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2012 Vol.10 No.4
Published 2012-08-31
Articles
1
Li-Zhi-An, LIU Chu-Zhen, ZHANG Jian-Guo, ZHANG Li-Xin
Survey method of freeze-thaw erosion in China
Freeze-thaw erosion is the third largest soil erosion type after water erosion and wind erosion, and it is also the main type of soil erosion need to be surveyed in census of water and soil conservation situation, Chinese first-ever nationwide water resources survey. The survey method formulation and correctly applying have important influence on survey results of freeze-thaw erosion. The survey method and technique process of freeze-thaw erosion were introduced clearly in this paper in order to let more workers in water and soil conservation field to know the survey method of freeze-thaw erosion. Firstly, the method for defining the freeze-thaw erosion area in China and the assessment method of freeze-thaw erosion intensity were introduced. Then, the calculation procedure, criterion and weight of six indices for assessment freeze-thaw erosion were formulated. The six indices include the annual freeze-thaw cycle days, phase transition water content in freeze-thaw process, annual precipitation, slope, aspect, vegetation coverage. Finally, the quality measures in survey process were introduced. The survey method introduced in this paper is very important for freeze-thaw erosion survey, and for scientifically evaluating present state, forecasting development trend.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 1-5 [
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6
RU Hao, ZHANG Jian-Jun-Ying, HUANG Meng, LIANG Wei
Soil erosion resistance of different land uses in Loess Plateau area in Western Shanxi Province
In order to evaluate the effect of vegetation on soil erosion resistance, the study was conducted in Caijiachuan watershed in western Shanxi Province. Using artificial eroding experiment in field, sediment yield of surface runoff was set as a measurement index to investigate the erosion resistance of different land uses in Loess Plateau area, including Robinia pseudoacacia forest stand, Pinus tabulaeformis forest stand, secondary forest stand, grassland, farmland and soil road. In this paper, the relationship between grass, litter, roots and soil erosion resistance was discussed. The soil erosion resistance of different land types was ranked in decreasing
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 6-11 [
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12
LI Meng-Xi, JIANG Quan-Feng, LIN Huan-Han
Rainfall and landslides caused by Typhoon Morakot in Southern Taiwan
The purpose of this study is to discuss the relationship between the heavy rainfall and the massive landslides caused by Typhoon Morakot,which killed more than 500 people in southern Taiwan.The landslide areas induced by the heavy rainfalls were identified by the satellite image analyses and the rainfall conditions, including the rainfall intensity, the cumulative rainfall, the rainfall duration and the return period of the rainfall were also analyzed in Gaoping river watershed during Typhoon Morakot. The results show:1)The rainfall characteristics of Typhoon Morakot are long duration rainfall (mean value= 3.3 d), huge rain accumulation (mean value=1 677 mm) and high intensity rainfall (mean value=80.5 mm/ h);2) The 48-hour rainfall record (2 319 mm) at Welliaoshan station approaches the record in Taiwan (2 361 mm); 3)The estimated return periods of maximum rainfall intensity from 10-hour to 72-hour at Sinan, Welliaoshan, and Yuyoushan stations during Typhoon Morakot well exceeded 200 years of Welliaoshan station; 4) After Typhoon Morakot, the increased landslide areas and landslide rate were 141.24 km2 and 4.92%. The landslide rate increased with the cumulative rainfall and the rainfall intensity.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 12-15 [
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16
FENG Lei, WANG Chi-Guo, SUN Bao-Beng, ZHANG Chao, DIAO Yan, ZHONG Xiao-Juan
Importance evaluation and regionalization of soil and water conservation function in Loess Plateau
According to the characteristics of ecological environment and soil and water loss situation in Loess Plateau, the importance of soil and water conservation function was comprehensively evaluated,based on the evaluation of water conservation, soil conservation, water storage, sand-fixing, disaster prevention and mitigation, farmland protection and other service function. The results show that soil and water conservation function in Loess Plateau was of importance. 80.03% and 19.97% of the total area had the service function with high and medium importance, respectively. According to the evaluation results of importance of six single factor function, using overlay function of spatial analysis in ArcGIS, the basic line of division of soil and water conservation function in Loess Plateau was determined. The Loess Plateau was divided into nine division based on soil and water conservation function, and the direction of ecological protection was put forward for each division, so as to promote the the economic and social development with more effective support of natural ecological system, and lay the foundation for the improvement of the eco-environmental quality of Loess Plateau.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 16-21 [
