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2013 Vol.11 No.6
Published 2013-12-25
Articles
1
LI Ling, Zhou Yuncha, Yin Xianping
Limestone soil transferring processes under different rainfall patterns
Limestone soil transferring processes were monitored under different simulated rainfall patterns. Results showed as follows. 1)The maximum quantity of surface soil erosion was 1201.86g when the precipitation was 102mm and rainfall intensity was 2.03mm/min; underground soil erosion was 6.563g when rainfall intensity was 0.37mm/min. 2)The quantity of surface soil erosion was at most 796.7g when rainfall intensity varied from strong to weak with the same precipitation time of 90min, but lasting flow soil erosion was 41.38g and underground soil erosion was 4.923g when rainfall intensity changed from weak to strong. 3) The main factor which affects the quantity of surface soil erosion is the intensity of rainfall, while the factor which affects the lasting flow soil erosion is the later intensity of rainfall. The duration of rainfall determines the amount of underground soil erosion.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 1-6 [
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Guo Huichao, Shao Ming'an, Fan Jun
Effects of the organic matter content on the stability of the soil hydraulic conductivity
Soil saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) is an important hydraulic parameter of water cycle and soil erosion model, and it is also an important indicator of the improvement of soil structure. The objective of our study is to investigate the effects of organic fertilizers on KS for sandy soil and Lou soil. The content of organic fertilizers in the soil was set as 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30%. Three levels were designed for soil density (depending on trial of packing). Each treatment had five replicates. Soil columns with constant head of water were used to determine KS. The results showed that 1) KS decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer content. The effects of organic fertilizer content on KS of sandy soil and Lou soil were different. KS of sandy soil declined linearly with the increase of organic fertilizer content, while KS of Lou soil decreased slowly as the organic fertilizer content increased. 2) Soil density would decrease when adding organic fertilizers to soil, but KS would not significantly decline with the increase of organic fertilizer content for both soils under the lower soil density condition. 3) Due to the addition of organic fertilizers, the procedure of K determination was stable, but the time spent for determination became longer. Under the lower soil density condition, the change of K over time was not stable. When soil density increased, the change of K over time would become stable for all levels of organic fertilizer content.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 7-14 [
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15
Liu Liang, Lu Bingjun, Fu Suhua, Wang Zhiqiang
Calibration of TDR for soil moisture content at farmland of black soil region in northeastern China
It is necessary to calibrate time domain reflectometry (TDR) device when measuring the soil moisture content. In this study, a series of soil column tests were used to calibrate the TDR for soil moisture content. Four soil media (black soil and its parent, transition and sand horizon in turn) in black soil profile were selected as experiment objectives. The moisture content of the soil columns varied from wet to dry. The results showed that the TDR device underestimated soil moisture content in the study area. The soil moisture content measured by TDR method was significantly lower than that measured by the oven-dry gravimetric method. The model efficiency predicted by the exponential way was greater than that by the linear way. The function of soil moisture between TDR and gravimetric methods under the uniform medium can give a good estimation for the same medium (maximum absolute error 3.2%). The function of soil moisture content obtained from mixed media can be used for different soil media, with a maximum absolute error of 6.6%. The results can serve for determining soil moisture content at similar environments in the black soil region of northeastern China.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 15-22 [
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23
Diao Mingjun, Wang Shusen, Luo Yuyang, Zou Shouyi
Sandstorm occurrence rule in Tongliao of Inner Mongolia
The sandstorm occurrence regularity in Tongliao, Inner Mongolia was investigated using sandstorm weather data of Tongliao in recent 48 years (1954—2001). The analysis indicated that the incidence and duration of sandstorms changed significantly depending on months, seasons, years, and decades. The incidence and duration of sandstorm in Tongliao decreased in the past 48 years. There was a peak occurrence period between 1950s—1970s during which the sandstorm incidence and duration changed significantly. The incidence of sandstorm sharply decreased in the 1980s and increased since the 1990s. Three months of the spring in each year, especially April, are the peak occurrence period. The occurrence of sandstorm is apparently related to rainfall and wind speed.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 23-27 [
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28
Meng Xianwen, Qin Zuodong, Xue Zhanjin
Key issues in establishing ecological compensation mechanism in Fenhe River basin
