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2017 Vol.15 No.1
Published 2017-02-28
1
WANG Yu, FENG Qi
Characteristics of runoff and sediment transport during 1960-2010 and its response to Grain for Green Project in Yanhe River
[
Background
] Analysis on the trends of runoff and sediment transport and their driving forces, such as precipitation, human activities and other factors, is the basis for watershed management. Previous studies showed that the dynamics of river runoff and sediment transport were closely related to soil erosion and precipitation. The relationship of rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery is important for evaluating the benefits of erosion control practices. In recent years, the sediment discharge of the Yellow River is decreasing dramatically, which has caused wide public attention. [
Methods
] In this study, on the basis of runoff and sediment data measured at Ganguyi station, and the precipitation data of 5 meteorological stations in Yanhe River basin, we analyzed the dynamics of precipitation, runoff, sediment discharge, runoff coefficient, and the response of runoff and sediment dynamics to watershed precipitation in Yanhe River during 1960-2010. Meanwhile, in order to explain the effect of Grain for Green Project on runoff and sediment transport, the difference of river runoff and sediment delivery between 1960-2001 and 2002-2010 were also studied. Based on precipitation-runoff curve and precipitation-sediment transport cumulative curve, the relationship between precipitation and runoff and sediment was determined in 1960-2001, and with the determined relationship, the simulated runoff and sediment transport were predicted in the period of 2002-2010, then were compared to the measured data in the same period of 2002-2010, thus, the effect of Grain for Green Project on river runoff and sediment transport was determined. [
Results
] 1) The annual precipitation, runoff and sediment transport at flood season decreased with fluctuation from 1960-2010. The flood season accounted for 64.8%, 71.7% and 98.1% of average annual precipitation, runoff and sediment transport, respectively. 2) The sediment transport were significantly related to runoff per year and in flood season. The variation of runoff caused 87.6% and 92.2% sediment load changes per year and in flood season, respectively. The watershed precipitation also affected sediment transport due to its significant relationship with runoff. 3) Compared with the data of 1960-2001 before the Grain for Green Project conducted, and the average yearly and flood season runoff and sediment transport were decreased significantly in the period of 2002-2010 after the Grain for Green Project conducted. Excluding the impact of precipitation difference between 1960-2001 and 2002-2010, the Grain for Green Project contributed 87.5% and 86.9% cumulative amount of sediment changes, and 77.4% and 75.4% cumulative amount of runoff changes per year and flood season. [
Conclusions
] These results are beneficial to understand the dramatic changes of runoff and sediment transport in Yellow River in past 10 years, and also conducive to evaluate the effects of Grain for Green Project on soil erosion controlling on the Loess Plateau regions.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 1-7 [
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565
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8
ZHANG Haiwei, ZHANG Fei, LI Zhe, JING Yunqing
Modeling and analysis of spectral characteristic of soil water content in the salinized soil of Ebinur Lake Watershed
[
Background
] With the development of spatial information science, the hyperspectral remote sensing becomes more and more important in nowadays. Studying on spectral characteristic of soil water content is an important work, for it is the base of monitoring remote sensing. This study aims to investigate the spectral characteristic of soil water content and the relationship between the hyperspectral data and the soil water content, to explore a rapid and accurate method for estimating soil water contents, and to establish the hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring model for saline soil water in the arid area of the Ebinur Lake Watershed. [
Methods
] This study took saline soil with different water contents in Ebinur Lake Watershed as the research object, used the spectral reflectance transformation and multivariate statistical analysis methods (MSAM) to analyze the spectral characteristic of soil water content, and built models. [
Results
] The result showed that with the increase of soil water content, the reflectance of soil declined. In a certain range, the longer the wavelength, the higher the correlation between the soil spectral reflectance and soil water content; the soil spectral reflectance at the wavelength of 1 937 nm (
r
=-0.636) had the highest correlation with water content. After 8 transformation of soil spectral reflectance, the correlation of logarithmic first order differential sensitive band of 2 357 nm was the best (
r
=-0.808 6). Subsequently, MSAM were applied to analyze the correlation between spectrum and salinized soil with different water contents, then the spectral sensitive band of the soil was screened, and the correlation model was established. The result indicated that the model set up by Logarithm First Order Differential at the wavelength of 2 024 nm and 2 357 nm and the Root Mean Square First Order Differential at the wavelength of 1 972 nm and 2 357 nm was the best, the correlation coefficient
r
was 0.894 and 0.865 respectively. Based on the above established models, the authors constructed a new model, and the correlation
r
of which was 0.926, increased 0.032 against the Logarithm First Order Differential model, and increased 0.061 compared to the Root Mean Square First Order Differential model. [
Conclusions
] Therefore, the estimation model of soil water content is feasible. In addition, this study provides a new model for the indoor hyperspectral estimation of soil water content in Ebinur Lake Watershed, and it also provides a theoretical and technical reference for the hyperspectral quantitative estimation of soil water content, which has certain guiding significance for hyperspectral remote sensing.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 8-14 [
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474
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15
WANG Zhenying, HE Yuanmei
Estimation of regional soil erosion based on sampling survey
[
Background
] The estimation of regional soil erosion is an important but difficult topic for soil erosion research. During the past years, artificial survey method had been used to make national soil erosion survey, classifying the soil erosion intensity in the topographic map according to vegetation coverage and slope gradient was time-consuming. The national soil erosion investigation based on remote sensing image and GIS technology in large scale had also be conducted, the soil erosion type and intensity were evaluated only according to vegetation coverage and slope, but without rainfall, soil erodibility and other important factors. Thus, how to present the regional spatial distribution of soil erosion quickly and accurately is an urgent issue. [
Methods
] In order to study method of estimating the regional soil erosion by survey data, Liaoning Province was taken as the study area, soil erosion factors (rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topography, soil and water conservation measures) and soil erosion modulus in 2011 were estimated using Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE) based on GIS technology and sampling data from the first nationwide water resources survey in 2011. The soil erosion intensity of the whole Liaoning Province were graded, and compared with the statistical results in sampling plots. [
