecological environment management in the Loess Plateau. Path analysis is suitable for soil-moisture factor analysis.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 79-86 [Abstract] ( 458 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 835KB] ( 545 )
87 ZHANG Yi, XIAO Huijie, XIN Zhiming, ZHAO Tingning, JIANG Fangzhe, DUAN Yuanjun
Wind prevention and sand resistance of typical shrubs in Ulan Buh Desert
[Background] Sand control by plant is the most ideal measure to control soil erosion. However, because afforestation conditions cannot be satisfied in arid and semi-arid areas, it is particularly important to study the windbreak and sand resistance benefits of some sparse vegetation and individual shrub. Scholars at home and abroad have conducted many studies on the effect of plant cover and overall arrangement on wind and sand resistance benefits, providing a large number of effective methods and data to measure the community's sand resistance ability. However, studies on the effect of individual vegetation morphological characteristics on wind and sand resistance of plants are lacking. [Methods] In response to this problem, this experiment was through the field observation to select the 4 typical individual shrubs surrounding the Ulan Buh Desert, Nitraria tangutorum, Calligonum mongolicum, Hedysarum mongolicum and Haloxylon ammodendron, the morphological indexes such as height, crown width, crown length, height under branch, branching number and porosity of an individual shrub were counted and combined with wind tunnel experiments, the effects of individual shrub in growing season on wind velocity flow field, sediment transport rate and surface erosion characteristics were studied, compared for selecting the shrub species with the best protect effect. [Results] 1) Compared with the 4 individual shrub in the growing season, N. tangutorum with low morphology and low porosity had a more significant wind-proof and sand-fixation effect than other shrubs, with an average reduction of 24.83% for wind speed and an average sand resistance benefit of 56.03%. And it had the greatest range of protection. 2) As the height under branch increased, airflow disturbance to sand surface after the shrubs presented an obvious increasing trend. Shrubs with high height under the branches led to the "channeling" in the flow field space formed near the surface, which will accelerate the wind erosion of the surface. [Conclusions] The wind and sand resistance benefits of 4 shrubs were compared. We can choose N. tangutorum or H. ammodendron for windproof. We should choose N. tangutorum for preventing sand. Considering both, we must choose N. tangutorum. In addition, in the future vegetation construction, we should not only consider individual plant and shrubs, but also pay attention to the group protection mechanism of shrub forest belt to prevent the occurrence of "channeling", thus it can play a better effect of wind and sand resistance. The results may provide reference for the construction of wind-proof sand fixation system in sand area.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 87-96 [Abstract] ( 389 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5428KB] ( 548 )
 
Applied Studies
97 LIU Ruosha, WANG Dongmei, YANG Hailong, HE Kangning, ZHANG Xue, WEN Wenjie
Vegetation ecological function evaluation and optimization measures in the Loess Alpine Region of Qinghai
[Background] In order to quantitatively analyze the ecological function of the de-farming vegetation in the Loess Alpine Region of Qinghai, the optimal measures for the vegetation in this region were discussed. [Methods] In this paper, the frequency analysis method and expert scoring method were used to construct the evaluation system of vegetation ecological function index. The comprehensive evaluation of vegetation ecological function was carried out by using analytic hierarchy process method, the vegetation health status and degradation reasons were analyzed, and the vegetation optimization measures were proposed. [Results] 1) The mixed forest of Picea crassifolia, Populus cathayana and Larix principis-rupprechii on the middle altitude and gentle shady slope had the highest comprehensive score of 0.637 2; the mixed forest of P. crassifolia and P. cathayana on the low altitude and gentle sunny slope had the lowest comprehensive score of 0.189 8. 2) Among the 68 kinds of de-farming vegetations in the study area, 7 kinds of shade slope vegetations were healthy, 8 kinds of sunny slope vegetations and total 18 kinds of shade slope vegetation were sub-healthy, and 13 kinds of sunny slope vegetations and total 22 kinds of shade slope vegetations were unhealthy level. 3) The vegetations on the sunny slope had problems of slow growth, high stand density and single structure; and the main dominant species were Sabina przewalskii, Pinus tabuliformis, Caragana korshinskii and Armeniaca sibirica. The shady slope was in problems such as high stand density, simple structure and pests diseases; and the main dominant species were P. crassifolia, Betula platyphylla, L. principis-rupprechii, P. cathayana and Hippophae rhamnoides. [Conclusions] The results of this study showed that about half of the de-farming vegetation was in poor ecological function and in an unhealthy state. It is suggested that thinning should be done in vegetation types with high stand density, also thinning vegetation types with diseases and insect pests and replanting dominant species to realize gradual replacement, and the vegetation types with single stand structure should be replanted with other dominant species to enrich the stand structure.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 97-105 [Abstract] ( 442 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 864KB] ( 551 )
106 QU Minghua, LI Sheng, YU Yuanchun, ZHANG Jinchi
Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the root morphology of Zenia insignis in karst soil habitat