The ecological compensation of basin as a hot issue in watershed management has aroused wide concern. As the resource development and economic development in Fenhe River basin, its increasingly serious ecological problems become a bottleneck for economic and social sustainable development. Establishing a scientific ecological compensation mechanism in the Fenhe River basin is particularly important. Based on research and analysis combined with the actual situation in Fenhe River basin, clarity and the principles for establishing ecological compensation mechanism in Fenhe River basin, and analysis of subjects, objects, methods, and standards in the mechanism establishment, the current study tries to establish the safeguard measures, so as to build the overall framework of ecological compensation mechanism in Fenhe River basin. The introduced mechanism can not only adjust the economic benefits of eco-efficiency and related protectors and beneficiaries, the distribution relationship between predators and victims, but also protect and improve the ecological environment in the Fenhe River basin, promoting the sustainable development of basin-wide coordination of economic, social, and environmental aspects.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 28-32 [
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33
Wu Jingdong, Duan Shuhuai, Ye Zhihan
Hydromorphological investigation and classification of streams in mountainous areas of Beijing
The hydromorphological investigation and classification of streams in mountainous areas of Beijing was conducted with river bed, bank, riparian zone, flood land, etc. as main objectives. The hydromorphology of 567 streams in mountainous areas of Beijing is divided into five classes: high (Ⅰ), good (Ⅱ), moderate (Ⅲ), poor (Ⅳ), and bad (Ⅴ). The results showed that the total length of the main streams was 4258km and percentage of the class Ⅰ to Ⅴ was 64.85%, 14.02%, 9.56%, 8.76%, and 2.81%, respectively. Streams of classes Ⅰand II together accounted for 78.87% of the total length. The results provide important reference for the hydromorphological and ecological restoration and eco-cleaning of small watersheds in Beijing or even the whole country.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 33-38 [
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39
Su Zilong, Zhang Guanghui, Yu Yan
Variation of soil moisture with slope aspect and position in a small agricultural watershed in the typical black soil region
Soil moisture is affected by land use type, topography and geomorphology, soil texture and other factors. A small agricultural watershed in the typical black region was selected as the study area to analyze the variation of soil moisture at different slope aspects and positions by field experiment. The results were as follows. 1) In the depth range of 0-100cm, soil moisture content on the semi-shady slopes was lower than that on sunny and semi-sunny slopes; profile variation trends of soil moisture content on the three types of slopes differed, and the effect of slope aspect on soil moisture content was significant only in the depth 0-35cm. 2) On each type of slope, the soil moisture content followed the order of lower slope＞upper slope＞middle slope, the profile variation of soil moisture content presented different trends at different slope positions of each slope aspect, and the effect of slope position on soil moisture content of sunny and semi-shady slopes was significant within the measurement range, and it was also significant on the semi-sunny slope in depth 25-100cm, but not significant in 0-25cm in this slope aspect. Our research results could provide theoretical basis for reasonable allocation of crops and management of farmland soil moisture.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 39-44 [
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45
Zhou Lili, Fan Haoming, Jia Yanfeng, Wu Min
Factors affecting rainfall runoff duration of slope with incompletely thawed layer
In the spring, runoff process on the freeze-thaw slope is different with that on the non-freeze-thaw slope, since the former contains thawed layer and frozen layer. Planosol, chernozem, brown and cinnamon soil in northeastern China were selected as research objects, and the indoor rainfall simulation was carried out to study the rainfall runoff duration characteristics with incompletely thawed layer. The results showed that: the initial soil moisture was the most important factor affecting runoff duration, and the runoff duration was significantly shortened with the increase of the initial soil moisture, especially for planosol. The runoff duration was a logarithmic function of soil moisture content. The rainfall intensity and initial thaw depth did not significantly affect rainfall runoff duration. An exponential function was proposed to express the rainfall runoff duration by multiple regression. The longer the rainfall runoff duration lasted, the earlier the peak erosion time appeared. The erosion of planosol, chernozem and brown soil was negatively correlated with the runoff duration.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 45-49 [
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50
Jiang Yue, Chang Qingrui, Zhao Yeting, Ban Songtao
Spatial characteristics and factors affecting topsoil trace elements in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous Area: A case study of Zhenba County