Results
] The results showed that the estimated soil erosion factors were relatively consistent with the sampling results apart from slope length and gradient. And the difference of scale accuracy of the topographic data mainly contributed to the difference of slope length and gradient between the whole Liaoning Province and sampling plots. The data from sampling plots and the whole province both showed the similar results that the intensity of soil erosion in Liaoning Province were mostly slight and light. Every year the intensity less than 1 000 t/km
2
accounted for about 85% of the area, while the one greater than 5 000 t/km
2
accounted for only 2% of the area. The soil erosion modulus of other land was the largest (1 777.65 t/km
2
), folllowed by the dryland (842.20 t/km
2
) and grassland (794.87 t/km
2
), the urban residence (11.69 t/km
2
), paddy field and water areas (17.14 t/km
2
) were the smallest. Compared to the estimated results of the whole province, the erosion modulus of sampling plots in the independent industrial and mining area, other garden and other land were larger with average values of 3 974.89 t/km
2
, 1 656.95 t/km
2
and 807.74 t/km
2
respectively, while the erosion modulus of sampling plots in grassland and other woodland were smaller with average values of 551.48 t/km
2
and 197.55 t/km
2
respectively, and these differences might resulted from the different resolutions of DEM data between the whole province and sampling plots [
Conclusions
] The research suggests that it is highly credible to estimate regional soil erosion modulus relying on sampling survey data and soil erosion model. And it can provide a reference for the estimation of regional soil erosion using sampling survey data.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 15-21 [
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472
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22
WANG Rui, ZHU Qingke, MA Hao, WANG Yu
Spatial and temporal variations of the surface soil moisture in the source region of the Yellow River from 2003 to 2010 based on AMSR-E
[
Background
] Hydrological processes in the source region of the Yellow River (SRYR) are increasingly attracting local concern, particularly when coupled with a changing climate. Nonetheless, large-scale spatial and temporal variations in soil moisture have received minimal research attention compared to other hydrological variables in the area. [
Methods
] Based on a two-channel retrieval method with a
Q
p
model through monthly regression analysis and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS (AMSR-E) soil moisture data, we investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the surface soil moisture and its influencing factors in the SRYR and through five natural zonings in the SRYR during 2003-2010. [
Results
] Through successive corrections with the dual-channel retrieval algorithm with the
Q
p
model and the monthly regression analysis, the AMSR-E soil moisture shows strong agreement with
in situ
data in the SRYR. The average annual surface soil moisture in the SRYR is 0.140-0.380 cm
3
/cm
3
. There is a decreasing trend in the moisture content in the entire SRYR over the study period (2003-2010). Generally, a decreasing trend occures in the areas with higher initial soil moisture values from 2003 to 2010, while increasing trend in the areas with lower initial soil moisture concentrations over the same period. The soil moisture is highly positively correlated with precipitation (
r
= 0.80,
P
< 0.01) and the NDVI (
r
= 0.79,
P
< 0.01) over the entire year. The soil moisture is also negatively correlated with air temperature in months with high temperatures (from April to September) and positively correlated with air temperature in months with low temperatures (from January to March and from October to December). [
Conclusions
] This paper illustrates that the surface soil moisture of the SRYR has the tendency of drying, and precipitation and vegetation account for the decrease of soil moisture. Results of this paper provide an effective way for AMSR-E official soil moisture products application, would help to understand the hydrological process and its response to climate change, and have a scientific significance for ecological environment construction in Plateau.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 22-32 [
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424
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33
XIE Yuli, CHEN Yunming, TANG Yakun, WU Xu, WEN Jie
Soil respiration dynamics and its response to soil temperature and water content of
Pinus tabulaeformis
and
Hippophae rhamnoides
plantations in the Loess Hilly region
[
Background
] As an essential component of the carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration plays a critical role in maintaining global carbon cycling and the carbon balance. Exploring the process of soil respiration and its influencing factors is conducive to understanding ecosystem carbon emissions and regulation mechanisms. [
Methods
] In order to analyze the dynamic characteristics of soil respiration rate (
R
s
) and its response to the main environmental factors in the dominant plantations in the hilly Loess Plateau region, the
R
s
of
Pinus tabulaeformis
and
Hippophae rhamnoides
plantations were measured using a LI-8100 soil carbon flux measurement system from June 2015 to May 2016. Soil temperature (
T
) and soil water content (
W
) were simultaneously monitored. At seasonal and daily scales, there were significant differences in
R
s
and significant effects of
T
and
W
on
Rs
in the two plantations. In addition, temperature sensitivities of
R
s
were investigated using the
Q
10
function at the seasonal scale. [
Results
] 1) The seasonal dynamic patterns of
R
s
in
P. tabulaeformis
and
H. rhamnoides
plantations were similar, with the respective maxima (2.31 and 2.89 μmol CO
2
·m
-2
·s
-1
) in summer (June-August) and minima (0.60 and 0.65 μmol CO
2
·m
-2
·s
-1
) in winter (December-February); the annual mean
R
s
in the plantations was 1.36 μmol CO
2
·m
-2
·s
-1
(
P. tabulaeformis
) and 1.64 μmol CO
2
·m
-2
·s
-1
(
H. rhamnoides
), with corresponding annual total
R
s
emissions of 18.90 and 22.81 tCO
2
·hm
-2
·a
-1
. The
R
s
emission during winter accounted for 14.67% and 12.65% of the annual total emission in
P. tabulaeformis
and
H. rhamnoides
, respectively. In addition, the
R
s
maxima of
P. tabulaeformis
and
H. rhamnoides
appeared during 10:00-16:00, and the minima at 06:00 in the diurnal dynamic. 2) At the seasonal scale, at 5 cm depth,
R
s
was significantly exponentially related with
T
and negatively linearly related with
W
(both
P
<0.01) in the two plantations. Moreover, the temperature sensitivity of
Rs
in
H. rhamnoides
(
Q
10
=1.40) was significantly (
P
<0.01) higher than that in the
P. tabulaeformis
plantation (
Q
10
=1.34). 3). At the daily scale, the contribution of T to
R
s
increased when
W
exceeded 13% and 12% for
P. tabulaeformis
and
H. rhamnoides
, respectively. [
Conculsions
] The results indicate that the response of
R
s
to
T
is mainly affected by
W
in this region. Therefore, to ensure accuracy of the carbon balance budget and improve the regional carbon cycle model for the loess hilly region under conditions of climate change, we should fully consider the effects of
T
and
W
on
R
s
and strengthen observations of soil respiration in winter in future research.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 33-42 [
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666
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43