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22
TU Xin-Xiao
Discussions about some theoretical issues of small watershed comprehensive management
Soil and water resources are vital basic resources in mankind’s living and development progress. The Loss of soil and water resources caused by soil erosion has already seriously obstructed economy development of our country, which has been the first environmental problem. Therefore, it is essential for our country to carry out comprehensive management of soil erosion, with small watershed as unit. After 50 years of exploration and development, the achievements of the small watershed management model are positive and remarkable. However, many weaknesses and outstanding theoretical problems we faced must be resolved. In order to solve the outstanding theory problems and provide some references for future study, this paper summarized the problems existed in comprehensive management of small watershed from the following aspects: soil erosion, hydrology and water resources, ecosystem economy, health, environment and ecosystem engineering.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 22-29 [
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30
JIN Ting , DIAO Wen-Wu , DIAO Meng-Ru, XU Hai-Yan
Effect of different land use types on runoff on gentle slopes:A case study in the loess hilly area, China
Study on the action mechanism between land use types and soil erosion on gentle slopes is of significance on controlling water and soil erosion in the loess hilly area. Based on the study in research plots (from 2009 to 2011) at Ansai Integrated Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,effects of different land use types on runoff on gentle slope were discussed. Five land use types were selected, including millet field(F), switchgrass field(S), abandoned land(A), two-thirds millet and one-third switchgrass field(FS), two-thirds millet and one-third abandoned land(FA). The results showed that: 1) Compared with the other four land use types(S, A, FS, FA), runoff produced in millet field (F) was the most, and runoff was affected with high rainfall intensity significantly. 2) In the whole observation period, July was the sensitive time of producing runoff. 3) Compared with millet field (F),other four land use types(S, A, FS, FA) had positive effects on runoff reduction to different extent, and rank of the effect was A>S>FA>FS. 4) For the five land use types(F, S, A, FS, FA), increase of vegetation coverage was beneficial to runoff ruduction but the effect could be weakened when rainfall and rainfall intensity were large.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 30-36 [
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37
DIAO Jiao-Na-1, 2 , XU Hua-Shua-1, 3Ying , LI Xing-1, 3 , ZHANG Liang-De-4, YU Miao-Zi-1, 3
Characteristic of rainfall infiltration on Changwu Tableland
In order to deeply understand the mechanism of rainfall infiltration in thick soil layer on Loess Plateau, at Changwu experiment station, dynamic of soil water content in a large-scale loess columns was monitored by using TDR (time domain reflectometry), the amounts of seepage water collected at the bottom of the loess columns was also measured. The results showed that the impact of rainfall on soil water content was mainly concentrated in the depth less than 160 cm, and the impact decreased with depth. In the depth more than 240 cm, the information of rainfall peak almost disappeared. The velocity of wetting front was positively correlated with rain intensity, and negatively correlated with initial soil water content. The depth of wetting front movement was positively correlated with the rainfall and rainfall intensity. Soil water at the depth of 300 cm could be supplied by rainfall, piston flow was the main mechanism of soil water recharge in loess. The time lag of rainfall infiltration recharge to the soil water in 100-200 cm soil layer was about 15-18 d, and the time lag for 300 cm soil layer was about 30-45 d. The results could provide some useful references for understanding the mechanism of water cycle in Loess Tableland.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 37-44 [
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45
DANG Xiao-Hong-1, GAO Yong-1, HONG Ji-1Ying, LUO Feng-Min-1, GAO Jun-Liang-2, LIU Yang-1
Characteristics of root distribution of
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. and its improving effect on the forest soil on the ditch slope of soft sandstone area
patterns of roots affect not only the growth of the plant itself, but also soil conservation and soil improving. The paper studied the root distribution patterns of different plantation age of
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. in three site conditions on slopes using roots tracing method. Through measuring the soil physical and chemical properties in Hippophae rhamnoides L. forests, and compared with that on bare slopes, the improving effect of planting
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. on forest soil was analyzed. The results of the study show that: roots of Hippophae rhamnoides L. mainly distributed in the depth from 0 to 40 cm in soil on ditch slope in the soft sandstone area, in horizontal direction the roots could reach 137 cm.There was a close relationship between the numbers of first lateral root of