[Background] In the karst region of Southwest China, where is characterized with the fragile ecological environment, the bedrock is bare and soil is shallow, vegetation recovery is difficult. A symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) and plants, which is an adaptation strategy by root morphological changes, to cope with nutrient stress by increasing plant nutrient use efficiency. The objective of this study is to provide a microbial interference pathway for vegetation restoration, soil and water conservation. Meanwhile, it would provide the basis for screening dominant strains in karst region. [Methods] Zenia insignis is a common afforestation species in limestone areas of Southwest China. We used AMF Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus intraradices and mixed mycorrhizal fungi(Mi) to inoculate Z. insignis seedlings. The effects of mycorrhizal fungi on root morphology of Z. insignis seedlings in different nutrient condition of karst soil habitats were studied after 150 d of cultivation. [Results] 1)In nutrient-poor karst soil habitat, Z. insignis inoculated with F.mosseae showed the highest colonization rate and high-intensity mycorrhizal dependency. F.mosseae significantly increased the root biomass, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume and average root diameter by 460.49%, 233.91%, 258.99%, 293.04% and 9.29%, respectively. Z. insignis inoculated with R.intraradices reduced root biomass, total root length, total root surface area and total root volume by 10.49%, 46.67%, 42.70% and 39.30%, respectively. At the same time, the average root diameter increased 6.14%, which showed no significant difference from the control. Z. insignis inoculated with Mi significantly increased the average root diameter. While the influence on root biomass, total root length, total root surface area and total root volume was between single inoculations. 2) In nutrient-rich karst soil, Z.insignis inoculated with F.mosseae significantly increased root biomass, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume and average root diameter by 138.04%, 28.51%, 50.79%, 76.37% and 20.71%, respectively, which was significantly lower than that by F. mosseae treatment in low nutrient karst soil habitat except for average root diameter. When inoculated with R.intraradices, root biomass, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume and average root diameter significantly increased by 128.62%, 57.30%, 66.27%, 75.68% and 8.63%, respectively. There was significant difference from the R.intraradices inoculation in low nutrient karst soil habitat except for average root diameter. Mi treatment increased root biomass, total root length, total root surface area, total root volume and average root diameter by 51.45%, 39.79%, 38.89%, 36.99% and 1.29%, respectively. [Conclusions] The AMF affect the root morphology of Z.insignis in the different nutrient conditions of karst soil habitats. Under the nutrient stress, F.mosseae is more conducive to changing root morphology, making the host plant easier to colonize and survive. Thus, F. mosseae can be used as a dominant strain for the intervention of mycorrhizal fungi for vegetation restoration in nutrient-poor karst soil habitat.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 106-114 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1017KB] ( 461 )
115 XIA Zhenyao, HONG Huan, GAO Feng, SHAO Yanyan, XIAO Hai, YANG Yueshu, LI Mingyi, XU Wennian
Influence of cement addition amount and maintenance duration on the erosion resistance for ecological restoration substrate
[Background] Engineering construction can not only promote social and economic development, but also easily cause various environmental geological problems, especially many exposed slopes caused by traffic, mining, hydropower, and other engineering construction. Artificial ecological restoration is carried out to limit the negative effects, and the cement is usually added as binder into the ecological restoration substrate to improve its erosion resistance, however, the effects of cement addition amounts and maintenance duration on the erosion resistance for ecological restoration substrate are still unclear. [Methods] The amounts of different cement (0, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) were added to per 100 kg of the yellow brown soil with 6% organic materials and 4% habitat substrate modifier improver. The uniformly mixed materials were packed in a self-made ring knife (105 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height) to obtain a bulk density of 1.35 g/cm3 and maintenance with different durations (0, 7, 15, 30 and 45 d). The scouring experiment was conducted to obtain detachment capacity under the hydraulic conditions of slope 20° and runoff 25 L/min, and the stability of soil aggregate was also tested. [Results] 1) The detachment capacity of the ecological restoration substrate gradually reduced with the increasing of the maintenance duration under the same amount of cement addition. The detachment capacity of ecological restoration substrate was large within the first 15 d and the first 7 d at the 2%, 4% and at 6%, 8% of cement addition amounts, respectively. In addition, the detachment capacity of the ecological restoration substrate also decreased with the increasing of cement addition amount and was characterized by a rapid decrease followed by a gradual decrease under the same maintenance duration. 2) The power functions well described the relationship between the detachment capacity of ecological restoration substrate and the maintenance duration under different amount of cement addition (R2>0.789). And the relationship between the detachment capacity of ecological restoration substrate and the cement addition amount also described by power functions for different maintenance duration (R2>0.861). 3) The Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) and Geometric Mean Diameter (GMD) for the ecological restoration substrate aggregates showed significantly difference within 0-15 d maintenance duration while no significantly difference after then. The MWD and GMD for the ecological restoration substrate aggregates showed significant difference between with and without cement addition, and significant difference was found within the 6% of cement addition amount while no significant difference between 6% and 8% of cement addition amount existed for most maintenance duration. The relationship between the detachment capacity of ecological restoration substrate and MWD and GMD can be described by using the power function. [Conclusions] The detachment capacity suppresses while the aggregate stability enhances after the cement added into the ecological restoration substrate.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 115-121 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1237KB] ( 464 )