ZHAN Haige, JIANG Juan, HAO Haoxin, YANG Caidi, GUO Zhonglu
Soil nitrogen mineralization characteristics on typical vegetation community of riparian buffer strip in Danjiangkou Reservoir
[
Background
] The soil nitrogen mineralization is controlled by various factors, including environmental factors, soil properties and plant residue qualities, etc. The objectives of our study are to clarify the soil mineralization characterization in typical vegetation community of riparian buffer strip in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, and to understand the correlation between plant chemical properties and soil nitrogen mineralization. [
Methods
] The soil used in experiment was collected from the upper 10 cm of the riparian buffer strips at 20 m interval. The leaves and roots of two typical plant species (
Abutilon theophrasti
Medicus and
Cnidium monnier
L. Cuss) from riparian buffer strips were collected, dried, cleaned, and ground for the incubation experiment and chemical analysis. Soil, ground leaves and roots were mixed as 9 treatments of control (CK without any plants added), single
A. theophrasti
leaf (QL) and single
C. monnier
leaf (SL), single
A. theophrasti
root (QR) and single
C. monnier
root (SR), mixed leaf and/or root (QL+SL, QL+SR, QR+SL, and QR+SR) for the laboratory incubation experiment. The soil mineralization rates were measured after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 31, 41, 51 and 61 day(s) of incubation. [
Results
] 1) There were 3 stages on soil mineralization after adding plants: the first stage (day 1-7) in which the rates of nitrogen mineralization declined, the second stage (day 7-41) in which the rates of nitrogen mineralization increased remarkably, and the last stage (day 41-61) in which the rates of nitrogen mineralization stayed in steady. The rates of soil mineralization in all treatments were less than that in the control (CK) of 79.53 mg/kg, the one with only
A. theophrasti
leaf (QL) was the highest with 71.62 mg/kg among single treatments, while the mixed treatment with the
A. theophrasti
leaf+
C. monnier
root treatment (QL+SR) resulted in the highest mineralization rate of 26.43 mg·kg
-1
among the mixed treatments. 2) The content of soil microbial biomass increased significantly after adding plant residues (
P
< 0.05) as the order in: QL>all 4 mixed treatments>other 3 single treatments (except QL). 3) A significant correlation (
P
< 0.05) presented between soil N mineralization and the contents of total carbon and total nitrogen of plants during the whole experiment. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the plant nitrogen content possessed the largest proportion in all factors, the significance was followed as: N> C:N> Cellulose> L:N> Polyphenols. 4) All the measured N mineralization rates were significantly less than the predicted values (
P
< 0.01). [
Conclusions
] These results indicated that added plants restrained the soil nitrogen mineralization, and mixed treatments of root and leaf did not promote combined effect. This study may provide a reference basis for the regional restoration of vegetation, soil and water conservation, and the pollution control of non-point resources.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 43-50 [
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616
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838KB] (
432
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51
XIAO Bei, CUI Buli, LI Dongsheng, CHANG Xueli
Temporal and spatial variations of precipitation in different climatic regions of the Loess Plateau
[
Background
] Investigations of the spatio-temporal characteristics of precipitation in different climatic regions of the Loess Plateau are very significant, which would be conducive to the explanation of the driving factors of environmental changes in the region. [
Methods
] Based on the daily precipitation data of 73 meteorological stations on the Loess Plateau from 1961 to 2014, this paper analyzed the spatio-temporal precipitation variations respectively in the whole Loess Plateau and the four climatic regions using mathematical statistics methods of coefficient of variation, concentration degree, concentration period, Mann-Kendall test and Kriging interpolation. [
Results
] Annual precipitation of the Loess Plateau and the four climatic regions fluctuated and declined slightly during the study period. The annual precipitation of the Loess Plateau ranged from 313.6 mm to 657.4 mm, with a decline rate of -0.79 mm/a. The annual precipitations in the whole Loess Plateau and 4 climatic regions were concentrated mostly in the summer and autumn seasons. For the whole Loess Plateau, the summer and autumn precipitation were 239.4 mm and 108.4 mm, respectively, which constituted 79% of the annual precipitation. Concentration period of precipitation in the whole Plateau mainly ranged from 13 July to 4 September, with most periods (68% of a year) concentrated in the period from 29 July to 13 August. Meanwhile, the concentration degree increased gradually during the period from 1961 to 2014, and the concentration period postponed gradually. For the spatial characteristics of precipitation in the plateau level, it decreased gradually from the southeast (810 mm) to the northwest (130 mm), the annual precipitation of the four regions were in the order of semi-humid region > cold and arid region > semi-arid region > arid region. While the coefficient of variation of precipitation changed in an opposite way and ranged from 0.13 to 0.36. These all indicated that precipitation was influenced strongly by the geographic position. The concentration degree of precipitation ranged from 0.42 to 0.68 and increased gradually from south to north on the Loess Plateau. The concentration periods of precipitation in plain and valley areas (e.g., the Wei River Valley, the Fen River Valley, and the Hetao Plain) were earlier than that in highland and mountainous areas (e.g., Wutai Mountain and Longzhong Plateau), indicating that the terrain had strong influence on the spatial distribution of the precipitation of the Loess Plateau. [
Conclusions
] Caused by the different intensities of monsoon and different climatic regions, the amount, fluctuation amplitude, and concentration of precipitation were significantly different in each climatic region. The study is aimed to provide certain reference for exploring the spatio-temporal characteristics of precipitation in the Loess Plateau, reasonably allocating the water resources and planning the soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 51-61 [
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597
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62
CHEN Jingling, WANG Peishu, LIU Linqi, WANG Qian, WANG Xu, YANG Xitian, ZHANG Jinsong
Impacts of radiation, temperature and soil moisture on hidden heat of transpiration and leaf temperature of
Quercus variabilis
seedlings
[
Background
] Drought threats plants' survival and in the same time it causes variation of their leaf temperature (
T
L
), which provides people an efficient path to diagnose soil moisture. Many scholars have been using crop leaf-air temperature deficit (LATD) to calculate crop water stress index (CWSI). However, there are few studies on leaf-air temperature of
Quercus variabilis
, and no works on diagnose of soil moisture. The transpiration (
T
r
) of
Q. variabilis
is less than that of crops, and its LATD is larger than agricultural crop, thus the water stress index (WSI) of
Q. variabilis
should be different to CWSI. The key that uses LATD to evaluate water stress is to analyze the energy factors of leaf temperature. [
Methods
] Watering the pots then soil moisture decreased through natural evaporation, we controlled soil moisture in 3 levels: light drought, 12.5%-14.5% (