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. and microenvironment. If condition of soil moisture was better, the tiller ability of
Hippophae rhamnoides
L.root systems was stronger, and root was shorter. Root diameter of Hippophae rhamnoides L. decreased with soil depth and distance to standard strains. For the man-planted
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. forest on the soft sandstone slope, because of limit of soft sandstone the horizontal distribution of root on slope top is more developed. Since the soil thickness and fertility at slop bottom were good enough, the vertical distribution of root was apparently deeper than that at slope top. Planting
Hippophae rhamnoides
L. could increase soil moisture content and the soil porosity, and increase the mass fractions of available N, P, K and organic matter in soil.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 45-50 [
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51
GAO Guo-Jun, LU Bing-Jun
Tests on non-point pollution of different land uses in upper watershed of Miyun Reservoir
For rational land use and reducing non-point pollution, the effects of different land uses on non-point pollution were analyzed based on observations at different land use plots in Miyun Shixia monitoring site. The results are as follows: The average runoff coefficient was significantly different among the different land uses, in sequence of the stands plots’>the hillside cultivated’s>uneven ground’s>the fish scale pit’s>the horizontal bar’s. The mean annual soil loss and the losses of TP,TN, and COD
Mn
in the funoff increased with the runoff coefficient increase, the loss amount had the significant positive correlation with the runoff coefficient. So, increasing vegetation coverage and changing land use types could be effective methods to reduce the soil loss and water loss, and non-point pollution.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 51-54 [
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55
QI Xin-Hua, XIE Shi-Lin
Function mechanism of stakeholders in the process of soil and water conservation:A case study of Changting County, Fujian Province
The relationship between poverty and environment is multi-dimensional, complex, varied,and locally specific, requiring detailed data and supporting cases, as well as new perspectives, to be understood. Taking Changting County in south-east China as an empirical case study, within the analytical framework of stakeholders, i. e. the government, the public, enterprise, non-government organizations (NGOs), and international organizations, this article aims to explore function mechanism of stakeholders. In the process of comprehensive treatment of soil and water erosion, especially since 2000,Changting County had achieved remarkable achievements in ecological restoration, meanwhile made great success in poverty alleviation. Different stakeholders played important roles respectively in the “win-win”process between environmental protection and poverty reduction, and their participation determined the effectiveness of soil and water conservation. This study provides a new perspective for exploring the relationship between poverty and environment, and is benefit to understand the internal mechanisms of this relationship, as well as to provide a reference for similar areas to devise poverty-alleviation strategies and environmental-protection policies.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 55-59 [
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60
LIU Bing-Xia-1, 2 , SHAO Meng-An-1, 3
Soil water content heterogeneity at small-scale on degradedgrasslands on Loess Plateau
In order to explore the heterogeneity of topsoil water content (SM) of regressed grasslands at small-scale, three regressed grasslands in water-wind erosion crisscross region on Loess Plateau were selected. By using high sampling-density and high frequency sampling methods at three sampling transects, we explored the heterogeneity of topsoil water content when the surface soil was in dry and moist conditions and different sampling spaces at small-scale. Results showed that the heterogeneity of topsoil water content of different regressed grasslands followed a sequence of 12 a >20 a >5 a and it presented medium variation when topsoil was dry. Topsoil water content was positively correlated with its variance value, that is the variance of SM increased with SM increase. Spatial continuity of SM followed a sequence of 12 a regressed grassland >20 a regressed grassland >5 a regressed grassland and it was negatively correlated with topsoil water content. At different sampling spaces at small-scale, the variation intensity of topsoil water content under different regressed grasslands had no change whenever the topsoil was dry or moist. This information may provide scientific proofs for water reasonable utilization and vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 60-65 [
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66
LI Hong-Wei-1, LIU Min-2, DAN Song-1, WANG Zhen-3, WANG Wen-Long-1, 4
Field rainfall experiment on the unpaved roads during the Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield exploitation
