The shelter forest belts adjacent to the north fifth ring road in the northern part of the Beijing Olympic forest park were chosen as the research object, five monitoring points were set up inside and outside the shelterbelts to locate and monitor for three months. The temporal and spatial variation of PM_2.5 mass concentration was analyzed inside and outside the shelterbelts at the same time, and the correlations were established among PM_2.5 mass concentration and wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and other weather conditions, for a purpose of analyzing the effect of various meteorological factors on PM2.5 mass concentration. The results showed that: 1) as for the temporal variation, PM_2.5 mass concentration inside the shelterbelts presented a single-peak or bimodal distribution (peaks at 08:00 and 12:00, respectively, and the mass concentration was lower at other time), and increased significantly only about 18:00 p. m. . There was roughly a similar pattern of diurnal variation of PM_2.5 mass concentration inside and outside the shelterbelts. 2) The PM_2.5 mass concentration inside the shelterbelts was higher than outside, and that at 40 m away from north five ring road inside the shettbelts was relatively higher than other locations. 3) The mass concentrations of PM_2.5 is significantly and negatively correlated with temperature and wind speed, but positively correlated with air pressure as well as relative humidity; the correlation between PM_2.5 mass concentration and temperature can be expressed by a power function.

We determined the boundary of Siertan Wetland at Yanchi County in Ningxia using the polar ordination method, and investigated the biodiversity of the study area. Along the biotope gradient from wetland to grassland, the ectone could be divided into the quadrats N8 - N13 in the north transect line, quadrats S15 - S24 in the south transect line, quadrats E13 - E22 in the east transect line , and quadrats W23 - W30 in the west transect line; The diversity index and richness index of the four transect lines all followed the order of ectone > arid region > wet region, the evenness index ordered as arid region > ectone > wet region, and the dominant concentration index ranked as wet region > ectone > arid region. Affected by human disturbance and topographical difference, the plant communities varied in different directions, and the richness index, diversity index and evenness index of the north and east transect lines were higher, while the dominant concentration index was lower.

In the course of the development of Beijing, the rapid growth of population has posed great pressures of water resources shortage and water pollution to Beijing. The effect of population change on the consumption of water resources in Beijing was studied by analyzing population and water environment data in Beijing from 2004 to 2011. The results showed that: 1) the household registration population of Beijing increased by 1.15 million from 2004 to 2011, the floating population in Beijing grew by 4.843 million during the same period, and the annual average water consumption almost increased by 141 million m³; therefore, the high-speed growth of population is the fundamental reason for years of growth of the total consumption of water resources in Beijing; 2) at the end of 2011, the total number of the primary industry practitioners was barely 0.591 million, which was less than 1/10 of that of the tertiary industry practitioners; the total number of the secondary industry practitioners was less than 1/3 of that of the tertiary industry practitioners; in other words, the tertiary industry has replace the primary and secondary industries, becoming a pillar industry in the city; 3) during this period, the annual average water consumption per capita for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes dropped by 8.4, 37.7 and 27.1 m³ respectively; the optimization of the industrial structure has made the annual average water consumption per capita in Beijing show a yearly declining trend. Controlling population growth and deepening the industrial structural adjustment are effective ways to realize the sustainable development of water resources in Beijing.

Ninety-nine soil samples (GPS used for recording sample location) were collected in the Jiangjiagou Ravine, Yunnan Province, China, a frequent debris flow occurring area, in order to statistically investigate the spatial variation characteristics of soil organic matters. The results indicated that the average content of soil organic matters (2.21 g/ kg) was at a low level. The soil organic matters in space presented an obvious anisotropy, and spatial variation characteristics mainly existed in the northeast-southwest direction with the strip shape. The spatial variability of soil organic matters was controlled by both its auto-spatial dependence and random factors, and the soil organic matters displayed medium degree of spatial correlation. Furthermore, the distribution of soil organic matters was influenced by soil texture, slope, elevation, land use types and human production activities. Under different levels of a certain factor, the soil organic content showed extremely significant difference. The results can provide a basis for carbon reserves estimation in debris flow ravine, and the reference for ecological restoration and reconstruction in the area with soil erosion degradation.

Based on the observation of the sap flow flux of Hippophae rhamnoides by the stem heat balance method on northern slope of Liupan Mountains, this paper analyzed the daily sap flow characteristics of H. rhamnoides during the growing season, and estimated the transpiration of H. rhamnoides plantations. The curve of daily sap low showed a typical single-peak pattern, and indicated that sap flow continued till night. The ratio of nocturnal sap flow flux to total daily sap flow flux is about 12.87% to 19.62%. The daily sap flow flux could be affected by total daily solar radiation, mean vapor pressure deficit, mean air temperature and mean relative air humidity. The transpiration velocity of H. rhamnoides showed an obvious declining trend from March to September, with a total transpiration of 469.4 mm, which was a little higher than the simultaneous precipitation, and the ratio of this transpiration to simultaneous total evapotranspiration is 35.11%. The regression equation to relate environmental parameters to total transpiration was established.