W
1
); moderate drought, 9.5%-11.5% (
W
2
), and severe drought, 5.5%-7.5% (
W
3
). Selecting clear and cloudy days, from 8:00 to 18:00, we measured
T
r
and
T
L
as well as air temperature (
t
) and solar radiation (
R
). We also measured
T
r
in artificial chamber controlling temperature at 25-43℃, at every 2℃interval of treating temperature. According to the ratio of net radiation Δ
R
, convection
Φ
c
, latent heat of transpiration
LE
, and leaf area density
ρ
, heat capacity
C
p
:Δ
R/ρC
p
,
Φ
c
/
ρC
p
,
LE/ρC
p
,we calculated the contribution of each energy item to
T
L
. [
Results
] 1) The
T
r
of
W
1
was close to of normal soil moisture, the maximum
T
r
was 2.5 mmol/(m
2
·s). The
T
r
of
W
2
and
W
3
reduced to be <1.5 mmol/(m
2
·s). 2) In clear day,
T
r
positively related to solar radiation, which indicated that solar radiation was main factor of
T
r
. The slopes of the regression line between
T
r
and solar radiation were different with different soil moistures, the dryer the soil was, and the greater the slope was. 3) In cloudy day, the relation coefficient between
T
r
and solar radiation decreased clearly, which meant
T
r
did not decline with short time interval of radiation reducing, once transpiration started in the morning. 4) On any case of soil moisture, air temperature was not main factor of
T
r
. Though in artificial chamber the linear relation of
T
r
and temperature was clear,
T
r
was lower than natural clear day. [
Conclusions
] 1) Light drought did not impact
T
r
of
Q. variabilis
. 2) When wind speed was zero, solar radiation was main factor of leaf temperature variation. Net radiation accounted for 50%-70% of energy budget, and provided approximately 7℃ of leaf temperature variation. 3) The latent heat of
T
r
and convection heat exchange had an equal effect on energy budget, which accounted for 10%-20% respectively. Each of two factors caused approximately 1-2℃ of leaf temperature variation respectively.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 62-70 [
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654
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905KB] (
640
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71
WANG Zhihui, YAO Wenyi, TANG Qiuhong, YANG Er, KONG Xiangbing, WANG Lingling, XIAO Peiqing
Spatio-temporal change analysis of leaf area index in the Loess Plateau during 2000-2014
[
Background
] Vegetation structural characteristic is an important factor determining soil and water conservation effect of vegetation, and leaf area index (LAI) is one of the most important vegetation structural characteristics. Remote sensing technology is the most effective tool to monitor LAI dynamics at regional scale. [
Methods
] In this paper, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of LAI, including changed area percentage, absolute change rate and relative change rate, at regional scale and pixel scale were investigated respectively using Mann-Kendall trend analysis and Sen-slope analysis based on MOD15A2H product. And variation characteristics of LAI for different sub-basins, slopes, aspects and vegetation types were analyzed and compared. In addition, the reason of variation of LAI was explored using linear regression method and partial relation analysis based on MOD44B product. [
Results
] 1) The change trend of LAI during 2000-2014 in the Loess Plateau increased significantly, and the absolute change rate and relative change rate of LAI were 0.042/Year and 2.71%/Year respectively. 2) For the spatial distribution of variation characteristics of LAI, areas with a significant increase trend of LAI accounted for 58.6% in the Loess Plateau, and areas with a significant decrease trend of LAI accounted for 0.9% in the Loess Plateau. The variation extent of LAI in the regions between Hekou and Longmen, including Huangfuchuan, Kuyehe, Wudinghe and Yanhe were tremendous. The change rate and area percentage of changed regions for LAI in the area where slope was between 15° and 25° were the highest. There was no significant difference for LAI in different aspects. The change rate and area percentage of changed regions for LAI in cropland and grassland were the highest. 3) In the Loess Plateau, the increase of tree coverage was the main reason for increase of vegetation LAI, and there were no significant relationship between LAI and vegetation fractional coverage. [
Conclusions
] The change trend of LAI during 2000-2014 in the Loess Plateau is significantly positive. Compared with absolute change rate, relative change rate is more able to illustrate the variation extent of LAI. According to statistical analysis, compared with total vegetation fractional coverage, LAI is more related to the vegetation vertical structure in the Loess Plateau, and the increase of tree coverage caused by "Grain to Green" project carried out across the Loess Plateau could be one of the important reasons for improvement of vegetation vertical structure.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 71-80 [
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599
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9199KB] (
425
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81
SONG Shiyuan, ZENG Bo, ZHOU Tinggang, GUAN Shujing
Dynamic analysis of wetland landscape in Wujiang River Basin (Chongqing section) using remote sensing and GIS technologies
[
Background
] As one of the most important natural ecosystems,wetland impacts significantly the improvement of regional environmental quality and economic development. The decrease of wetland area will directly affect the survival of wetland, leading to the decline of wetland function, and resulting in the deterioration of soil and water loss and ecological environment. The establishment of the Three Gorges Reservoir caused the impact on the surrounding wetland landscape pattern.[
Methods
] Using object-oriented classification method,Landsat-5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing image as the main data source, the wetland landscape database of Chongqing section of Wujiang River basin in 1995, 2005 and 2015 was established based on eCognition and ArcGIS platform. We used the dynamic change of landscape, landscape fragmentation and land use transfer matrix method to analyze the temporal and spatial changes in nearly 20 years of wetland landscape in Wujiang River Basin and to explore the reasons. [
Results
] 1)The overall wetland landscape area of Wujiang River Basin (Chongqing section) is in the growth trend in recent 20 years, and the overall dynamic change of natural wetland is higher than that of constructed wetland. The highest index of dynamic change occurs in reservoir, and the lowest in paddy field. 2)The transfer of wetland landscape is dominated by the internal transfer of wetland landscape, and the transfer of wetland landscape and non-wetland landscape is as supplement. The proportion of constructed wetland is higher than that of natural wetland. 3)In the study area, landscape fragmentation shows a decreasing trend after the increase at first, indicating that the wetland environment tends to be improved after the deterioration at first. 4)In 1995, 2005 and 2015, the landscape fractal dimensions of natural wetland are lower than 1.6, and that of artificial wetlands is higher than 1.7, indicating that the artificial wetland landscape is more complex than natural wetland. The stability index of natural wetland is lower than that of constructed wetland, which is close to 0, indicating that the inner space structure of natural wetland is more fragile. [
Conclusions
