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2013 Vol.11 No.5
Published 2013-10-25
Articles
1
Yan Qinghong, Yuan Cuiping, Lei Tingwu, Lei Qixiang, Zhang Manliang, Su Guangxu
Variation in the rainfall-runoff-sediment delivery relationships of Lu’ergou Watershed in the hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau
Rainfall-runoff-sedimentation relationships are of great importance for predicting watershed soil erosion and evaluating the benefits of soil and water conservation in the watersheds. The hydrological data of 74 flood events of Luergou Watershed on the Loess Plateau from 1982 to 2010 were used to investigate the relationships among rainfall, runoff and suspended sediment transport. The variations of event-based runoff coefficients and mean suspended sediment concentrations and their significance were identified using the Mann-Kendall test method. The results indicated that the precipitation and duration of rainfall event were the most relevant factors controlling the hydrological response. The most significant correlation was observed between runoff coefficient and 7-day antecedent precipitation. Sediment yield was closely related to runoff in Luergou Watershed. The jump point for the sequence of the event-based runoff coefficient was the flood event on 24 August 1985. Afterwards, there was a significant decreasing trend in the sequence of event-based runoff coefficient. The increase in the vegetation cover area in Lu’ergou Watershed was the main cause for the change of the rainfall-runoff relationship. There was no significant change for the sequence of event-based mean suspended sediment concentration, which indicated that the soil and water conservation based on vegetation measures had no significant effect on the runoff-sedimentation relationship of Lu’ergou Watershed.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 1-8 [
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Li Zhiguang, Wang Yansong, Liu Xianchun, Liu Jianxiang
Survey methods and results of erosion gullies in black soil areas of northeastern ChinaLi Zhiguang, Wang Yansong, Liu Xianchun, Liu Jianxiang
Survey of erosion gullies in black soil areas of northeastern China is the main part of the project “Soil and Water Conservation Census of China Census for Water”, which is the first comprehensive survey of erosion gullies in this region. This paper introduces the objects, scope, indexes, technical methods, quality control methods and results of the survey, which is of important significance for improving and standardizing erosion gully survey methods, classification criteria and governance in the region. Based on remote sensing images with a resolution of 2.5m and digital line graphs of 1∶50000 scale, the survey adopted the human-computer interaction method to identify soil erosion channels of 100-5000m in length in the 50km2 watershed, and then extracted indicators of these channels like area, length, aspect ration, latitude and longitude of the start and end. The census agencies at county, provincial and basin levels adopted strict quality control methods such as field verification, interior inspection and data comparison to verify the remote sensing interpretation and recognition, channel drawing precision and graphical data edging of soil erosion channels, so as to guarantee the completeness and accuracy of the survey results at the stage of channel extraction, data reporting and results verification and summary. It is found that there are totally 295663 soil erosion channels in the black soil areas in northeastern China.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 9-13 [
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Pan Yanhua, Zhu Hongye, Lei Baokun, Guo Yurong, Wang Yingxue, He Shoujia, Fu Libo
Soil and water conservation effects of different cropping patterns in slope croplands in water conservation areas
The effects of soil and water conservation by three cropping patterns (Zea mays L. plus Triticum aestivum crop rotation, multiple forage seeding pattern, and Pyrus sorotina plus green manure pattern) were studied in slope croplands of 16.5° in water conservation areas. The three-year monitoring data showed that, compared with the Zea mays L. plus Triticum aestivum crop rotation, the multiple forage seeding pattern could effectively decrease the soil erosion and nutrient loss, the volume of runoff, soil loss and nutrients loss by 27.7%, 44.2% and 38.0%, respectively, while the Pyrus sorotina plus green manure pattern decreased these indexes by 14.4%, 20.9% and 27.9%, respectively, and the effects were strengthened over time. In comparison with the Zea mays L. plus Triticum aestivum crop rotation, the multiple forage seeding pattern could still gain equivalent net income even when reducing the application of fertilizers by 34.0%. The net income of Pyrus sorotina plus green manure pattern increased by 5.9% compared with the Zea mays L. plus Triticum aestivum crop rotation. In addition, the Pyrus sorotina yield still has great potential to rise after full productive period. From the perspective of soil and water conservation, the multiple forage seeding pattern has the best effects; while from the economic point of view, the Pyrus sorotina plus green manure pattern produces the highest benefit. Both of them can be considered as optimum schemes to modulate the cropping patterns and manage slope croplands comprehensively in water conservation areas.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 14-19 [
