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2012 Vol.10 No.2
Published 2012-04-30
Articles
1
YIN Li-Meng, BO Jian-Jun, WANG Xiu-Yang
Applicability of APEX model for slope scale in the Middle and Upland Huaihe River
This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of Agricultural Policy Environmental eXtender (APEX) model using daily runoff and sediment yield (1982—1986) collected from three plots located in the Middle and Upland Huaihe River. Sensitivity analysis was conducted for the surface runoff and soil erosion components using Extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test. Then the automatic calibration procedure was used for this study, which utilized Monte Carlo simulation and multi-objective function techniques. Moisture condition 2 curve number (CN
2
), curve number index coefficient (CNIC), conservation practice factor (PEC), and peak rate-rainfall energy adjustment factor (APM) were influential for sediment yield, and that CN
2
and CNIC were influential for surface runoff. The absolute value of the percent errors of mean was within 20％, with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and
R
2
values above 0.45 and 0.55 respectively for both daily runoff and sediment yield for the three plots during the calibration period. For the validation period, the APE was within 25%, with the EF and
R
2
values above 0.4 and 0.5 respectively. The results show that APEX model is applicable to slope scale and is a useful tool for assessing soil and water loss for different management practices in the Middle and Upland Huaihe River.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 1-7 [
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8
FAN Jian-Rong, ZHANG Fu-Zhen, GUO Fen-Fen, LIU Fei
Prediction for debris flow runout zones based on spatial distribution of unconsolidated material in watersheds
Based on SPOT remote sensing images, the landslides induced by “5·12” earthquake were identified. These landslides often supplied the sediment for debris flow. Combining with GIS, spatial distribution of sediment supply was analyzed. Firstly, we defined the function
T
(s) of debris flow gully’s sediment supply and the relative spatial distribution function
F
(x), and calculated the distribution integration
W
and the relative distribution integration
D
of by sediment supply debris flow to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution of sediment supply of debris flow gully. Taking five debris flows as example, which locate in the upper drainage basins of Minjiang River, near to Yingxiu Town, Wenchuan County, parameters
W
and
D
were calculated. Then we used
W
and
D
for estimation of these debris flow depositional zones, including the maximum depositional distance
L
and the maximum depositional width
B
. The results show that, sediment supply mainly distributed in below middle internal relief zones in five debris flows; sediment supply in zones was near to main gully; the estimated values of
L
and
B
approximated to the measured values in five debris flows zones when
W
and
D
were introduced.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 8-14 [
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1696
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15
DIAO Meng-Ru, DIAO Wen-Wu, AN Yi-Meng, JIN Ting
Sensitivity evaluation of soil erosion in Qinghai Lake Basin
Qinghai Lake Basin was chosen as study area, in accordance with the
Interim Regulations of Ecological Function Zoning
, rainfall erosivity, the degree of topographic relief, soil texture, vegetation types were selected as indicators of sensitivity evaluation of soil erosion. A map of single-factor sensitivity evaluation was generated with supports of ArcGIS, moreover, a comprehensive evaluation of soil erosion sensitivity was conducted based on ArcGIS spatial overlay analysis. The results show moderately sensitive area of soil erosion within the study area accounted for 62.02%; followed by highly sensitive region 20.82%; mildly sensitive areas and extreme sensitive area 16.92% and 0.24% respectively. The relatively high sensitive area of soil erosion mainly distributed in the northwest of Tianjun County and east of Haiyan County.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 15-20 [
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1644
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21
LI Gao, ZHANG Xin-Xi, LIU Shuang, YuryKravchenko , KaterynaIvanova , LI Xu-Feng, CHEN Jiang
Evolvement of gully erosion in village scale in the typical black soil area