We analyzed the content, spatial distribution and factors affecting topsoil trace elements in Qinling-Bashan Mountainous Area and provided a theoretical basis for the effective use and management of soil element fertilizer. Based on the data of the Cultivated Land Productivity Investigation and Quality Evaluation Project of Shaanxi Province (2010), we applied geostatistics in combination with GIS to analyze the spatial variability and factors affecting soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn in Zhenba County, Shaanxi Province. The variation coefficient of these soil trace elements was between 81.38% and 117.09%. Zn had strong variability, while Fe, Mn and Cu had medium variability. Every trace element was moderately dependent. The high content of soil trace elements occurred in the southern part of the study area and the low content in the western part. Intrinsic and random factors were the major driving forces of the distribution of trace elements. Intrinsic factors included the characteristics of soils, topography, annual precipitation and the like, while random factors encompassed cropping system, village distance, etc. In Zhenba County, the content of soil available Cu and Fe was high, the content of soil available Zn was moderate, and the proportion of soil available Mn was low as 19.4%. The application of micronutrient fertilizer should take farming systems, soil types and the level of trace elements content into consideration.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 50-57 [
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58
Hu Yunhua, He Xiubin, Guo Feng
An applicability assessment of the weather generator CLIGEN used in the upper Yangtze River
The CLIGEN weather generator is a part of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model. It is applied to forecast weather condition and fill the missing weather data. However, the CLIGEN was specially developed for working under the weather conditions of the United States, and the accuracy cannot be ensured when used in other places. We analyzed and assessed the precision of the daily and monthly weather data based on the comparison between the data simulated by CLIGEN and the daily observation data according to five national meteorological stations (Tuotuohe, Maerkang, Lijiang, Dujiangyan and Shapingba) in the upper Yangtze River. The results indicated that the input weather parameters in CLIGEN can significantly affect the simulation results. The data generated by CLIGEN are generally in consistence with those from the five stations in the upper Yangtze River. The daily data simulated by CLIGEN have marked error while the monthly data are more accurate than daily data. The simulated monthly temperature is lower than the true values. The absolute and relative errors of parts of simulated data vary among different months.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 58-65 [
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66
Liu Xin,Zhang Jinchi, Wang Chunlin, Zhuang Jiayao, Han Cheng, Gu Zheyan, Yang Zhihua
Seasonal variation characteristics of sap flow of Quercus acutissima in the Yangtze River Delta
This study was designed to analyze the seasonal variation characteristics of the sap flow of Quercus acutissima, based on the 12-month continuous located observation of the sap flow rate and environmental factors by using sap flow meter and mini weather station in Nanjing Dongshanqiao Forest from May 2012 to April 2013. The results indicated that: 1) the sap flow rate of Q. acutissima showed distinct diurnal change rhythms both in sunny and cloudy days in spring, summer and autumn. Sap flow rates in daytime were higher than those during the night, and sap flow rates in sunny days were higher than those in cloudy days. The fluctuation of the daily sap flow rates was relatively violent in winter. 2) The average peak of sap flow rate in spring was about 5.69kg/h; the average peaks of sap flow rate in summer, autumn and winter were 1.58, 1.08 and 0.012 times as high as that in spring. 3) The lag effect existed between the peaks of sap flow rate and the peaks of solar radiation, and the lag time was about 1-2h. The peaks of sap flow rate were about 1 hour ahead of those of air temperature, vapor pressure deficiency and soil temperature. 4) The correlation coefficients between environmental factors and sap flow rate and daily sap flow in spring, summer, autumn were higher than in winter. 5) The determination coefficients of multiple linear regression models in spring, summer and autumn were around 0.8, and the determination coefficient was lower in winter.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 66-73 [
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74
Wei Yujie, Wu Xinliang, Pi Jiangping, Cai Chongfa, Ding Shuwen
Fractal dimension and physical characteristics of clay-sand mixtures
To understand the anti-erodibility and slope stability mechanisms of clay-sand mixtures, we prepared artificial soils with different particle size distributions by mixing clayey soil and engineering sand in different mass ratios. The effect of soil particle size composition on soil fractal dimension and physical characteristics was discussed by analyzing the structure and physical-mechanical parameters of these artificial soils. Results were as follows: 1) artificial soil particle composition could be characterized by particle fractal dimension D and D increased as the sand content decreased and the silt-clay content increased; 2) with the increase of fractal dimension D, bulk density increased first and then decreased, whereas the total porosity showed an opposite trend, while capillary porosity increased and non-capillary porosity decreased; when D was 2.75, the dry bulk density reached the maximum value of 1.74g/cm3, but the total porosity, saturation moisture content and capillary moisture content were at the minimum values of 34.52%，19.83% and 17.19%, separately; 3) as particle fractal dimension D increased, internal friction angle and cohesion of saturated soils displayed a downward parabola and an exponential increase respectively, but the angle of repose changed following an upward quadratic parabola trend, and the angle of repose in air was larger than that in water and the difference between them decreased with the increase of D. It was concluded that: particle size composition was the main factor influencing soil structure; shear strength under saturation increased with soil compactness; and the angle of repose was mainly affected by the uniformity and diameter of soil particles.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 74-80 [