122 WEI Yuhan, QIAN Jianping, FAN Weiwei, LI Peng
Dynamic monitoring of ecological environment quality in Lijiang River Basin based on RSEI
[Background] The topography and geomorphology of Lijiang River Basin is complex and the basin area is wide. It is of great reference value to understand the ecological environment quality and changes of Lijiang River Basin for environmental protection. [Methods] In order to quickly and accurately obtain the ecological environment of Lijiang River Basin, the Landsat series of remote sensing images in the Lijiang River Basin in 1991, 2001, 2009 and 2019 were used to extract the Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) using principal component analysis. Multiple regression analysis was performed with the four index factors of greenness, humidity, dryness and heat. The correlation analysis between the change of RSEI index and the change of vegetation coverage has achieved the dynamic remote sensing dynamic monitoring of the ecological environment quality in the Lijiang River Basin in the past 30 years. [Results] The average values of RSEI in Lijiang River Basin in 1991, 2001, 2009, and 2019 were 0.534, 0.530, 0.662, and 0.625. In the past 30 years, the overall ecological environment quality has changed from "medium" to "good", and the overall ecology "better" area has reached 2 707.809 km2, mainly concentrated in the central and southern regions. The most obvious improvement period was from 2001 to 2009, in this period, the ecological area of "getting better" category reached 3 933.274 km2. The regression model analysis of the four index factors of greenness, humidity, heat and dryness and RSEI index showed that the four index factors all had important effects on the ecological environment quality of the Lijiang River Basin, among which the greenness index had the greatest impact and the humidity index had the least influential. Among the four index factors, the positive correlation between greenness and humidity and the RSEI index promoted the improvement of ecological environment quality, and the dryness and heat had a negative correlation with the RSEI index, which had an inhibitory effect on the improvement of the ecological environment. The four-year regression model coefficient showed that the index coefficient of dryness increased year by year, and the regression model coefficient of heat in 2019 reached 0.628. This indicated that the soil water content of the Lijiang River Basin was decreasing and the soil has a tendency to dry, and the 2019 heat index and dryness index were related to the Lijiang River. The comprehensive impact degree of the river basin ecological environment was greater than the greenness and humidity indicators. Through the three-gradient method, it is found that the regression coefficient R2 of the vegetation coverage change and the RSEI index in the whole period from 1991 to 2019 reached 0.890, showing a significant and positive linear correlation. [Conclusions] RSEI index can objectively mirror the dynamic changes of eco-environmental quality in Lijiang River Basin and provide decision support for regional eco-environmental quality.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 122-131 [Abstract] ( 489 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3294KB] ( 511 )
 
Forum
132 WANG Jiaxi, DENG Jiayong, ZHANG Yan, SONG Xiaopeng, MA Rui
Effects of vegetation seasonal change on 3D laser survey in gullied region
[Background] With the vegetation restorating, vegetation in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau has been gradually improving. However, due to the shelter of vegetation, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) cannot well describe the real undulation of ground surface. But the vegetation in the hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau are quite different between the growing season and the non-growing season, thus this study mainly analyzed the influence of vegetation seasonal changes on the production of high-precision DEMs. [Methods] This study took Qiaogou, Suide county, Shaanxi province as the typical hilly-gully region of the Loess Plateau. Three different sites were selected and surveyed by 3D laser scanning. Based on the point cloud obtained by 3D laser scanning in September and December 2018, after vegetation filtering and interpolating (Kriging or triangular irregular network, TIN), the difference of DEMs obtained by two surveys was compared and analyzed. [Results] 1) Vegetation seasonal change presented effects on point cloud surveyed by 3D laser scanner. The mean elevation of point cloud in Sept. was higher than that in Dec. by 0.22, 0.47 and 0.07 m in site A, B and C, respectively. That result was mainly from the vegetation seasonal changes. 2) Slope-based filtering increased the accuracy of DEM. The mean elevation of point cloud in Sept. after filtering was still higher than that in Dec. by 0.15 m, indicating the effects of vegetation seasonal change cannot be eliminated completely by slope-based filtering. 