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Fang Jianmei, Zhou Jinxing, Cui Ming, Wang Ping
Evaluation of sustainable development of small watersheds in the rocky desertification area
Evaluation of sustainable development is of great importance to guide the development direction of small watersheds. In this paper, frequency statistics, theoretical analysis and expert consultation methods have been applied to construct a simple and practical sustainable development evaluation index system for the small watersheds in the rocky desertification area, which is composed of four criteria layers (i.e., resource, environment, economy and society) and totally 17 indicators. Taking five small watersheds in Jinsha County of Guizhou Province, namely, Shuijing Bay, Xiaoyang Creek, Nanmu Creek, Wusuo River and Gangou small watersheds for instance, we conducted the standardization of index data based on the statistical data of the year 2010 using the improved threshold method. The weights of the indexes were further determined by AHP, the degree of sustainable development was calculated using the linear weighted evaluation model, and the sustainable development of these small watersheds was quantitatively evaluated. The results showed that the five small watersheds are still on their way to the level of sustainable development. In addition, the principal indicators to the sustainable development were pointed out, and the major factors restricting the sustainable development of the small watersheds in the rocky desertification area were analyzed in order to provide scientific reference for the comprehensive management herein and promote the sustainable development of the aforementioned small watersheds.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 20-27 [
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Xu Guoce, Li Zhanbin, Li Peng, Zhang Tiegang, Cheng Yuting
Soil particles and fractal features in a typical watershed of the middle reach of the Dan River
The objectives of this study were to explore soil particle size distribution and fractal features, as well as the relationship between fractal dimension and soil total nitrogen in the Yingwugou Watershed, which is sited in the middle reach of the Dan River. Soil samples were collected based on a 100m×100m grid system and typical sample plots. A total of 268 sites were sampled. The results indicated that the contents of silt and clay in the soil profile increased as the soil depth increased, and the mean contents of silt and clay in different soil horizons were in the order of cropland > forestland > grassland. The ANOVA showed that there were significant differences in the contents of silt and clay in a depth range of 10-40cm for different land use types （P<0.05). The fractal dimensions of soil particle size distribution among different plant communities also showed significant differences （P<0.05). However, the fractal dimension of particle size distribution in the 10-20cm layer could better represent the differences of varied land use types. There was a significant correlation between fractal dimension of particle size distribution and slope （P<0.05), but not with elevation and aspect. A significant correlation was observed between soil total nitrogen contents and coarse sand at a depth range of 0-20cm （P<0.01). Both fractal dimension and soil total nitrogen contents were positively related to the contents of silt and clay at the 20-60cm depth （P<0.01). The storage of silt and clay in the studied area in the 0-10cm layer was 132800t. The contents of silt and clay per square meter in the 0-10cm soil layer in the cropland, forestland and grassland were 74.71, 71.54 and 70.23kg/m2, respectively.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 28-35 [
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36
Huang Dongxue, Huang Haofeng, Wang Liwang, Nan Hailong, Zou Dalin, Zhu Jiangang, Jia Jianbo
Experimental study of mixed growing medium using coal wastes in North China
In order to restore gangue heap ecologically, we used the crushed coal gangue as a main component of the growing media for plants. Soil, super absorbent polymer, controlled-release compound fertilizer and bacterial manure were selected as four factors of the growing media. Each factor has three levels, and a L16(44) orthogonal matrix table was chosen for arranging the levels in each type of growing media in which Amorpha fruticosa seeds were sowed. The optimal growing medium was obtained by analyzing the emergence rate and healthy seedling index of A. fruticosa. The optimum components of the medium were: volume ratio of gangue silt to soil 2∶1, 2kg super absorbent polymer and 680g bacterial manure contained per cubic meter of gangue silt and soil mixture without addition of controlled-release compound fertilizer.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 36-41 [