Rocky and desertified land (RDL) is one of the severest environmental problems in eco-rehabilitation of Guangxi. With multi-temporal TM/ ETM data as main information source, the distribution characteristics and evolution rules of RDL in Pingguo County of Guangxi in different periods were studied by field surveys and “3S”techniques. The fol1owing conclusions were obtained: 1) monitoring methods and evaluation model of RDL can objectively reflect the basic situation of RDL in Pingguo County; 2) RDL is mainly distributed in some towns along the Zuoyou river coast and the northeast part of Pingguo County, and from 1988 to 2008 the occurrence degree of RDL worsened firstly and was then alleviated; 3) some advices are given that step-by-step improvement measures should be adopted in the control process. Some suggestions on comprehensive control of RDL are put forward and our proposals and results can be applied to karst regions in southwest China.

On the basis of located observation, we chose Fraxinus chinensis plantations as research objects, and bare land as control, on coastal saline-alkali soil as microclimate monitoring site. We studied dynamic, thermal, and hydrological effects of F. chinensis plantations, so as to provide some reference for ecological impact assessment of artificial afforestation on coastal saline-alkali soil. The results showed as follows. The solar radiation, wind speed, soil temperature and soil moisture in the plantations were obviously lower than that on bare land, while the air humidity was higher. Compared with the bare land, the air temperature in plantations was higher in spring, but lower in summer and autumn. The windbreak effect and shade effect reached 77.87% and 67.5%, respectively, in summer. Compared with bare land, the air temperature in plantations decreased by as much as 0.40 ℃, but the air humidity increased by 7.59% -18.61%. There was a very significant correlation between any two of different microclimate factors within the forest, especially the correlation between air temperature and soil temperature.

In order to clarify the water resource conservation function of forest vegetation, using Pinus tabuliformis pure forest, Larix principis-rupprechtii pure forest, Platycladus orientalis pure forest, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica pure forest, Quercus variabilis pure forest, Acer mono pure forest, the mixed forest of Pinus tabuliformis and Larix kaempferi, the mixed forest of Pinus tabuliformis and Larix principis-rupprechtii as the research objects in Jiulong Mountain in Beijing City, we investigated forest litters and soil water-holding capacity of eight kinds of forest stands. The results showed that the total litter storage capacity of the eight kinds of forest stands ranged from 8.87 to 47.87 t/ hm², and the storage capacity of undecomposed litter was higher than that of semi-decomposed litter. By analyzing the change rules of maximum water-holding capacity and the effective interception amount of undecomposed litter and semi-decomposed litter, we found that water-holding capacity of pure Pinus tabulaeformis forest was the highest as 36.46 t/ hm², followed by the pure Larix principis-rupprechtii forest (36.06 t/ hm²), while that of pure Platycladus orientalis forest was the lowest, 11.83 t/ hm². For the effective interception amount, the mixed forest of Pinus tabulaeformis and L. kaempferi had the maximum amount, 23.51 t/ hm², followed by the pure P. sylvestris var. mongolica forest, 19.85 t/ hm², and Platycladus orientalis pure forest had the minimum amount, 9.53 t/ hm². In terms of the forest litters and soil water conversion function of eight kinds of forest stands, we found that L. pure principis-rupprechtii forest and the mixed forest of Pinus tabulaeformis and L. principis-rupprechtii are much better than other forest stands. The water-holding capacity and immersion time of different litter layers are well correlated, and so are the water absorption rate of litter layers and immersion time. The average of soil bulk density of eight stands ranged from 0.89 to 1.41 g/ cm³, and the total soil porosity varied from 39.43% to 54.23%. By analyzing soil infiltration rate and infiltration time, we found that there is a power function relation between them with all values of R² greater than 0.90.

Data compilation is the basic work for soil and water conservation monitoring. According to the sources and properties, soil and water conservation monitoring data can be divided into four categories as follows: basic information, observation data, survey data and derived data. Ground-based observation of soil and water conservation in water erosion area mainly includes runoff plots and small watershed control station observation. According to the monitoring content and object, the data compilation can generally be divided into three major categories as follows: impact factor data, runoff data and sediment data. The contents and methods of data compilation are different and so do their emphases. Recently, we should institute the technical standards and systems of monitoring data compilation immediately, and standardize management. We should also strengthen the technical training and records management so as to improve the information technology and modernization of soil and water conservation monitoring data compilation.