] The construction of the Three Gorges Dam and other water conservancy projects lead to the change of wetland landscape pattern in Wujiang River Basin (Chongqing section), which played a significant role in promoting the overall improvement of the wetland environment in the area. With the construction of the Three Gorges project, reservoir sluicing, and water conservancy project such as Longtan hydro project, Jiangkou hydro-power station and other water conservancy facilities constructed, the total area of wetland in Wujiang River Basin increased, and the change of constructed wetland is more obvious than that of natural wetland. Compared with constructed wetland, natural wetland is more vulnerable to the external disturbance so that we should strengthen the corresponding protection measures.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 81-88 [
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520
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89
HUANG Longsheng, WANG Bing, NIU Xiang, SONG Qingfeng
Evaluation of ecological effects of the natural forest protection program in key state-owned forest districts in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia
[
Background
] Due to the bitter experiences from the severe flood calamity in 1998, China initiated the natural forest protection project (NFPP). It aims to improve the environmental conditions of weak and unstable, and has been called the world's largest ecological restoration project. For implementing the NFPP, government has invested huge sum of money for forest infrastructure construction, forest tending, artificial renewal and pest control; naturally, all sectors of society would have concerned what are the ecological effects after its implementation. [
Methods
] Based on Ⅱ forest resources in key state-owned forest districts in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia in 2000 and 2015, and compiling with the forest ecosystem services assessment specification (LY/T1721—2008) and the distributed measurement method, we evaluated the ecological effects and economic value of this ecological restoration project in key state-owned forest districts in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia. Total 6 ecological functions were evaluated before and after the implementation of NFPP, i.e., water conservation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, forest nutrient accumulation, atmosphere environmental purification, and biodiversity protection. [
Results
] 1) During the implementation of NFPP, the increment of the amount of water regulation and soil fixation was 157.57×10
8
and 2.38×10
8
t, respectively. The amount of fertility maintenance, carbon fixation, oxygen release, and forest nutrient accumulation increased by 1 717.74×10
4
, 1 573.03×10
4
, 3 808.19×10
4
, and 127.83×10
4
t, respectively. The amount of negative ion supply, pollutant absorption, and dust detaining increased by 6.70×10
25
, 4.29×10
8
kg, and 1 473.32×10
8
kg, respectively. 2) Values of each ecological function both showed an increasing trend, the total value of this ecological restoration project increased RMB 636.645 billion Yuan and it was 3.53 times as much as the total investment of the NFPP. 3) The total value of ecological benefits in the provinces from high to low rate growth was Inner Mongolia (65.63%), Heilongjiang (50.24%), and Jilin (34.59%). 4) The implementation of the NFPP in the key state-owned forest districts in Northeast China and Inner Mongolia showed great potential for ecological benefit and sustainable development. This ecological restoration project was an effective way to alleviate the continuous degradation of forest vegetation, the serious deforestation of natural forests and the prominent contradiction between forest protection and economic development in this study area. [
Conclusion
] Over time, the NFPP will play better ecological benefits and great potential for development. Study on ecological effects of the NFPP in the Yellow River, Yangtze River and the Xinjiang and Hainan areas is also the focus of future work. Accordingly and wishfully, it will provide scientific reference for the follow-up of the NFPP.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 89-96 [
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97
WANG Lijuan, YANG Yang, ZHENG Juanjuan, LIU Yingna, GUO Qiankun, WANG Da'an, LIU Baoyuan
Effects of fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorous losses from cropland in Beijing Mountainous Area: A case study on the Miyun Reservoir Watershed
[
Background
] Agricultural non-point source pollution is one of the most common non-point source pollution types, posing a great threat on the water quality of Miyun Reservoir in Beijing. Fertilization is the primary source of agricultural non-point source pollutants. The current study is aimed to analyze the impact of fertilization on nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) losses due to agricultural surface runoff and soil erosion. [
Methods
] Six 5×2 m runoff plots were established next to the Miyun Reservoir, on which summer corn was planted. Half of them received no fertilizer and the other half were fertilized according to the local customs, i.e., applying compound fertilizer (N:P
2
O
5
:K
2
O=15:15:15) as the base fertilizer at the day of sawing and topdressing urea after the elongation stage. Runoff samples were collected and analyzed for the determination of different forms of N and P pollutants for seven natural rainfall events during the growing season of summer corn in 2009. [
Results
] According to the contrast experiment, fertilization, especially topdressing urea, significantly increased the concentration of ammonia-N in surface runoff, but exerted little impact on nitrate-N, total N, and dissolved P or total P. The contents of sediment-bound P were significantly higher in the runoff from the fertilized plots, compared to the ones without fertilization. In contrast, obvious difference in sediment-bound N was only observed in the first runoff event after the application of base fertilizer. It was apparent that N losses with surface runoff and soil erosion was not only influenced by fertilization, but also closely related to the method of fertilizer application. For instance, topdressing urea obviously increased runoff N; whereas, sediment-bound N was typically regulated by the application of base fertilizer. The more losses of N from the fertilized plots, compared to the non-fertilized ones, were mainly originated from their elevated runoff and erosion modulus. Both N and P were mainly transported with sediments. Sediment-bound N accounted for 58.6% and 53.6% of total N losses for the fertilized and unfertilized plots, respectively. The contributions of sediment-bound P were even higher, and the corresponding percentages were 97.2% and 96.5% for the fertilized and unfertilized plots, respectively. [
Conclusions
] These findings hold important implications for the agricultural management and non-point source pollution regulation in the Miyun Reservoir Watershed. Both the rate and method of fertilization are critical for the management of croplands there, thereby for the water quality of Miyun Reservoir. Furthermore, it is necessary to adopt appropriate soil and water conservation measures to reduce surface runoff and soil erosion, especially the latter, from the mountainous areas of the watershed.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 97-104 [
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105
CHENG Xuegang, ZHANG Caihong, YANG Huanxiang, LIU Haodong, FU Zhanyong, ZHANG Guangcan, LI Chuanrong
Effects of continuous cropping on soil respiration and its components of poplar plantations
[
Background
] Soil respiration (
R
S
) is a key step in the carbon cycle of forest ecosystem, which mainly consists of two parts: autotrophic respiration (
R
A
) and heterotrophic respiration (