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42
Wang Zhiwei, Ai Zhao, Zhang Guoqing, Chen Zhicheng, Zhang Yongtao
Erosion processes on sloping land of Yimeng Mountainous Region
Soil erosion processes on sloping land of Yimeng Mountainous Region through indoor simulation of rainfall with different combinations of rainfall intensity and slope gradient. The results showed that: 1) the runoff time on slope surface advanced with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient, but rainfall intensity had larger impact on runoff time than slope gradient; 2) Runoff speed was positively correlated with rainfall intensity and slope gradient, but less affected by rainfall intensity. The surface runoff speed on cinnamon was faster than on brown soil; 3) The runoff volume was positively correlated with rainfall intensity, but negatively connected with slope gradient; 4) Both soil erosion rate and total amount of erosion increased with the enhancement of rainfall intensity and slope gradient, but with different fluctuation magnitudes; 5) Rill erosion would sharply increase soil erosion rate. For brown soil, slope gradient was the leading factor affecting erosion rate at small rainfall intensities, while rainfall intensity became the major factor at strong intensities. For cinnamon, the erosion rate was mainly controlled by rainfall intensity; 6) Under the same external conditions, the erosion rate and total amount of erosion of brown soil were larger than those of cinnamon, indicating that the erosion-resistant ability of brown soil was weaker than that of cinnamon.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 42-47 [
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48
Wang Yajun, Li Jun, Lin Zhonghui, Tong Xiaojuan, Xing Lumin
Assessing the impacts of climate change on the potential evapotranspiration in the upper-middle reach of the Yellow River
We calculated potential evapotranspiration (E0) using the Penman-Monteith equation and the analyzed temporal characteristics of climatic variables during the past 50 years (1961—2010) in the upper-middle reach of the Yellow River basin (UMYB). Sensitive coefficients of E0 and the contributions of climate variables to E0 in the study area were quantitatively analyzed using partial differential method. The results were as follows. 1) There was a significant increase in air temperature (α < 0.01), and a significant decrease in wind speed and sunshine duration (α<0.01). The climate of UMYB had become warmer and drier during the past 50 years. 2) The sensitivity coefficient of E0 to climate variables follows the order from high to low as actual vapor pressure (ea)>maximal air temperature (tx) > wind speed (v) > sunshine hour (SH) > minimal air temperature (tn). It was most sensitive to tx in summer and to ea in the other seasons. 3) On the annual scale, the variation of E0 was largely contributed by v, followed by tx, tn, SH and ea. The dominant factor contributing to E0 trend in spring, summer, autumn and winter was v, SH, tx and tn, respectively. The positive effects of the increase in temperature and the decrease in humidity were offset by the negative effects of the reduction in wind speed and solar radiation. Comprehensive considerations on the impacts of all climatic variables on evapotranspiration would largely improve our knowledge on climate change and provide advices for local agricultural, forest and animal husbandry production.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 48-56 [
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57
Zhong Lina, Zhao Wenwu
Detecting the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau of China using NDVI data
The Loess Plateau is one of the most environmentally vulnerable regions in China. Detecting the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau will benefit the regional vegetation restoration and ecosystem rehabilitation. Based on the spatial data analysis software GeoDa and statistical analysis module of ArcGIS, the SPOT-VGT NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) data on August 21 of 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2012 were used to represent the annual maximum vegetation coverage, and the dynamic changes of vegetation coverage over time were detected. The results showed that, vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau decreased from 1998 to 2003 but increased afterwards from 2003 to 2012; NDVI showed a significant spatial autocorrelation; the location and extent of the cold spots of NDVI were relatively stable, while the location and scope of the hotspots changed obviously, and were mainly distributed in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 57-62 [
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63
Zhang Chunqiang, Feng Hao
Effects of PAM mixed with urea on soil evaporation