Shenfu-Dongsheng coalfield is one of the seven largest deposites of coal had known in the world. However, severe soil and water erosion occurred on the mining wastes in the areas, especially on the unpaved roads. A field rainfall experiment on soil erosion and sediment yield on unpaved roads was conducted to provide scientific data for predicting and controlling soil and water loss on unpaved roads. Results indicated that the variation process of sediment yield appeared in three types, which were smooth, multimodal and unmoral distribution. The erosion sediment and transport rate were affected largely by rainfall intensity, and its process can be divided into rapid growth phase, fluctuating phase and stable phase. The runoff generation time on unpaved roads decreased with the power function with the increase of rainfall intensity, and occurred parabola shape of first increase then decrease with the increase of slope. Runoff rate increased with the increase of rainfall intensity, and the fitted formulas was r =2.596I-0.431. Sediment transport rate and runoff rate decreased with the exponential function, and the formulas was Ms = 0.223 9W1.946 2. The objective of this study was to provide theoretical foundation for research and predication in the soil and water loss of mining area.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 66-72 [
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73
GUO Bao-Ni-1, ZHANG Jian-Jun-1, 2Ying , WANG Shen-3, RU Hao-1, HUANG Meng-1
Sap flow in forests of Robinia pseudoacia and Pinus tabulaepormis by using TDP method
Stem sap flow of Robinia pseudoacia and Pinus tabulaepormis trees on the Loess Plateau,western Shanxi Province, was measured with the thermal dissipation probe (TDP) method during the growing season from April to October, 2010. Combined with some concurrent meteorological factors, the diurnal and seasonal variations of stem sap flow of both species were comparatively studied. The model of sap flow and meteorological factors was established. The results showed that: 1) the sap velocity of R.pseudoacia was lower than that of P. tabulaepormis and no significant diurnal variation in early May. In late May, the average diurnal flow velocity of R. pseudoacia was higher than that of P. tabulaepormis.Their diurnal variations were similar, and their flow velocity began to increase quickly from 9:00am and peaked at about 12:00am. 2) In August, the average diurnal flow velocity of R. pseudoacia was also higher than that of P. tabulaepormis. Their diurnal fluctuations were approximately same, and the time when flow velocity began to increase quickly and peaked was basically identical with that in May, but the diurnal peak values were 1.79 and 1.49 times as much as that in May. The average value of flow velocity in August was 3.01 and 1.48 times as much as that in May, respectively. 3)Stem sap flow and monthly water consumption present seasonality law. Water consumption was high from June to September. Sap flow velocity reached a minimum at April and a maximum at July. From April to October during the whole growing season, the water consumption of R. pseudoacia was 1.63 times as much as that of P.tabulaepormis. The regression analysis revealed that the main affecting factors of sap flow velocity were solar total radiation and vapor pressure deficit for R. pseudoacia and solar total radiation and atmospheric temperature for P. tabulaepormis, respectively.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 73-79 [
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80
DI Feng-Hui-1, LI Su-Yan-1Ying, SUN Xiang-Yang-1, ZHANG Dong-Hua-2, ZHANG Chao-1, ZHANG Wei-1, CHENG Long-2
Effects of the salt-isolation layer on dynamic changes of soil salinity and growth of Sophora japonica L. in coastal area
This article took the saline-alkali soil in Dagang District, Tianjin as the object of study and chose ceramicite, vermiculite and zeolite respectively as the salt-isolated layer at the bottom and side wall of planting hole. Based on the treatments,
Sophora japonica
L. was planted, and then the dynamic changes of soil salinity and growth of plants were measured every month. At the same time, we analyzed the effects of different treatments on the salt reduction and growth of
Sophora japonica
L. After the whole year measurement, the results showed that salinity accumulation and desalinization of surface soil were influenced by periodic property of local climate conditions. The salt accumulation peak period appeared at the end of spring and summer. Those three salt-isolated treatments had significant effects on the main salt ions, total salt content and growth of
Sophora japonica
L. . Zeolite was not only the most effective salt-segregation material, but also the most useful material for accelerating the rate of plant growth.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 80-83 [
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84
JIANG Miao-Hua , XIE Jin-Sheng, WANG Wei-Meng, HUANG Rong-Zhen, YANG Yu-Cheng
Effects of different land uses and different rainfall intensities on soil and water loss in Northern Fujian Province