R
H
). The decisive factors of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration are different. In addition, the heterotrophic and autotrophic components of soil respiration may respond differently to climate change. Our goal is to assess the relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature and humidity, to determine the relative contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration to soil respiration, and to investigate the effect of continuous cropping on soil respiration and its components. The study site is located in the sandlot along the Dawen River, Shandong Province of eastern China. [
Methods
] We took different continuous cropping generations of poplar plantation (i.e. first generation, second generation and third generation) as the research objects. We used a field setup through trenching method to distinguish between heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration, and ACE automatic soil respiration monitoring system to measure the dynamics of soil respiration during the growing season in 2015. Meantime, soil temperature and soil water content at 5 cm depth were also measured by the self-contained temperature and moisture sensor of the instrument mentioned above. We used three empirical models to fit and analyze the relationship between soil respiration, soil temperature and volumetric water content. In addition, the soil bulk density, pH value, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) content in 0-20 cm soil depth of three forest types were observed. [
Results
] 1) Soil respiration and its components presented significant monthly variation as unimodal pattern, and were consistent with the change of soil temperature. 2) The average soil respiration rate of three forest types on their growth seasons were 3.12 μmol/(m
2
·s), 3.08 μmol/(m
2
·s) and 2.66 μmol/(m
2
·s) respectively.
R
S
and
R
H
of the third generation forest were significantly lower than that of the first and second generation forest, while
R
A
showed no significant difference among the three forest types. 3) Contribution rate of
R
A
of the first generation, second generation, third generation and overall mean value was 39.39%, 38.47%, 42.25% and 40.04% respectively, and showed seasonal differences, but the difference alone the three stands was not significant. 4) Soil temperature and volumetric water content were not significant among the three types of forest during the observation period. Soil respiration and its components showed significant exponential relationship with soil temperature in 5 cm depth, and no significant relationship with volumetric water content. The goodness of the binary mixed model indicated that the combined effects of soil temperature and volumetric water content on soil respiration and its components were 80%-94%. The simulation results showed that the binary mixed model was the best. [
Conclusions
] In summary, continuous cropping of poplar plantation reduced soil respiration rate and heterotrophic respiration rate, and the difference on soil physical and chemical properties and microbial biomass is the main reason leading to the difference in soil respiration rate alone different stands. This study revealed the effects of continuous cropping on soil respiration and its components, and provided data support for the comprehensive study of continuous cropping effect and soil carbon cycle in poplar plantations.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 105-112 [
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113
JING Hang, LIU Guobin, WANG Guoliang, XUE Sha, YAO Xu, LIANG Chutao
Effects of restoration measure on labile organic carbon in aggregates after clear-cutting Chinese pine forest: A case study of Songyugou Watershed of the Loess Plateau
[
Background
] Labile organic carbon (LOC) is an important factor of soil organic carbon pool, and it can be more sensitive to environment change than any other factor. LOC in aggregate significantly influences soil quality and protection of carbon pool. In order to achieve the scientific management of restoration communities after clear-cutting, it is of great significance to investigate the relationship between soil aggregates and LOC in the area. [
Methods
] Concentrations of soil aggregates and LOC of restoration communities in Chinese pine plantations of the Loess Plateau after clear-cutting were investigated. There were 3 types of restoration community (shrub land,abandoned forestland and young plantation land.) and no clear-cutting forest as control (CK). Undisturbed soil samples were collected at 0-20 cm soil layer, the volume fraction of aggregate were tested using wet screening, the concentrations of soil total organic carbon were determined using H
2
SO
4
-K
2
Cr
2
O
7
oxidation, and the concentrations of soil LOC were measured using KMnO
4
oxidation. Analysis of variance and linear regression analyses were done using SPSS(12.0). [
Results
] 1) Macro-aggregate (>250 μm) was dominant in aggregate composition. Compared with CK, the types of restoration community after clear-cutting presented significant effects on the distribution of aggregates. The percentage of micro-aggregate significantly decreased (
P
<0.05) while that of macro-aggregate significantly increased (
P
<0.05) in shrub land and abandoned forestland. Aggregate composition in young plantation land showed no significant changes. 2) The concentration of aggregate organic carbon increased with aggregate size increasing. There was the highest concentration of organic carbon in shrub land. The concentration of aggregate organic carbon was more sensitive than that of bulk soil organic carbons to different type of restoration community. 3) The concentration of LOC in soil aggregate decreased with the improvement of labile state, and LOC concentration of macro aggregate was greater than micro aggregates. Compared with CK, the organic carbon of soil aggregate became more highly labile under different restoration communities. The concentration of aggregate LOC significantly increased in shrub land, and the concentration of LOC in macro-aggregate was more sensitive to different type of restoration community than that in any other aggregate size. 4) Results of correlation analysis showed that LOC in aggregates presented a significant correlation with organic carbon in bulk soil. The correlation of LOC in macro-aggregate with organic carbon in bulk soil was better than micro-aggregate. Highly LOC showed better correlation with organic carbon in bulk soil than lowly LOC. Therefore, highly LOC in macro-aggregate correlated best with organic carbon in bulk soil. [
Conclusions
] These results proved that different type of restoration community resulted in soil organic carbon unstable, and aggregate LOC in shrub land significantly increased. To some degree, our results uncovered the distribution characteristics of soil aggregate LOC in the Loess Plateau and indicated the effect of clear-cutting on aggregate labile organic carbon. According to these results, shrub land in restoration community can be a considerable management measure after clear-cutting Chinese pine forest in the Loess Plateau. Based on previous researches, our findings indicate that highly LOC in macro-aggregate can be a better index for measuring the dynamic of soil organic carbon than LOC in bulk soil.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 113-120 [
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121
XIA Zhenyao, ZHANG Lun, NIU Penghui, LIANG Yongzhe, HU Wenjing, XU Wennian
Effects of dry density, initial water content, and slope gradient on the disintegration characteristics of purple soil
[
Background