Three N addition treatments (0, 60, 240 kg/ (hm²·a)) in a Castanea mollissima plantation were applied and trench method was adopted for partitioning autotrophic respiration, which was designed to analyze the response mechanism of soil respiration of different components to nitrogen addition, The results showed that 1) nitrogen addition had no significant influence on soil temperature and moisture(P >0.05); 2) total soil respiration, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration rates in the control plot were (3.47±0.09), (2.26±0.10) and (1.21±0.16) μmol/(m²·s), respectively. The response of soil respiration of different components to nitrogen addition treatments varied. Low鄄N addition significantly stimulated total soil respiration, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration (P <0.05), in contrast to that high—N addition significantly suppressed total soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration (P <0.01), but had no influence on autotrophic respiration (P >0.05). 3) The Q₁₀ values of total soil respiration, heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration were 2.44, 1.93 and 4.10, respectively. Nitrogen addition treatments significantly decreased Q₁₀ value of autotrophic respiration (P <0.05), but had no significant influence on total soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration.

Niche is an important means to study the ability of plant population to utilize and adapt to natural resources. Using niche theory, we studied the community 10 shrub species and 11 herb species under Picea crassifolia and Betula platyphylla mixed forest of high hill regions in Datong County, Qinghai Province. Results indicated that: 1) Potentilla fruticosa and Salix cupularis in shrub layer had larger niche breadth, so did Polygonum viviparum and Fragaria orientalis in herb layer, which suggests that these vegetations were scattered widely under the mixed forest, with a strong adaptation at the present stage. 2) Two populations with a broad niche breadth had generally a large ecological niche overlap, while those with a narrow niche breadth had generally a small ecological niche overlap. Some populations with a narrow one also probably had a large ecological niche overlap. Apart from this, the niche overlap of species belonging to the same genera might be small, which is mainly associated with their evolution and succession. 3) In terms of eco-response rate, Spiraea salicifolia of the shrub layer and Galium boreale of the herb layer were more aggressive than other species, and Euonymus przwalskii of the shrub layer and Galium aparine of the herb layer declined in a rapidest rate. The results of our study could be a guidance and theoretical basis for the projects of converting cropland to forest and ecological forest afforestation in high hill regions of Datong County, Qinghai Province.

This paper expounds the functions of deep pools in terms of ecology, economy and landscape based on field investigation of water volume, bottom substrate and aquatic animals of deep pools located in some sections of Zhuhe River, Shandong Province, combined with literature review. Taking the current situation of urban rivers into account, we believe that building deep pools in urban rivers has a positive effect on ecosystem, water quality and landscape of the urban rivers. We also propose five principles of the construction of a deep pool with two building forms of “shoal-deep pool"and “ladder-deep pool", in order to provide reference for the ecological transformation of urban rivers.

In order to study the direct distribution of solar radiation in complex terrain, imaging total station technology and ViewGIS3.0 were integrated to calculate the solar radiation in the quarry of Huangyuan village, Fangshan District, Beijing, which is a typical representative area. Meanwhile, the accuracy of direct radiation model was confirmed through the fieldwork observation (error only 4.1%), and impacts of slope and aspect on direct solar radiation were investigated. Results are shown as follows. 1) Errors of each observation point during the daytime have shown the same trend that there are big errors in the morning and evening and small errors at the noon, indicating that the model can reflect the real value of direct solar radiation more accurately when the solar elevation angle is large. 2) On the sunny slope, the amount of solar direct radiation increases first and then decreases with the increase of slope. The critical point is consistent with complementary angle of the solar elevation angle. On the shady slope, the amount of solar direct radiation decreases with the increase of slope. 3) In different seasons, impacts of aspect on the amount of solar direct radiation differ. The amount of solar direct radiation in winter is affected the most by aspect, followed by that of fall and spring, and the amount of solar direct radiation in summer is affected the least.

Considering the ecological health evaluation of river, the Tanghe River in Beijing was taken for a case study of the correlation among the evaluation factors by referencing river鄄based evaluation study abroad. A total of 17 indicators out from 21 measured samples in 5 categories along the typical river section of Tanghe River were analyzed The results showed that: 1) riverbed effect and vegetation have greater impacts on the overall ecological health in the Toudaoxue and Tanghekou sections; 2) the most significant factors affecting ecological health of Tanghe River are bank slope factor and vegetation in the measured river sections. The result of this study might offer ecological restoration reference for the Tanghe River (Beijing segment).