中国水土保持科学
Home
About Journal
Editorial
Publication Ethics
Instruction
Subscription
Contact Us
中文
Editorial 1
Editorial 2
Editorial 3
Editorial 4
For Author
Scope for Articles
Writing Format
中国水土保持科学
Paper Search
Adv Search
2003 Vol.1 No.3
Published 2003-09-30
Articles
1
JIAN Zheng-Yang
Anew Understanding of the Yellow River
In the first place it is needed to understand the Yellow River anew to study control direction of the lower reaches of it. The current Yellow River is characterized with greater reduction of runoff in comparison of reduced precipitation in some branches on the upper and middle reaches in dry year, increasing amount of water use for social economy and ecology, contemporary reduction of sediment entering the river and runoff. For the control of the Yellow River in the years to come, it is required to study the change in possibility of annual and flood season water flow, variation range of sediment and water reduction, and the feasibility to increase water flow in flood season. Along the lines of " Coexist with Nature in Consonance , the primitive precepts on the construction of ecological environment including control and development , soil and water conservation, recovery of vegetation, etc. , in the Yellow River were summarized.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 1-4 [
Abstract
] (
1152
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1938KB] (
1366
)
5
LI Dui-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Zheng-Fen-Chi-；Xie-Yong-Sheng-；Wang-Fei
On the Strategy of Sci-Tech Development of Soil and Water Conservation in China in the 21st Century
In China sci-tech development of soil and water conservation has a long history for about 100 years. The research achievements on soil erosion types, mechanisms, soil erosion regionalization, small watershed management, monitoring at national scale have obvious features and predominance in the world. Major research accomplishments include small watershed management, soil erosion process and mechanisms, impact of human activities on soil erosion, and relationship between soil erosion and river sediment. Entered the 21st century, regional eco-environment rehabilitation crectes new opportunities and challenges to scientific and technologic research of soil and water conservation. Therefore, we urgently need to constitute a new strategy of sci-tech development of soil and water conservation for the 21st century in China. Based on the analysis of international development trend and requirement of China, the priority research programs, key technologies and measures are proposed in this paper.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 5-9 [
Abstract
] (
1380
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2456KB] (
1401
)
10
CHENG Ji-Min-；Mo-Hui-E-；Wang-Jing-；Yong-Chao-Ping
Effects on Soil Moisture by Different Soil Preparation Methods and Shrub-grass Patterns in Semi-arid Area
Construction of
Caragana korshinskii
vegetation and studies on the excessive depletion and regulative recovery were performed with the conjunction of engineering and biotic measures. The results showed that the optimum stereoscopic collocation model with the level-step was
Caragana korshinskii-Clinelymas dahuricus
,
Caragana korshinskii-Mililotus suaveolens
and
Caragana korshinskii-Achnatherum splendent
, the optimum one by level-gouge was
Caragana korshinskii-Achnatherum splendens
and
Caragana korshinskii-Mililotus suaveolens
and the optimum one by fish-scale pits was
Caragana korshinskii-Mililotus suaveolens
,
Caragana korshinskii-Achnatherum splendens
and
Caragana korshinskii-Stipa bungeana
. Compared as CK the measure could enhance soil water content of 0 - 500 cml .6% -5.0% by level-step, 1.5% - 3.0% by gouge and 1.1% - 2.7% by fish-scale. At the initial growth stage of 5th, 10th, 15th year, soil water-storage capacity of 0 - 500 cm enhanced 82.84 mm, 56.63 mm, 210.66 mm respectively compared to CK, while in the final stage, enhanced 15.96 mm, 67.64 mm, 50.36 mm respectively. The biomass of shrubs and grass was increased for 97.09% - 104.9% and 3.2-6.5 times.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 10-14 [
Abstract
] (
1447
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2403KB] (
1134
)
15
WANG Bai-Tian-；Guo-Jiang-Gong-；Yang-Xue-Song
A Study on Mathematical Model of Chinese Arborvitae Leaf Transpiration in the Semi-arid Region of the Loess Plateau
Soil moisture gradations of single Chinese arborvitae tree were established through artificial control of water amount, then the transpiration rate of leaf was observed under the natural conditions with a steady-state porometer in a fixed time interval, and the environmental factors, such as
E
, temperature and atmosphere humidity in canopy layer, water potential of leaf, soil water moisture, were observed synchronously. After a correlation analysis, the relationships of transpiration rate of Chinese arborvitae in semi-arid regions of loess plateau with the factors of physiological absorbed radiation (
E
) , vapour pressure deficit (
p
v
) , water potential of leaf (
Ψ
) , and air temperature (
t
) is respectively obtained as follows:
η
t
= aEb,
η
t
= apb,
η
t
=ab ,
η
t
= at2 + bt + c . Meanwhile, the relationship of transpiration rate and stomatal resistance (
R
s
) with soil water content (W) is given as follows:
η
t
=
α
+
bW
+
cW
2
+
dW
3
,
R
s
=
α
+
bW
+
cW
2
+
dW
3
. Based on the above analysis on the relationship between transpiration rate and various factors, the leaf transpiration model of Chinese arborvitae is developed, reasonable forecast result has been achieved using three factors including air temperature and vapour pressure deficit as well as water potential of leaf. The model is as follows:
η
t
= 0.6950
exp
(0.03158t- 14.249 2/
p
v
+ 0.7606/
Ψ
).