The aggravation of gully erosion represents the severity of water and soil loss in the typical black soil area in northeast China. Slope steepness and tillage are important natural and artificial factors that affect the evolution of gully erosion, respectively. Applying high spatial resolution remote sensing data is a useful method in the identification of the distribution and evolution of erosion gully. The distribution and density of erosion gully, ridge direction as well as land use of the village-scale in the year 1968 and 2009 were collected from two submeter remote sensing images by GIS and RS technologies, and the topographical data of corresponding areas such as contour, slope steepness, slope length and slope steepness along direction of ridge were extracted from the 1∶10000 relief map. The dynamic of erosion gully and its driving factors during the passed 41 years were analyzed by Arcgis spatial analysis function. The results showed: 1) the density of erosion gully markedly increased during the past 41 years. The density of erosion gully from remote sensing interpretation by submeter resolution was much higher than that on previous lower resolution remote sensing data; 2) The largest variation area of erosion gully density was found in the region of slope steepness between 0.25°and 1.5°, while the density of erosion gully decreased in the area of slope steepness more than 8°due to reforestation; 3) The highest density of erosion gully was found in the zone of slope length between 300m and 500m of the slope; 4) During the recent 41 years, the cultivated area increased in the region of gradient along the ridge between 0 and 0.25° after ridge direction was changed, whereas it decreased in the region of slope steepness larger than 0.25°.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 21-28 [
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29
LIU Zhen-Dong, WANG Fei, DIAO Yun, YAN Li
Impact of protective measures on soil wind erosion on cropland: a indoor wind tunnel simulation
In order to find a rational conservation tillage treatment, the experiment with different measures of gravel cover, straw cover, gravel cover combined with wheat stubble, straw cover combined with wheat stubble and 4 grades of wind velocity was designed. In this experiment, the relation between wind velocity, coverage, covering material and mass of wind erosion, wind erosion resistance efficiency, sandstorm flow structure was studied, and functions of wind erosion resistance of these treatments were compared. The results showed that under conditions of 4 grades of wind velocity and coverage ranging from 30% to 90%, the anti-erosion efficiency of straw cover was in the range of 54% to 92%, gravel cover ranging from 26% to 72%, combined with 30cm, 20cm, 10cm wheat stubble, the average anti-erosion efficiency of 30% gravel cover or straw cover changed from 70% to 78%. With the increase of coverage, the minimum inhibit effective wind speed of gravel cover gradually increased from 8.0m/s to 12.5m/s, while that of straw cover increased from 10.1m/s to 14.3m/s. Under the cover measures in the range of 0～62cm height sediment load was mostly concentrated in 0-26cm. For the measure of cover combined with wheat stubble the sediment load was mostly concentrated in the range of 0-60cm.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 29-35 [
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36
NIU Xiang, WANG Bing
Evaluation on forest ecosystem services in Fujian Province based on distributions measurement methodology
Evaluation on forest ecosystem services is a hot topic in China and abroad, but it is not unified in evaluation indicator system and evaluation methods. Based on Ⅱ Forest Resources in Fujian Province in 2007, according to the standard of People's Republic of LY/T 1721—2008
Specifications for assessment of forest ecosystem service in China
, this paper evaluated the value of main vegetation types of nine cities, Fujian Province. The results showed that: 1) the total value of forest ecosystem services is RMB 701.273 billion in Fujian Province in 2007, and from high value to low value is water conservation, biodiversity conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen released, atmosphere environmental purifying, soil conservation, forest recreation, nutrients accumulation and forest protection. The value of water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen released, and biodiversity conservation occupied 81.55% of the total value; 2) the order of forest ecosystem services in cities from high value to low value is Nanping, Sanming, Longyan, Ningde, Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Putian, Xiamen; 3) the order of forest ecosystem services in stand forest from high value to low value is
Pinus massoniana
, broad-leaved tree,
Cunninghamia lanceolata
, bamboo grove, economic forest, shrubbery,
Eucalyptus
spp. and
Casuarina equisetifolia
；4) the order of forest ecosystem services in age-group from high value to low value is middle forest, mature and over-mature forest, young forest and near-mature forest.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 36-43 [
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44
WANG Xiao-Yan, BI Hua-Xin, GAO Lu-Bo, SHU Yue, LIU Li-Xia
Simulation of canopy interception of
Robinia pseudoacacia
artificial forest on the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi Province