Effects of different land uses and different rainfall intensities on soil and water loss in Northern Fujian were studied based on the observation of runoff plot. The results indicated: 1) Average annual runoff under different land uses were given as following descending order: bare land, Citrus reticulata plantation, Castanea henryi plantation and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. Average annual soil loss decreased as the order of bare land, Castanea henryi plantation, Citrus reticulata plantation and Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation. 2) Relationship of runoff and soil loss with the rainfall intensity agreed with the power function. The present study indicated that effects of rainfall intensity on soil loss were greater than runoff. 3) In bare land, soil loss significantly correlated with the maximum 10 minute rainfall intensity (I10). In Castanea henryi plantation, soil loss was most related with the maximum 30 minute rainfall intensity (I30) and the maximum 60 minute rainfall intensity (I60 ). In Citrus reticulata plantation, soil loss was most related with the maximum 30 minute rainfall intensity ( I30 ). In Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation, however, soil loss was almost not affected by rainfall intensity. 4) Runoff in Castanea henryi plantation, Citrus reticulata plantation and bare land had good relationship with the maximum 60 minute rainfall intensity (I60 ) and maximum 30 minute rainfall intensity (I30 ), but runoff in Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation was not affected by rainfall intensity. 5) The relationship between average rainfall intensity (Iave) and soil and water loss under different land use were very week.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 84-89 [
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90
ZHOU Meng-Chao-1, 2 , YANG Beng-1, HU Wen-Nian-1, 2 , XIAO Hai-1
Plant management measures on water-level-fluctuating-zone in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
According to the degree of soil erosion and the change rule of water level of water-level-fluctuating-zone in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper divided the water-level-fluctuating-zone into three zones, 145 -152 m (bottom zone), 152 -170 m (middleend zone), 170 -177 m (top zone) respectively. The ecological management mode of combing plant and engineering measures were conducted at the 185 m observation platform upstream in Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Four kinds of indices including vegetation coverage, species, species diversity, the loss of plant growth matrix. were selected to analyze the effect of ecological restoration. The results show that the vegetation coverage along with the slope surface of water-level-fluctuating-zone from up to down reduced year by year in experimental observation period. As submerged by water for a long time, the types of species reduced,the uniformity presented great difference with different elevation, and the alpha diversity index reduced as time goes on during the monitoring period. Bank soaking and frequent surge scouring for a long time led to the loss of plant growth matrix, and the surge which produced by voyaging was the main reason led to the loss at the bottom and the top part being more serious than the middleend section. The loss of plant growth matrix became more serious as time goes by.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 90-94 [
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95
GAO Dun, LIANG Chao, BANG Xian-Feng, HU Zong-Wen, DIAO Ting-Ning, YAN Ji-Bin
Application of topcon imaging total station in topographic survey of abandoned quarry
In recent years, the ecological problem of abandoned quarry is increasingly noticed by national government. Ecological restoration of abandoned quarry has been an important zone of urban ecological construction in China. The regional topographic survey is the basis of ecological restoration.Imaging total station measurement as a new topographic survey technique developed in recent years has been widely used in the topographic survey of abandoned quarry. Based on the introduction of measurement principle of imaging total station made in Topcon Corporation in Japan, the entire process of topographic survey and post-mapping was practiced in an instance. Practice has proved that the imaging total station measurement technology have advantages with simple operation, high speed, and high precision. In particular, the non-prism measurement without a prism light reflection greatly improved the efficiency of the topographic survey, and protect the safety of the surveyors at the same time. This method can be applied to topographic survey in tough area where the conventional measurement is difficult to achieve.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 95-99 [
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100
SHI Ku-Yu, LI Hai-Fu, SU Fang-Chi
Fixation experiment on ecological floating island of sinking pendant in river