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 15-20 [
Abstract
] (
1455
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2599KB] (
1318
)
21
DANG Hong-Zhong-；Diao-Yu-Sen-；Chen-Xiang-Wei
Study on Drought Resistance of Tree Species on Plateau Hill in Gansu
By calculating water parameters, drawing PV curve and analyzing daily variance of water potential of 4 tree species, including
Picea crassifolia
,
Sabina przewalskii
,
Populus cathyana
,
Betula albosinensis
on plateau hill in Gansu province, it was found that the 4 tree species have strong drought-resistance and water-keeping ability. The drought-resistance of coniferous is stronger than broad-leaf tree. The bound water content, water-possessing ability, the average of daily water potential and the elasticity of cell of
Picea crassifolia
is higher than these of
Sabina przewalski
i, and resisting drought by delaying dehydrate. The relating osmotic water content at loss point ROWC0,the variance of daily water potential and osmotic adjusting ability of
Sabina przewalski
i is higher than
Picea crassifolia
, the cell concentration in well swelling, the ability keeping the highest swelling pressure and the comprehensive drought-resistance is higher too, and resisting drought by enduring dehydrate. The bound water content, water-possessing ability of
Betula albosinensis
is higher , and resisting drought by delaying dehydrate. The average and variance of daily water potential, the ability of adjusting osmotic and keeping the highest swelling pressure of
Populus cathyana
is higher, and the osmotic potential at loss point is lower, it resists drought by enduring dehydrate mainly.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 21-25 [
Abstract
] (
1408
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2223KB] (
1265
)
26
HUANG Run-Quan-；Li-Jian-Jun
Impact of Agroforestry Structure Consisted by Different Land Units on Distribution of Soil Moisture in Three Gorges Reservoir Region
By monitoring status of soil moisture in 8 models of agroforestry configuration managed for more than 8 years in riparian slopeland of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, the distribution state of soil moisture has been researched. The result shows that the models of agroforestry configuration consisted of same land units but different topological structures have remarkable difference in dynamic change of soil moisture and capability of resistance water. Status of soil moisture in agroforestry models of forest-ecological forest-cultivated slopeland and cultivated slopeland-forest-ecological forest are better than others; as far as production condition of forests, the model of cultivated slopeland-forest-economical forest is best, secondly is the forest-economical forest-cultivated slopeland. As far as capacity of water conservation, forest-economical forest-cultivated slopland is the largest, secondly is the forest-cultivated slopeland-economical forest, cultivated slopeland-economical forest-forest is the least; configuring cultivated slopeland in forest land will remarkably depress capacity of water conservation of soil, in 48 hours after storm water content in soil is decreased for 2.496t per cubic meter of soil, whereas planting forest in cultivated slopeland can remarkably increase capability of water consistence in soil, in 48 hours water content in soil is increased for 2.02t per cubic meter of soil, it displays that deforestation has more impact on moisture characters of soil in comparison with afforestation.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 26-30 [
Abstract
] (
1246
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2158KB] (
1210
)
31
ZHANG Yu-Qing-；Ji-Shi-；Wen-Miao-Xia
Primary Study on Root System Foraging Space and Rooting Pattern of Plants on the Terrace Embankments
Several plant root systems are probed using method of 3D excavation. Based on that, rooting patterns of plants on the terrace embankments are classified. The results indicate that root systems of
Tamarix ramosissima
Ldb. ,
Caragana microphylla
(
pall
) lam. and Medicago sativa distribute in deeper soil layers and take on the characteristics of vertical root, root systems of Salix purpurea L. and poplar have a strong tendency toward water and nutrients. All plants investigated are of ecological plasticity of different degree. Rooting patterns of
Tamarix ramosissima
Ldb. at 1 m distance on the southward slope,
Caragana microphylla
(
pall
) lam planted at lower position of the embankments,
Medicago sativa
, poplar on the middle of big embankments and
Salix purpurea
L. less than 5 years old are suitable to agroforestry systems. It is suggested that
Tamarix ramosissima
Ldb. should be planted at short distance (1 m) on the southward slope, Salix purpurea L. on the northward slope, but with ageing, the distance should be adjusted. Poplar is not a suitable tree species to be grown on the embankments.