] Reservoir water fluctuation and the change of hydrogeological conditions lead to the destruction of coastal vegetation and the exposure of ground. The soil has been eroded severely under the influence of precipitation,periodic fluctuation of reservoir water level and surge,which brought significant influence on the local economy and environment. There will be the annual of 30m in water level due to the completion of the Three Gorges Reservoir, thus there will be a water-level-fluctuation zone. In order to provide a reliable theoretical basis for the soil erosion control in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, this paper focuses on the effects of dry density, initial water content and slope gradient on the disintegration characteristics of purple soil. [
Methods
] Through the study of the relative fields to disintegration test, the self-made disintegration tank was used. The 10 degrees, 20 degrees and 30 degrees of wedge were placed in the bottom of tank respectively. The sample case with the inner dimensions of 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm was placed on the wedge. In order to prevent the specimen from sliding during the experiment, naps were arranged at the tip of the wedge. There were 27 kinds of purple soil in different initial water contents, dry densities and slope gradients by self-made instrument, which respectively provided the curve relationships among disintegration rate and dry density, initial water content, and slope gradient. [
Results
] The results showed that under the same initial water content and slope gradient, with the increase of dry density, the disintegration rates increased in the first and then decreased with the increase of immersion time. Under the same dry density and slope gradient, with the increase of initial water content, the disintegration rates increased first and then decreased with the increase of immersion time. Under the same initial water content and dry density, with the increase of slope gradient, the disintegration rates increased first and then decreased with the increase of immersion time. [
Conclusions
] By researching the experiment process, the disintegration region is always from the bottom of the sample, and then slowly extends to the top with the increase of immersion time. The research offers a foundation for the exploration of the disintegration mechanism in the water-level-fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. It provides theoretical basis for the protection and control of the water-level-fluctuation zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir. The research is also instructive, and provides technological support for the sustainable development of the environment, economy and society and the sustainable utilization in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 121-127 [
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128
ZHANG Xinggang, WANG Chunhong, CHENG Tiantian, LI Sai, LI Yiran, ZHANG Yongtao
Distribution characteristics of erosive rainfall in Yaoxiang Small Watershed of Shandong Province
[
Background
] In order to study the effect of erosive rainfall on runoff and sediment yield in the mountainous area of North China, we first need to study the distribution characteristics of erosive rainfall. In this paper, the research object is runoff plot of bare land that is typical in Yaoxiang Small Watershed of Shandong Province. [
Methods
] The characteristics of erosive rainfall were analyzed by mathematical statistics, based on the data of rainfall observed by tipping bucket rain gauge, runoff calculated by plot runoff and sediment yield measured by oven-drying method in the period of 2013—2015. In addition, rainfall erosive force was calculated by
I
30max
. In this paper, erosive rainfall standard was proposed by the method of Wang Wanzhong. Here is the method: 1) calculating the total erosion amount of erosive rainfall: the rainfalls of the selected samples are sorted by descending order, and the corresponding amount of soil erosion is accumulated, thus the total erosion amount in
n
erosive rainfalls is obtained; 2) classifying the amounts of rainfalls as several levels, and then calculating the proportion of the accumulated erosion amount over a given rainfall amount to the total erosion amount; 3) the standard of erosive rainfall is the amount of rainfall corresponding to the proportion of the accumulated soil erosion amount after the allowable soil erosion is deleted, to total erosion amount. [
Results
] 1) The reference value of standard erosive rainfall in the study area was 17.3 mm. 2) In July, times of erosive rainfall, precipitation, runoff volume, and sediment yield accounted for 42.31%, 45.71%, 85.78%, and 97.97% in all erosive rainfalls, respectively, and erosive rainfall occurred little in other months. 3) In the class of heavy rain, the rainfall times of high rainfall intensity type accounted for 60% and sediment yield accounted for 75.0%. While in the class of above rainstorm, the rainfall times of high rainfall intensity type accounted for 100% and sediment yield accounted for 100%. 4) In the class of rainfall erosive force >1 000 MJ·mm/(h·hm
2
), sediment yield accounted for 95.26% in all erosive rainfalls, and the runoff depth was over 3 times of the erosive rainfall < 1 000 MJ·mm/(h·hm
2
). [
Conclusions
] Therefore, the standard of erosive rainfall in the study area is 17.3 mm, which is mainly distributed in the moderate and above rainfall grades. The rainfall causing serious soil erosion is high rainfall intensity type or the erosive force of the rainfall is > 1 000 MJ·mm/(h·hm
2
), and it mainly distributes in July. This research is conducive to study the erosive rainfall in the small watershed, and provides a reference for understanding the erosive rainfall in the northern rocky mountains.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 128-133 [
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134
ZHANG Yawen, XU Wensheng, SHEN Shengyu, WANG Zhigang, ZHANG Pingcang
Application of UAV remote sensing technology in monitoring of soil and water conservation for construction projects: The establishment of a method
[
Background
] The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing provides a new supporting technique for soil and water conservation monitoring. However, for the practical use in soil and water conservation monitoring for construction projects, this technology is still at its beginning age and no uniform application methods or standards have been set up. The purpose of this work is to establish a method of soil and water conservation monitoring based on the UAV remote sensing technology, aiming at increasing the monitoring precision of UAV sensing technology and providing technical support for control soil loss in the construction projects. [
Methods
] The established method is divided into three parts: the acquisition of basic data, the extraction of monitoring information and the application of information in monitoring work. First, the acquisition of basic data was carried out by UAV with GPS, IMU and specific sensor, and the raw data processing was conducted by Agisoft Photoscan Professional to obtain the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and Digital Orthophoto Map (DOM) results. Second, the extraction of monitoring information was based on the DEM and DOM results by software ArcGIS. The information extracted from DEM and DOM results generally includes the land cover type, the location, length, area and volume for a specific object and the reconstruction of a 3D model for the project area. Finally, according to the criterion, extracted information, and specification, the practical monitoring work was proceeded, in which the data include the monitoring of land disturbance, the use and disposal of soil, soil and water conservation measures, soil loss and soil and water conservation effects. [