With the purpose of understanding the effect of PAM mixed with urea, and determining the technical parameters of field application, this study investigated the effect of PAM mixed with urea on soil evaporation through soil column experiment. The results showed that:1) when PAM and urea mixture were applied within the depth of 10cm(shallow application) in the soil column, under the amount of PAM of 0%, 0.05% and 0.1%, the effect of urea on evaporation was not significant in the first 12 days, then the evaporation decreased with the increase of urea amount (0,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%), besides, at the same level of urea, the evaporation decreased with the increase of PAM amount(0%,0.05%,0.1%,0.2%). 2)When PAM and urea mixture were applied from 10cm to 20cm(deep application) in the soil column, at the same level of PAM, the evaporation at urea amount of 0% was the biggest in the four levels of urea, and at the same level of urea, the evaporation decreased with the increase of PAM amount. 3)The total soil evaporation of deep application was bigger than shallow application. Under the condition of shallow application, the daily evaporation decreased rapidly in the first 5 days, then a slow decline in volatility from 5 to 25 days, and then tended to be stable. Under the condition of deep application, the daily evaporation kept consistent grossly in the first 10 days, and then declined gradually; after 25 days, it tended to be stable. 4) In a word, both PAM and urea inhibited the soil evaporation. The inhibition effect of PAM on soil evaporation was greater than that of urea.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 63-69 [
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Lin Wuxing, Hung Yongrong, Ye Gongfu, Nie Sen
Comprehensive benefit evaluation on mixed plantation of Casuarina equisetifolia and Pinus elliottii in sandy coast
In order to screen the best mixed plantation model of Casuarina equisetifolia and Pinus elliottii, the analytic hierarchy process was applied to evaluate the benefits of growth, protection benefits and soil fertility of five models of mixed plantations of eight-year C. equisetifolia and P. elliottii in coastal sandy soil, namely 2∶4 and 3∶3 mixtures in strips, 1∶3 and 1∶2 mixtures in strips and rows, and 1∶1 mixture in rows. Indexes of growing stock, stand biomass, wind-decreasing rate, wind-damage rate, soil organic matter and available fertilizer were measured. The benefit evaluation indicated that the comprehensive benefits of the five models ranked from high to low in the following order: 3∶3 mixture in strips > 2∶4 mixture in strips > 1∶2 mixture in strips and rows > 1∶1 mixture in rows > 1∶3 mixture in strips and rows.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 70-75 [
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76
Shan Guimei, Zhang Chunping, Liu Wudi, Zhang Guangcan, Yao Xiaoyou, Yang Shaoyang, Wang Jing
Grain structure and nutrient degradation characteristics of soil from small watershed’s sloping lands in Yimeng mountainous areas
In order to explore the relationship between soil degradation and slope gradient of arable sloping lands, the correlation among soil particle composition, fractal dimension and nutrient content were measured for three land types, i.e., arable sloping lands with different gradients, abandoned arable lands and ecological woodlands, at a typical small watershed in the Yimeng mountainous areas. The results indicated that, 1) for all the three land types, the content of sand was the highest while that of clay was the lowest, with an average of 70.81% and 0.75% respectively; 2) both the fractal dimension of soil particles and organic matter content ranked in a descending order as ecological woodlands > abandoned arable lands > arable sloping lands; 3) the fractal dimension of soil particles declined as the slope gradient increased, showing a highly significantly positive correlation with the silt content and a significantly positive correlation with the clay content; 4) the soil organic matter content was significantly negatively correlated with sand content but significantly positively correlated with the silt and clay contents, while nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents had no significant correlations with soil particles content; 5) the soils in the study area were found to have the physical characteristics of coarse texture sand, and the intensified cultivation activity and increased slope gradient of arable sloping lands would aggravate the loss of silt and clay contents, which will further result in the decline of distribution uniformity, fractal dimension, water and fertilizer maintenance capacity as well as nutrient content of soil particles.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 76-82 [
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83
Wei Liang, Yang Bo, Zhang Jingyue
Technique and evaluation of soil and water conservation monitoring of the poverty alleviation project in the Yellow River region of Ningxia