In order to explore the eco-hydrological processes of
Robinia pseudoacacia
artificial forest on the Loess Plateau of West Shanxi Province and its mechanism, in this paper, Revised Gash canopy interception model was applied to simulate the canopy interception amount based on the rainfall data and weather information of 19 events, and forest structure data from July to October in 2007 and 2008. Results showed that the canopy storage capacity and the stem storage capacity of
Robinia pseudoacacia
artificial forest was 0.55mm and 0.1091mm. The amount of rainfall needed to saturate the canopy was 0.75mm, The amount of rainfall needed to saturate the stem was 8.70mm. Revised Gash model could better simulate accumulative amount of canopy interception of
Robinia pseudoacacia
artificial forest on the Loess Plateau. The minimum of relative error of accumulative amount of canopy interception was 0.76%, the maximum was 12.60%, and the average was 6.40%. The simulated values of accumulative amount of canopy interception was less than the measured value, and the rate of canopy interception is 2.64% lower than the measured values.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 44-49 [
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50
LI Ping, SHU Qing-Ke-Liu-Zhong-Ai, DIAO Hui, KUANG Gao-Meng, WANG Jing
Response of aboveground biomass to the standing condition factors in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau
Environmental problems of Loess Plateau in western China, due to its broken terrain, complex hilly-gully system and fragile environment, have been noticed by almost all of ecologists around the world. The biomass is the reaction of energy for the ecosystem, so the aboveground biomass of after 10 years restoration was measured, and its distribution rule under different standing conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the aboveground biomass under different standing conditions decreased with the order of floor of trench, ditch in shady slope, ridge in shady slope, ditch in sunny slope, ridge top and ridge in sunny slope. The aboveground biomass at ditch and ridge slopes presented converse S type along with the elevating of slopes. At ridge slope, the maximum value of aboveground biomass appeared at 20°-25°, and the minimum value at 35°-40°, while at ditch slope, the maximum value appeared at 40°-45°, and the minimum value at 30°-35°. The effects of slope aspect on the aboveground biomass was remarkable (
P
=0.049), and the effects of other factors were not remarkable. Therefore, it is proposed that the distribution of the aboveground biomass is affected synthetically by soil moisture, light and other factors.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 50-54 [
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55
HAN Xue-Mei, YANG Jian-Yang, GU Zai-Yuan, ZHANG Hua, BAI Lin, JIA Han
A shear strength property of remolded soil of weathered sandstone splint rock
A three axis UU shear strength property of remolded soil of weathered sandstone splint rock with different soil moisture content and dry density was studied at greening slope of a big and a small landslide, respecitively, located in Xuelang Mountain by Binhu District of Wuxi City in Jiangsu Province, in order to better serve the complex greening engineer of slope. The results showed that the cohesion and internal friction angle decreased significantly with the increase of soil moisture content, as soil moisture content changed from 15% to 25%. The cohesion and internal friction angle increased significantly with the increase of the dry density when the soil moisture content was 15% and 25%, respectively, but when the soil moisture content was 20%, the cohesion decreased with the increase of the dry density and the internal friction angle remained unchanged.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 55-60 [
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61
CUI Bin, SU Fang-Chi, GUO Cheng-Jiu
Erosion experitment of construction spoil with different particle gradation under simulated rainfall condition
To reveal the relationship between rainfall and different particle gradation of brown soil, this study selected construction spoil as experimental material from Tianzhu mountain in Shenyang. Construction spoil of different particle gradation were deposited in the same slope of 25°, runoff and sediment production were observed and analyzed under three different rainfall intensities, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0mm/min using indoor artificial simulation of rainfall. Results shows: 1) With increasing rainfall intensities (from 1.0 to 1.5mm/min), the cumulative sediment yield of five kinds of soil samples increased 12.55, 7.56, 12.00, 8.81 and 10.41g respectively; while under three rainfall intensities （1.0, 1.5 and 2.0mm/min), the difference of the three most and least cumulative sediment yield were 6.39，11.64 and 13.78g. 2) The sediment production decreased as the fineness modulus increased. 3)When the rainfall intensity, slope and rainfall duration were stable, particle size distribution had little effect on runoff, and the cumulative runoff of different particle size distribution had relatively small differences.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 61-65 [