Results
] The established method was applied to a specific construction project for soil and water conservation monitoring test with a UAV of Phantom 4 Pro. In our test, the relative flight height was 129 m, and the aerial coverage area was 7.15 hm
2
. Horizontal resolution of the DEM and DOM results were 0.051 and 0.206 m, respectively. It was indicated that the areas of the typical temporary disposal area, production and living area 1, 2 and 3 was 7 414.23 m
2
, 1 818.57 m
2
, 2 371.8 m
2
and 1 851.94 m
2
, respectively. The volume of the temporary disposal was 72 626 m
3
without temporary covers. Compared to the traditional monitoring methods, the established method not only saved time more than two third, but also avoided accident errors. [
Conclusions
] The established method can be used in practical soil and water conservation monitoring for construction projects, and it is simple and practical. More importantly, it can improve our technical skill to apply UAV remote sensing technology into real soil and water conservation monitoring work, as to give strong technical support for soil and water conservation in construction projects.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 134-140 [
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141
LAN Xuechun, CHENG Lan
Study on the regionalization of soil and water conservation in Ningbo City
[
Background
] Regionalization of soil and water conservation in Ningbo began in 2000. At that time, Ningbo was divided into three different regions of soil and water conservation: plains region of Center and North Ningbo,harbors and hills region of South-west Ningbo, and mountains region of West Ningbo,which has played a positive role to guide the soil and water conservation work in Ningbo. After more than 10 years of development, the regionalization based on topographical features of Ningbo cannot meet the demand of soil and water conservation work in the new era. In order to guide future period of soil and water conservation work in Ningbo, it is necessary to re-do the regionalization of soil and water conservation. [
Methods
] We applied overlay-analysis to re-divide the regions based on the third-level regionalization of soil and water conservation in China, combining natural conditions, water and soil erosion trends, social-economic development demand for soil and water conservation with the maps of terrain slope classification, annual rainfall distribution, current land use, forest resources distribution, city and urban development, land use regionalization, water resources project, ecological protection plan, and current soil erosion. [
Results
] We divided Ningbo City into 4 different regions as such: the farmland protection and water quality maintenance region of North Ningbo, the human habitat and water quality maintenance region of Center Ningbo, the soil conservation and water quality maintenance region of South-east Ningbo, and the water conservation and ecological protection region of West Ningbo. Moreover, the prevention and control strategies of water and soil erosion are proposed. [
Conclusions
] In the farmland protection and water quality maintenance region of North Ningbo, the protection of cultivated lands, garden lands, and woodlands with important ecological functions should be enhanced, and the mid- low-yield lands should be ameliorated to be high quality prime farmland, and the water quality of plain river networks should be improved. In the human habitat and water quality maintenance region of Center Ningbo, the management of waste soil and residue as well as waste mud treatment from city construction should be strengthened, the ecological corridors should be built, and the environment for human habitat and the water quality of river and lake should be better shaped. In the soil conservation and water quality maintenance region of South-east Ningbo, focus is on the improvement of low-quality forest and construction of coastal protection forest, and the efficiency of comprehensively utilizing the land should be increased by implementing the measures of soil conservation on economic forest lands. In the water conservation and ecological protection region of West Ningbo, focuses are on the measures of enclosing forestland and more afforestation in order to play full capacity of vegetation in silt detention, runoff regulation, water conservation, and control non-point pollution.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 141-147 [
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148
GUO Yueting
Research progress on stripping and using of plow layer soil in China
[
Background
] The plow layer soil is the material base for grain growth, and is a precious natural resource, which is difficult to regenerate. However, with rapid development of industrialization and urbanization processes, cultivated land is inevitably occupied by construction. Therefore, the retention of plow layer soil occupied by the construction is an urgent task, which is meaningful for the protection for plow land and ensuring food security. The purpose of this paper is to figure out the key scientific problems and main directions of plow layer soil stripping and using by analyzing the research status in China. [
Methods
] The method of literature retrieval is applied to investigate the exploration and practice in the type, soil investigation and evaluation, stripping, storage, backfilling and other technical aspects, organization and management model of plow layer soil stripping and using in China. Then, the comprehensive analysis is used to reveal the research status of the above listed content on the plow layer soil stripping and using in China. Finally, the scientific issues for further research are proposed. [
Results
] The plow layer soil stripping and using involves many aspects, including soil investigation and evaluation, soil stripping, soil storage, soil transportation and backfilling. The research on plow layer soil stripping and using in China is mainly on empirical analysis, and the main research objects are pilot cities and counties, and projects of individual site selection. Due to the differences in application objects and main objectives of surface soil stripping, there is no standard procedure and formal system in plow layer soil stripping and using. Technical aspects are lack of standard extraction. The uniform standard and fixed method is lack in the processes of soil investigation and evaluation. And the modes of organization and management of surface soil stripping show differences in response to different application objects. In general, theoretical research on the soil stripping is relatively weak and only focuses on the description and discussion. In addition, due to differences of natural condition, resources and plow land, there is no regularity summary of soil stripping yet, and the universal law of plow layer soil stripping and using is not attained. [
Conclusions
] The paper concludes that the research focusing on plow layer soil stripping and using are to revise rules and regulations, strengthen supervision and management, standardize procedure of plow layer soil stripping and using, develop implementation standard, establish and improve relevant incentive and restraint mechanisms for plow layer soil stripping and using, absorb the beneficial experiences of foreign countries and explore more feasibility and workable paths and methods in China, which not only effectively protect cultivated land resources, but also have important significance to stabilize food production and protect ecological environment.
2017 Vol. 15 (1): 148-156 [
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