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of poverty alleviation project construction in the Yellow River region of Ningxia on environment and the degree of destroying water and soil resources. Four methods were adopted to measure the loss of water and soil, i.e., water erosion runoff field method, erosion gully monitoring method, bayonet check station of the water erosion control section monitoring method and the simple wind erosion area monitoring method. An index system was used to evaluate the implementation effect in the process of engineering construction. The index system is comprised of soil erosion hazard degree index, ecological environment index, measures of soil and water conservation project, vegetation measures and comprehensive measures. Through real-time monitoring, we concluded that: during the eight-year project, the rate of renovation of disturbed land reached 98.2%, the general harnessing degree of water and soil erosion reached 98%, the soil erosion control ratio reached 1.24, vegetation recovery rate of the project achieved 93.7%, vegetation coverage rate achieved 10.7%, intensity of disturbance of soil erosion was up to 9600t/(km2·a), the sediment reduction rate of engineering revetment was 50%, the sediment reduction rate of artificial afforestation was 65.22%, and the sediment reduction rate of planted grass was 71.52%. The methods of soil and water conservation monitoring, the measured data, the applied indexes etc. used in this project, are of important reference value in investment decision, construction implementation and late evaluation for similar construction projects in the future.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 83-88 [
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Xu Ping, Liu Xia, Zhang Guangcan, Shan Guimei, Zhang Songsong, Fang Lidong
Fractal features and infiltration characteristics of soil of different land uses in a small watershed of rocky mountainous area in the middle of Shandong Province
For exploring the degradation characteristics of infiltration processes and fractal mechanism in the sloping farmland in a typical small watershed of rocky mountainous area in the middle of Shandong Province, the theories and methods of soil fractal and hydrology were used to analyze the soil infiltration and its quantitative relation with soil particle-size and pore dimension for four kinds of land use types, including sloping land, abandoned farmland, ecological forest, and economic forest. The results showed that: 1) the sequence of soil stability infiltration rate was as follows: sloping farmland> abandoned land > ecological forest > economic forest, and the sequence of soil particle-size and pore dimension was as follows: ecological forest > economic forest > abandoned land > sloping farmland. 2) There were significant positive correlations between the soil particle-size dimension and pore dimension, and both of them had positive correlations with volume percentage of silt and clay, and negative correlations with soil infiltration rate. 3) The Horton model and the power function model were more suitable to simulate the soil infiltration process and infiltration rate in the study area, but Philip infiltration model were not. The conclusions were that the soil in this area displayed a typical fragment of rocky mountainous regions; Due to the loss of the amounts of silt and clay caused by cultivation in the sloping farmland, the uniformity and fractal dimension of soil particle-size and pore distribution were decreased, hence enhancing soil infiltration capacity and decreasing soil water retention capacity.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 89-95 [
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Wang Yuefeng, Chen Ying, Chen Xingwei
Runoff trend detection in the Minjiang River Basin with TFPW-MK method
In order to find the suitable method in analyzing the runoff trend of Minjiang River Basin, TFPW-MK method was used to detect the trend of runoff in Minjiang River Basin based on the monthly runoff data of four main hydrological stations from 1950 to 2010, and the results were also compared with that investigated by the method of MK and PW-MK．The results showed that：First，TFPW-MK method was the most suitable method for runoff trend detection in Minjiang River Basin due to the autocorrelation existing in the runoff sequence, and the autocorrelation coefficient r was the key factor to the results．Second，the annual runoff trend in Minjiang River Basin was on the decrease, and this trend was not significant. The runoff in the flood season was on the decrease, while in the non-flood season it was on the increase. As for the seasonal runoff, the runoff was almost on the increase except in the spring, and the increase of winter runoff was especially significant. Moreover, the maximum monthly runoff was in a downward trend, while the minimum monthly runoff was in an upward trend. And the trends for the most hydrological stations were similar. Additionally, the length of time series had an important effect on the results.