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66
FU Yu-Gong, YU Li-Fei, HUANG Zong-Qing, LI Hao, HOU De-Hua
Study on root habitat and typesin typical karst rocky desertification areas
In the rocky desertification area of Guizhou Province, according to the distribution of carbonate rock, landform and rock types, a total of 152 root habitat profiles were surveyed. On the basis of rock type, occurrence, the number of patches of rock lithology within the range of root distribution, soil depth, crack width, vertical range of soil distribution, length and width of the root distribution, the types and characteristics of root growth space were analyzed by using RDA sorting method; Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis method, a fast clustering was conducted, plant root habitat types were classified and named, feature of habitat types was described. The results showed that: 1) the plant root growth space in rocky desertification areas was divided into surface space, single-layer space, multilayer space; on multilayer space was used mostly plant root; 2) Root habitat of Guizhou karst rocky desertification area was divided into 18 types, features of various types of root habitat were different. Results of this study deepen the understanding of the habitats of plant root in Karst rocky desertification area. It is of great significance for the ecological restoration and rocky desertification control.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 66-72 [
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73
YANG Lei, FU Li-Jun, CHEN Jin-Rui
Synthesis of new-type TSADA and its remediation behavior for soil heavy metal pollution
In order to improve remediation ability of tea-saponin for heavy metal ions in the soil, the new-type green tea-saponin chelant(tea-saponin-1-amide-diethylenetriamine, TSADA) was prepared by tea saponin raw material extracted through aqueous extract-alcohol precipitation from tea seed cake. TSADA’s structure was studied by FT-IR, and its superficial performance was studied as well. Results showed that its critical micelle concentration was lower than the TS’s, but Hydrophile-lipophile Balance value and foaming and stable foam ability were higher than TS’s. Meanwhile the effect of some factors such as oscillation time, chelating agent concentration, pH and ionic strength on removal rate of heavy metal ions in contaminated soil by chelate was investigated. The results showed that the removal rate of heavy metal ions increased with oscillation time, chelating agent concentration increasing, reduced with ionic strength and pH increasing. The optimum technologies of removing Pb
2+
,Cd
2+
ions by chelating agent were as follows: Oscillation time was 12h, chelating agent mass concentration was 7%, pH was 5.0, mole concentration of Ca(NO
3
)
2
was 10mmol/L. Under the conditions, removal rate of Pb
2+
and Cd
2+
ions in the soil by two chelating agents both reached the maximum. Removal rate of Pb
2+
and Cd
2+
ions by TSADA was better than tea saponin’s respectively. The maximum removal rate of Pb
2+
and Cd
2+
ions by TSADA was 67.3% and 99.9% respectively.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 73-77 [
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1533
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78
BAO Xin-Guo, SHU Qiu-Ping, LI Quan-Fu, LIU Sheng-Zhan, ZHANG Jiu-Dong, HU Zhi-Qiao, SUN Jian-Hao, ZHANG Xu-Lin
Effects of no-tillage treatments on crop yield of
Triticum aestivum/Zea mays
and soil moisture and soil erosion by wind
Field experiments of 3-year were conducted in
Triticum aestivum
/
Zea mays
intercropping by four no-tillage treatments，including no-tillage with high stubble reaping, no-tillage with straw cover, no-tillage with straw cover+ rake the soil before sowing, conventional tillage. The effects of these no-tillage treatments on the yields of
Triticum aestivum
interplanting
Zea mays
, soil moisture and soil erosion by wind were studied. Results showed: 1）compared with the conventional tillage, no-tillage treatments could increase mixed yields of
Triticum aestivum
and
Zea mays
by 2.6%-6.6%, increase the yield of
Zea mays
by 8.6%-13.2%, and decrease the yield of
Triticum aestivum
by 5.2%-8.8%. 2) Under no-tillage treatments, the capacity of soil water storage in the cultivated horizon increased by 13.4%-15.9%, and the soil erosion by wind decreased by 55.6%-100.0%. It can be concluded that no-tillage treatments of
Triticum aestivum
/
Zea mays
intercropping performed better effects, and could apply to other regions, such as in Hexi prefectures in Gansu Province, the regions on the verge of Yellow River and the same type of regions in domestic.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 78-82 [