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81
Xiao Yulin, Wei Xin, Liu Baoyuan, Jiang Hongtao, Guo Qiankun, Zhao Yuming, Wang Da’an
Preliminary studies on soil conservation benefit of narrow terraces in Beijing hillslope orchard
Fruit industry has become one of the main components of agriculture in Beijing hillslope orchard. However, soil loss at hillslope orchards is serious due to the steep slopes and low vegetation coverage. Narrow terrace is one of the major soil conservation measures in such hillslope orchards. It is important to quantitatively investigate soil erosion for a sustainable development of environment and economy for these hillslope orchards. The objective of this study is to estimate the soil erosion rate using 137Cs method in such area. Soil samples were collected from three counties: Changping (no conservation practice), Huairou and Miyun (both with narrow terraces), and the 137Cs inventory was measured to estimate soil erosion rate. The result indicated that the erosion rates of hillslope orchards in Changping, Huairou and Miyun were 5311, 2494 and 1970t/(km2·a), respectively. The narrow terraces have reduced the soil loss by 50%, but cannot fully play its application effects of soil and water conservation because of disrepair.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 81-86 [
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87
Luo Fengmin, Zhang Liwen, Gao Yong, Wang Ji, Zheng Songzhou, Dang Xiaohong, Xiao Fang
Growth characteristics of young Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. in response to fertilization in Kerqin sandy land
Kerqin sandy land is a typical agro-pastoral ecotone with fragile ecological environment. Amygdalus pedunculata Pall. is an endangered tree species with advantages of wide adaptability, strong resistance to drought, sand fixation and wind erosion resistance, showing ecological and economical benefits. We adopted annularity fertilizing pattern and carried out different fertilizer proportions and fertilizer amounts on young A. pedunculata in Kerqin sandy land, analyzed the effect of growth characteristics on fertilization, and obtained the optimum fertilization proportion and amount. The results showed that during the August and September in 2012 the increasing rates of six indexes, i.e., seedling height, crown width, length of new branches, ground diameter, diameter of new branches and number of new branches of A. pedunculata, were 16.00%, 39.51%, 37.15%, 17.72%, 50.96%, and 33.05%, respectively, when the mass ratio of N, P and K in mass quality was 3.6∶2.3∶1.0 and the fertilizer amount was is 40 g per seedling. There was a significant difference in seedling height and ground diameter of A. pedunculata（R2=0.9048, R2=0.8889）between the first and the later investigation, showing the evident effect of fertilization on seedling height and ground diameter. The six indexes of A. pedunculata all reached a peak value when the mass ratio of N, P and K was 3.6∶2.3∶1.0 and the fertilizer amount was 40g per seedling.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 87-92 [
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93
Li Hui, Xie Huicheng, Jiang Zhilin, Li Chuanrong, Zhang Guangcan
Photosynthetic response of potted Quercus acutissima Carruth seedlings under different soil moisture conditions
Photosynthesis-light response curve， photosynthesis-CO2 response curve and parameters of photosynthesis in leaves of potted Quercus acutissima Carruth seedlings under different soil moisture conditions were measured with Li-cor6400 portable photosynthesis system in the arboretum of Nanjing Forestry University. The photosynthesis-light response curves were fitted and analyzed by actual measurement and a modified model based on the rectangular hyperbola model. The results were as follows. 1) When the photosynthetically active radiation intensity was 160μmol/(m2·s), the net photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate of seedlings grown at soil moisture contents of 24%， 14.5% and 11.4% were significantly different with those of seedlings grown at a soil moisture content of 32%. 2) The modified rectangular hyperbola model could well fit parameters of photosynthesis-light response of leaves in Q. acutissima Carruth of all treatments except light saturation point， which had an evident difference between simulated value and measured value. The trend of photosynthesis-light response curve of leaves in Q. acutissima Carruth of all treatments was same as that of actual measurement. 3) Both carboxylation efficiency and CO2 compensation point of Q. acutissima Carruth decreased with the reduction of soil moisture， so it is concluded that water stress inhibits Rubisco’s activity.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 93-97 [
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98
Yang Yang, Duan Haixia
Soil fractal features of refuse dump in different land uses