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Wu Lijuan, Li Guohui, Zhang Youyan, Dang Hongzhong, Wu Xiaoli, Zhou Zefu
Comparison of regeneration effect of different Populus varieties for stump grafting
In order to screen superior varieties to suit Populus regeneration by stump grafting, this paper chose 9 different Populus varieties, i.e., Populus×euramericana cl.Zhonglin038, Populus×euramericana cl. Zhonglin46, Populus×euramericana cv. Neva, Populus×euramericana cv.Guariento, Populus deltoides×Populus maximowiczii cv. Eridano, Populus×euramericana cl. Zhonglin2001, Populus deltoides cl. Zhonghe1, Populus alba×Populus glandulosa and Populus nigra cl. Shiji for stump grafting with Populus simonii as rootstocks, and compared the differences of the survival rates of rootstocks and scions, reservation rate and the average diameter at breast height, average tree height and average volume. The results showed that: 1) the survival rate and the reservation rate of Populus alba×Populus glandulosa were the lowest, while the survival rate and the reservation rate of other 8 Populus varieties were all higher than 80% and 90%. 2)The average diameter at breast height, the average tree height and the average volume of Populus alba×Populus glandulosa were the lowest as well. 3) The average diameter at breast height of Zhonglin2001, Neva, Guariento, Eridano, and Zhonghe1were bigger and there was no significant difference among them. The tree height of Eridano, Neva, Guariento and Zhonglin2001 were higher, and the difference among them was not significant. The average volume of Eridano, Neva, Guariento and Zhonghe1 were larger, and there was no significant difference between them. Comprehensively, Eridano, Neva, Guariento are superior varieties for suiting Populus afforestation by stump grafting.
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Liu Yun, Li Chuanrong, Xu Jingwei, Bing Beibei, Lü Mengmeng, Cheng Ling
Effects of mixed Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on soil urease activities in saline land of the Yellow River Delta
In this paper, the soil urease activity and its influencing factors of mixed forests of Robinia pseudoacacia (R. pseudoacacia+Ailanthus altissima plantation, R. pseudoacacia+Ulmus pumila plantation and R. pseudoacacia+Fraxinus chinensis plantation) at 26 years old were studied in the Yellow River Delta, and R. pseudoacacia plantation and bare land were taken as the contrast. The results showed that the urease activities were decreased with the soil layer deepening, meanwhile, the soil urease activities of four kinds of plantation increased by 4.02, 4.74, 5.08 and 5.01 times respectively, and that of mixed R. pseudoacacia plantation＞R. pseudoacacia plantation＞CK. In the aspect of soil factors which affect soil urease activity, compared with the R. pseudoacacia plantation, the mixed Robinia pseudoacacia plantations decreased soil density, pH value and salt content, increased the total porosity, enhanced the water storage capacity, increased the content of the total N, available N and organic C, and increased the number of the bacteria and azotobacter. This study found that the soil urease activity was strongly influenced by the total porosity, bacteria, azotobacter, total N and organic C, hence, they could be used as indicators for evaluating soil urease activity.
2013 Vol. 11 (5): 107-113 [
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114
Zhu Liangjun, Zhang Guanghui
Review of measurement and quantification of surface microtopography
Surface microtopography, as the basis of quantification of surface roughness, is closely related to dynamic changes of soil erosion, hydrological process simulation and the soil erosion process modeling. At present, techniques used to quantify surface microtopography can be divided into two categories, contact and non-contact measurement. The former consists of pins, chain and GPS-RTK methods, while the latter includes ultrasonic, infrared sensor, structured lighting laser scanner, laser scanner based on distance measuring, 3D laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry. In first instance, a comprehensive review of the principle, merits and demerits and applications of all techniques is given in this paper. The next part is a brief introduction of often-used indices for water erosion research, which are based on statistical, geostatistical, fractal and multifractal models. Finally, two major conclusions are drawn. First of all, GPS-RTK, structured lighting laser scanner, 3D laser scanner and close-range photogrammetry will continually contribute to the measurement of microtopography at millimeter to centimeter scale and the research of multiscale surface roughness characteristics, while the pins method will be still widely used in field test because of its simplification and convenience. However, based on the measurement techniques, more efforts should be made in generating an integrated technological process of measurement, quantification and model application in soil erosion models. Besides, by considering spatial anisotropy and heterogeneity of surface roughness, it is essential to develop a new and uniform quantification method for describing microtopography.
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