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83
ZHANG Ying, LIU Dan, LI Tan, ZHANG Yan
Statistical analysis of the impact of forest property rights reform on environment in China
Forest property rights reform is a fundamental measure to promote the forestry development in China. Is there a certain impact on the environment? Questionnaire survey was carried out in Jiangxi, Fujian, Liaoning, and Beijing during July—August 2011. Results show that: 1) property rights reform had significant impact on forest environment, especially on forest biodiversity, water conservation and forest tourism. 2) The results of assessment on environment were also affected by the attitudes of farmers (forest farmers), family income level, educational level and gender for forest property rights reform. Due to forest property rights reform involved most of farmers, and related to national ecological safety and environmental long-term interests, the study suggested that environmental impact assessment study should be carried out, which will promote local social, economic and environmental coordination, stability and sustainable development in China.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 83-87 [
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1305
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1303
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88
TUN Hai-Bei, DIAO Xiao-Shen, WANG Chi-Guo, ZHANG Chao
Regional division for soil and water conservation based on Bayes discriminant analysis model
In order to divide the districts of soil and water conservation in Hilly-gullied areas of the Loess Platean Gansu Province, Ningxia Province, and Qinghai Province reasonablely, regional division mathematical model of soil and water conservation was established based on Bayes discriminant analysis theory. Combining the natural conditions, social economic conditions and the characteristics of soil and water resources loss in Gansu Province, Ningxia Province and Qinghai Province, six indexes were chosen to be discriminant factors such as: cultivation rate, forestry and grass coverage rate, population density, grain production per unit area, rainfall, and evaporation. The calculation and analysis show that it’s in accordance with the result of the division of soil erosion types, and in accordance with the actual regional division in Gansu Province, Ningxia Province and Qinghai Province. It can be promoted in other regional division for soil and water conservation with the accuracy rate 100%.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 88-91 [
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1605
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1333
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92
CHEN Rui-Bing, XI Yun-Guan
Analysis of soil erosion and water loss control in slope orchard at headwaters of Dongjiang River
Dongjiang River is the main drinking water source of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Water environment in source area is directly related to drinking water security in Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. In recent years, soil erosion and water loss has been serious and water quality has been deteriorated due to the development of fruit industry in the source region of Dongjiang River. In order to control soil erosion and water loss in slope orchard in this region, based on present regional situation of soil erosion and water loss as well as geographical, geological and soil conditions, some control measures should be conducted, such as designing “hillside ditches” and “grass channels”, planting grass on terrace ridge and water saving coverage,so as to improve the water quality in Dongjiang River.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 92-96 [
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97
TUN De-Dong, CHI Lin-Lin, AN Yu-Ning, ZHANG Chi-Chi, YANG Hai-Yan, LI E-Hui
Problem and solution of sand vegetation’s restoration in northwest Liaoning
In this paper the present situation of desertification and its damage in Liaoning Province is briefly introduced. Taking Fuxin as an example, problems restricting sand vegetation's restoration and construction were summarized from four aspects: agriculture, water conservancy, livestock industry and forestry. Meanwhile, for scientifically restoring vegetation, improving the degraded productivity of ecosystem, optimizing the local ecological environment, in view of the formation of new sand source due to the climate change and human irrational economic activities in the past decade the author put forward corresponding countermeasures from five aspects: effective prevention, restoring based on scientific method, improving the standard of construction, enhancing the management level, strengthening research and demonstration. 