Based on the fractal theory, we studied the fractal features of soil particles of refuse dump in different land use types, i.e., artificial forest, agricultural land and grassland, and discussed the effect of coal exploitation on the soil environment, attempting to provide scientific basis for the protection of the ecological conditions of mining areas and restoring the ecological functions of soil. The soil particles machinery composition of 10 levels of 0-100cm soil layer of three kinds land use types was measured in the refuse dump land reclamation area at the Fuxin Haizhou opencast mine with OMIC SCF-106 laser particle size analyzer, soil particles volume fractal dimension D was calculated with soil volume fractal model, and the physical and chemical properties of the soil sample were determined. The results showed that: 1) Different land use types affected soil fractal dimension significantly, while different levels of soil had no significant impacts on the soil fractal dimension; D values of the three sample regions ranged from 2.0786-2.7175, with an average D value of 2.4241. 2) The order of the average value of D in different sample regions was artificial forest (2.2457)＜grassland (2.5024)＜farm land (2.5476); 3) There was a polynomial curve relationship among the hydrolyzable nitrogen, total nitrogen and soil fractal dimension in the study area, and a logarithmic curve relation could be found between potassium and soil fractal dimension; the soil fractal dimension D value of refuse dump had a negative correlation with total soil nitrogen, hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium, but had no correlation with pH.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 98-104 [
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105
Zhang Jinjuan, Li Gang, Lu Fangchun, Shen Zhaowei
Effects of intercepting ditch on slope on soil characteristics in artificial forests of Castanea mollissima
Based on the topsoil samples at different slope positions under two artificial forests of Castanea mollissima in Anji County of Zhejiang Province, the difference of soil characteristics under the artificial forests of C. mollissima with and without intercepting ditch engineering measures was analyzed. The results indicated that intercepting ditch measure had no obvious improvement on the contents of nutrients in topsoil. Compared with the forest without intercepting ditches, contents of soil organic matters, available potassium and available phosphorus were 5.88%, 6.68% and 33.54% lower in the forest with intercepting ditches, respectively; in contrast, the content of sand was 10.57% higher. In the eroded forest of C. mollissima, the sharp change of slope led to significant changes of contents of soil nutrients and soil particles composition. Contents of soil nutrients were lower and the amount of sand was relatively higher at steep slope areas in both forests. However, compositions of topsoil particles were relatively stable in the artificial forest of C. mollissima with intercepting ditch measures. To improve soil fertility, other soil and water conservation measures should be applied.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 105-109 [
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110
Wang Qi， Quan Zhanjun， Han Yu， Fu Mengdi， Ye Yao
Effects of mining subsidence on soil properties in windy desert area
Daliuta mining area as a typical region in southeastern edge of Mu Us sandy land was studied. Based on gray correlation degree model, qualities of soil were analyzed. The study evaluated the variability of soil properties caused by coal mining subsidence in the windy desert area in the northern Shaanxi in recent 20 years. The research showed as follows. 1) Soil moisture deceased in the middle of slope obviously (P＜0.01), and soil porosity increased on top and in middle of slope (P＜0.05). Soil grain size became thicker. Soil organic matter and available N decreased significantly compared with those in non-subsidence areas (P<0.01). The activities of catalase decreased significantly in the subsidence area and could not be repaired within quite a long time (P＜0.01). 2) From the perspective of different depths of soil, coal mining subsidence affected soil qualities mainly in 0-20cm soil depth in the windy desert area, and the effect on soil nutrients was marked for C and N, especially disadvantageous to the conservation and utilization of N in the soil. The subsidence crack, wind and water erosion increased the loss of soil moisture.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 110-118 [
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119
Wang Fengjiao, Shangguan Zhouping
Ecological restoration of soil and water and construction of ecological civilization
Abstract： Water and soil resources are the foundation of human development and civilization; thus, how to control the worsening ecological environment, prevent soil erosion and restore the damaged ecosystem has become the key of ecological civilization construction. Ecological restoration of water and soil is effective to comprehensively control erosion. In addition, ecological restoration of water and soil is an important way to realize the resource-efficient, environment-friendly society and is also the important carrier to promote a conservation culture and realize the goal of the wild China. This paper, based on the analysis of the relationships between ecological restoration of water and soil and construction of ecological civilization, summarizes the achievements and experience of China’s ecological restoration of soil and water and presents some development strategies for further work on the ecological restoration of soil and water.
2013 Vol. 11 (6): 119-124 [
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