Medicago sativa
should be grown on big embankments where there is better conditions of soil moisture, illumination and nutrients.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 31-36 [
Abstract
] (
1616
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2481KB] (
1186
)
37
ZHANG Xiao-Meng-；Sun-Zhong-Feng-；Zhang-Hua-Pei
Analysis on the Function of Different Stand Affecting Runoff and Sediment from Rainstorm in Gullied Loess Hill of Jinxi
According to fixed-position observation data of different protection forest in gullied Loess hill for about six years, this paper studies the influence of stand on runoff and sediment. The result shows that runoff and sediment production in secondary forest consisting of
Populus davidiana
,
Pinus tabulaeformis
,
David ostryopsis
,
Thunberg Spiraea
, and
David ostrop
shrub forest are the least compared with other stands in rainstorm. Function on soil and water conservation of different patterns, including alternate planting of forest and fodder grass, alternate planting of fodder grass and forest, and orchard, is better. And mixed planting model of apple trees and crops with low quality soil preparation has greater soil loss in rainstorm. However, after particular soil preparation, runoff and sediment from mixed planting of apple trees and crops decrease obviously. Besides,
Robinia pseudoacacia
forest produce less runoff and sediment if it has larger canopy density of stand and with great biomass of grass under forest and litter.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 37-42 [
Abstract
] (
1347
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2459KB] (
1152
)
43
HAO Meng-De-；Xie-Yong-Sheng
The Analysis of Weihe Flood in 2003 and Countermeasures of Flood Prevention
Flood disaster of Weihe river in 2003 was caused by many factors, such as the loss of serious water and soil erosion in upper and middle reaches of the river, increased mud coming into the river and a large amount of silt sedimentation which ran up the riverbed in lower reaches of the river, and the bad quality of dike in south mountain branch and imperfect drainage system. Because of the large amount of mud sedimentation, variable water lever, lower criterion of south mountain branch dike and growing flood disaster, much measures should be taken to prevent flood disaster, such as the comprehensive way to control the loss of water and soil erosion in the whole watershed of Weihe river, making higher and reinforcing the leve of Weihe river and the dike of south mountain branch, strengthening the repairing project of the riverway.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 43-47 [
Abstract
] (
1288
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2562KB] (
1234
)
48
HE Yi-Shou
Developing Green Industrial Economy and Protecting and Constructing Eco-environment
The progress and experience of extablishing green industrial demonstration garden in China by Investment and Technique Promotion Divisionin China of the United Nations Industry Development Organisation have been introduced in the paper, as well as the guiding ideology, development strategy, industrial policy, implementing procedure and condition for the construction of green industrial demenstration garden.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 48-50 [
Abstract
] (
1330
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1469KB] (
1118
)
51
CHEN Li-Hua-；Liu-Dong-；Li-Yuan-Mao-；Xie-Bao-Yuan-；Su-Xin-Qin-；Cao-Yu-Ting
Preliminary Studies on the Evaluation of Sustainable Developmentof Mountainous Township-- Taking Miaofengshan Township, Mentougou District in Beijing as Example
The evaluating index system of sustainable development for township is established. According to the data of 1999 - 2000, the degree of sustainable development is estimated and analysed for Miaofengshan township in Beijing. It is seen that the main factors, which effect the sustainable development, are ratio of irrigated farmland, population density, forest land area per person, farm land area per person, forest cover degree, etc.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 51-55 [
Abstract
] (
1618
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2310KB] (
1208
)
56
LI Zhong-Kuai-；Song-Ru-Hua-；Yang-Mao-Rui-；Bai-Xiu-Ping
Approach to the Environmental Economics Analysis of Benefit from Watershed Management