3) Compared with the Kriging, the DEM generated by the TIN was in high accuracy. The gully geomorphological parameters, e.g., gully length and gully depth obtained by Kriging method in Dec. were both often larger than those by TIN. This might result from that Kriging can roughly remove tall vegetation during the vegetation growing season and made the gully edges smooth during the non-growing season. The DEMs interpolated by TIN were closer to the real geomorphology than that by Kriging. [Conclusions] Seasonal change of vegetation shows certain effect on DEMs generation. Most of the vegetation can be removed by point cloud vegetation filtering algorithms, and the DEMs generated are closer to the real geomorphology. Regarding different DEMs interpolated methods, the accuracy of both Kriging and TIN can meet the needs of production and research but the accuracy of Kriging is less than that by TIN. The accuracy of DEMs can be effectively improved by choosing the non-growing season for point cloud survey and applying the appropriate vegetation filtering algorithms and interpolation.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 132-140 [Abstract] ( 572 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 3283KB] ( 416 )
 
Review
141 WANG Han, ZHAO Wenwu, JIA Lizhi
Progress and prospect of soil water erosion research over past decade based on the bibliometrics analysis
[Background] Soil erosion is a grave threat to the sustainability of human society and economy. Soil water erosion, as a widespread soil erosion type in the world, is one of the main forms of soil degradation. In recent years, under the pressure of global climate change and frequent human disturbance, the risk of water erosion is further aggravated. However, the existing review articles in water erosion have not yet analyzed the literature publication dynamics and hot keyword evolution characteristics in recent years, and there is a lack of systematic collation of research hotspots in recent years. [Methods] Searching pattern in the Web of Science core collection database was Topic=soil water erosion or Topic=soil erosion by water or Topic=hydraulic erosion or Topic=soil hydraulic power erosion. This paper applied CiteSpace, a knowledge map tool, to conduct a bibliometric analysis of soil water erosion research from 2009 to 2018, revealing the literature output trends, subject distribution and hotspot keywords. [Results] There are 5 aspects on soil water erosion research in the past decade: 1) Spatial distribution models and stable isotope analysis methods have been widely used in recent years, and erosion models combined with modern information technology is an inevitable way to conduct multi-scale research. 2) Climate change has a great effect on runoff and water erosion by changing precipitation, CO2 concentration and temperature, and water erosion is affected by land use change for influencing on soil properties and surface runoff distribution simultaneously. 3) Water erosion causes significant effect on soil physical, chemical and biological properties, resulting in decline of agricultural productivity, non-point source pollution and deterioration of water quality occurs by sediment transport. Water erosion process significantly changes the lateral flow and redistribution of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, affecting the biogeochemical cycle. 4) Soil water erosion is a multi-scale process with scale dependence. How to systematically study multi-scale water erosion process and its scale effect is the core issue that researchers concern. 5) The study of soil water erosion control has been extended from the plot scale to the regional, national and global scale. The researchers conducted targeted studies on engineering practices, biological practices, and soil management practices. The Loess Plateau is a hot spot area for water erosion control and sustainable development. [Conclusions] Regarding the future research of soil water erosion, on the basis of improving the simulation accuracy of soil erosion model and developing large-scale water erosion model, it is necessary to deepen the study of soil carbon cycle under water erosion, to innovate the scale conversion technology method of soil erosion analysis, and to gradually develop the theories and methodological system of soil water erosion prevention and control that adapts to complex environment and enhances human welfare and targets for sustainable development goals.
2021 Vol. 19 (1): 141-151 [Abstract] ( 686 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2664KB] ( 598 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Accepted for Inclusion in Scopus
2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of CSCD during 2019-2020
SSWC Indexed in the 2017 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Appreciation for peer reviewer of SSWC Editorial Board
2017 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in the Yangling of Shaan
Professor Wang Lixian, Former Editor-in-Chief of SSWC Won Norman Hudson Memory Award
Calls for Papers in English
Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as a Member of 9th National Committee of CAST
Three Members of SSWC Editorial Board Rewarded as NOSTW in 7th Session Assessment
Election of 4th Editorial Board and First Meeting of New Board Held in Beijing
Deputy Editor-in-Chief of SSWC, Academician Cui Peng elected as a member of the IRDR SC
Notice About The 5 Not-Allowed Rules While Publishing Academic Articles by 7 Organizations
SSWC Indexed in “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
Science of Soil and Water Conservation Calls for Papers
SSWC Selected to Be in Core Library of Source Journals of Chinese Science Citation Database During
On the Home Page of the Journal Science of Soil and Water Conservation
Five Papers of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Determined as Excellent in 5th Assessment
Congratulations to Deputy Editor-in-Chief Cui Peng Elected as Academician of Chinese Academy of Scie
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