1) effective prevention, transforming productive modes, stricting law enforcement, actively promoting legislation and execution of the new system. 2) scientific restoration, taking priority to restoration of natural vegetation, promoting appropriate afforestation when planting artificial vegetation. 3) increase the level of construction, striving to improve the level of ecological construction and ecological economy, exploring new mode of ecological migration and vegetation construction. 4) enhance the management level, correctly evaluating the present artificial vegetation, finding scientific management methods. 5) research and demonstration, studying ecological restoration techniques, establishing the key vegetation’s restoration and demonstrations mode.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 97-101 [
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102
SHAO Zhao-Feng, GENG Guo-Beng, ZHOU Jian-Zhi, TANG Zong, WANG Wei
Prospect suggestion on rainwater utilization of Tianjin City
The utilization of rainwater resource is one of the effective approaches to alleviate water shortage and improve urban water environment. This paper summarized the development situation of some rainwater utilization technologies. According to the specific circumstances of Tianjin, rainwater utilization prospects were analyzed, and some issues needing to be further improved were put forward. Based on the analysis, some suggestions were provided for determining the development direction of the relevant technology of rainwater utilization.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 102-106 [
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1245
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1555
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107
WEI Yuan, GU Gong-Bei, XUE Liang, JIANG Ze-Beng, ZHOU Jin-Xing, ZHENG Shi-Wen, CUI Meng, YANG Jian-Li
Review of studies on reclamation and ecological restoration of abandoned land of mine
Mining exploitation not only caused occupation of cultivated land and environmental damage, but also induced a series of social problems. In the last decades reclamation and ecological restoration of abandoned land of mine have become hot issues in interdisciplinary research. Compared with developed countries, reclamation of abandoned land of mines in China has the characteristics of lower rate and poorer quality. The main content of reclamation and ecological restoration of abandoned mining area includes three aspects as follow, soil reconstruction; ecological restoration; control and treatment of wastewater. Main techniques of soil reconstruction consist of physical, chemical and biological treatments. Their aims are to reconstruct the suitable soil profiles, as well as physical and chemical characteristics. The technique of removing heavy metal pollution is also the main content of soil reconstruction. Bio-remediation techniques can be divided into phytoremediation, soil fauna restoration, soil microbes and micorrhizal remediation techniques. The paper analyzed the necessary of land reclamation and ecological restoration on abandoned mines, elaborated the theories of ecological restoration of abandoned land of mine, introduced the research status at home and abroad, especially summarized the technologies of the ecological restoration and land reclamation of abandoned mines. It also indicated the importance of identification of capital source, as well as the establishment and improvement of management mechanism. Study on the mechanism of ecosystem environment influence of abandoned land should also be strengthened. 3S technology and information system technology are required to be adopted in monitoring, supervision and evaluation of reclamation work in the area of abandoned mines. It is strived to make technological breakthrough in alleviating the environmental damage for mining area, as well as to establish the theoretical system and technological standard for reclamation and ecological restoration in the area of abandoned mine.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 107-114 [
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115
LI Rui
Progress and prospect of vegetation dynamics
Vegetation dynamics could be expressed by many ways, and succession is the core. Based on references and study experience about vegetation dynamics, the characteristic, study method and progress of vegetation succession, fluctuation, regeneration and edge effect of community were analyzed in detail. At the same time, the future study emphasis was put forward according to the study progress contents of vegetation dynamics: 1) the application of 3S technology in the study of vegetation dynamics; 2) vegetation dynamics and biodiversity; 3) vegetation dynamics and desertification; 4) scale and scaling of vegetation dynamics; 5) vegetation dynamics and global change; 6) theory of vegetation fluctuation.
2012 Vol. 10 (2): 115-120 [
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