Based on actual hydrological data, this experiment were conducted at College of Water Resource,Shenyang Agricultural University. This paper studied the stability characteristics of sinking pendant fixation of ecological floating islands under different flow rates of water. Result shows that floating island model should always maintain the island floating in the water and reduce its gravity center. In the condition of different flow rates of water, the distance between the floating islands should be reasonable to avoid collision between different floating islands, and the distance should increase with increased flow rate. The results will supply important basis to the layout of ecological floating island in Liao river.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 100-103 [
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104
WANG Hui-Li , JIANG Yi, CAO Ji-Zhao , CENG Hui, LIANG Yan-Fang, TUN Hai-Chao, LIU De-Jie
Study on benefits of soil and water conservationin Eucalypt plantations inter-cropped with different crops
In order to select the compound planting pattern with good soil and water conservation benefits and provide a reference to the sustainable development of Eucalypt plantations, the runoff and soil erosion amount of different planting patterns including
Eucalyptus
-grass,
Eucalyptus
-crop and
Eucalyptus
-herbal medicine were observed in standard runoff plots (20 m×5 m). The results showed that: compared with only
Eucalyptus
plantation, the runoff of other plantations, such as
Eucalyptus
-grass,
Eucalyptus
-crop and
Eucalyptus
-herbal medicine, decreased by 21.07% -31.02%, 33.91% -38.71% and 1.51% -67.12% respectively; soil erosion was obviously affected by human activity in the early-period, but soil erosion was not found in plantation patterns of
Eucalyptus
-grass,
Eucalyptus
-crop and
Eucalyptus
-herbal medicine two years later. Compared with other compound planting patterns, the decrease rate of runoff and soil erosion amount of
Eucalyptus
-cassava planting pattern was the greatest. Therefore, the
Eucalyptus
-cassava plantation is considered as an appropriate compound planting pattern with good soil and water conservation benefit.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 104-107 [
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108
LI Dong-Lin, ZHANG Wen-Bao, JIN Ya-Qin, ZHOU Jun
Wind and noise reduction effects of natural reed communities along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand in Huai’an
As an important part of swamp along riparian zone, reed communities play the vital role in improving slope ecological environment. By Actual investigation and measurement, effects of natural reed communities on wind and noise along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand in Huai’an were studied. The results showed that wind speed at the lee of communities reduced, noise level decreased evidently in comparison with the control(no reed), the change of wind and noise in one day had some difference too. The effects differed between different reed communities types due to their diversity in density and width. Effects of dense and mid-dense communities on wind were superior to sparse communities, average wind reduction rates of dense and mid-dense communities in one day were 63.95% and 66.25% respectively; and their average noise reduction rates in one day were 9.81% and 6.13% respectively. When air flow and sound wave went through reed communities, an evident weak area of wind and noise were formed among communities, but they showed different change curves after them passed through the communities. The change of wind speed went through reed communities could be described: y= -0.000 5x
3
+ 0.033 6x
2
-0.542 8x+2.741 6(R
2
=0.821 6); and the change of sound level went through that could be simulated with equation: y =-0.001 2x
3
+0.080 6x
2
-1.536 2x+65.09(R
2
=0.845 2). The reed communities had obvious reducing effects on wind and noise, which was helpful to sailing, so it is a kind of ecological slope mode which is worth protecting and applying along riparian zone.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 108-112 [
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113
LIU Xing-Fei, YUAN Li-Feng , TUN Chu-Fang, HE Yun-Yun
Review of soil erosion modeling using Cellular Automata in different spatial scales
Soil erosion system is a typical nonlinear dynamic system, in the inner of which the erosion development and evolution is very complex and require effective technology and method to simulate and predict the process accurately. And the cellular automatic is a kind of discrete dynamics model with temporal and spatial features, which uses the method of bottom up and can be suitable to application in the time space evolution of soil erosion, for its inherent advantages in simulation and analysis the soil erosion system with spatial features. Then in the study of time-space evolution of soil erosion, the variation of spatial scales can cause that the erosion factors have different effects on the process of soil erosion. Therefore in the construction of CA model, in slope scale the main research is rill erosion and the change of soil particles, in small watershed scale the CA model includes more cell states and more complete erosion process, in region scale the CA focuses on interaction of the climate and topography. Because of no unified conversion rule in different scales, the CA model with low generality need three-dimensional visualization, automatically adjusting parameters with the method of data mining and modeling the intelligent CA simulating expert systems.
2012 Vol. 10 (4): 113-120 [
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