It is thought that the benefit from watershed management not only includes the value of efficient output in practicality, but also shows as the value of environmental resource much more, the former mainly includes increments of production value from economic crops, forestry, animal husbandry and aquiculture, the latter refers to the values in improvement of ecological environment resource through watershed management, such as water conservation, protection of land resource, carbon fixation and oxygen production as well as transformation of solar energy, wind prevention and desertification control, reduction of natural disasters like flood, decrease of sediment deposition and protection of biodiversity , and the values of social environment resource in the aspects of survival environment improvement and advancement of properties development, etc. Based on the theories of value from labor, boundary effects and that of market value, the index system of value for watershed management benefit and methods to calculate the value of ecological environment were developed using the ways of market value, cost for recovery and shadow engineering. It sets up base for the valuation of benefit from watershed management.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 56-62 [
Abstract
] (
1377
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
3252KB] (
1426
)
63
JING Hai-Chao-；Jie-Meng-Shu-；Feng-Zhong-Ke-；Sun-Ge-；S.G.McNulty
Quantitative Analysis of Soil Erosion on Hillslopes by Alternant DEM
Calculoution of soil erosion amount is limited by experimental data of long term and larg area, i.e., it is needed to collect lots of data. Using alternant DEM, the study raised a new method based on the relation of sedimentation and precipitation to acquire the amount of soil erosion on hillslopes. The control surveying is achieved by GPS, and the large-scale Digital Terrain Map is achieved by Total Station. The experiment indicates that this method not only represents the three-dimention research results but also manage the spacial data by GIS, and the amount of soil erosion in special geographical cell can be calculated and forecasted.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 63-66 [
Abstract
] (
1389
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1608KB] (
1059
)
67
BI Hua-Xin-；Zhang-Hua-Pei-；Zhong-Bei-Li-；A-Bu-He-Shi
Regional Landslide Analysis Based on GIS Techniques
In the study, eight causal factors of slope, exposure, slope type, elevation, rainfall, vegetation, soil and geology have been considered and analyzed by combining GIS techniques and quantification approach for the research area, Hayachine mountain ranges, Iwate Prefecture, Japan. Landslide information have been gotten from interpreting aerial photograph , vegetation information have been derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper data, data of slope, exposure, slope type and elevation have been determined from Digital Elevation Model (DEM) generated from digital map (1/25000), rainfall data was from previous researches, soil type and geology have been gotten from current investigation map. Based on these and assisted with GIS software, the study focused on: 1) extracting or computing the causal factors which impact on regional landslide using GIS techniques; 2) clarifying the relationship between landslide and its causal factors. The results showed that these eight causal factors have a close relationship with landslide, the sequence (from strong to weak) of these causal factors impacting regional landslide are elevation, vegetation, geology, soil type, rainfall, exposure, gradient and slope type.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 67-71 [
Abstract
] (
1258
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1981KB] (
1143
)
72
FAN Xin-Ke-；Tun-Pu-Te-；Feng-Gao
Decision Method and Index of Rainstorm
Based on the analysis to rainfall characters, the formulas to distinguish storm were raised taking both amount and intensity of rainfall as indexes, i. e. ,
K
=
Pi
, and
K
=
P
2
/
t
-
i
2
t
, which reflects the amount of rainfall in different time briefly, and is convenient for the analysis and calculation of storm. Meanwhile, the decision indexes and distinguish standard for storms by the standards of daily and interval rainfall or rainfall intensity were determined, they are as follows , 2 ≤
K
< 7 for storm; 7 ≤
K
< 28 for great storm and
K
≥ 28 for much greater storm.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 72-75 [
Abstract
] (
1377
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1709KB] (
1339
)
76
YANG Xiao-Feng-；Yang-Yu-Hang
Introduction of Flow Measurement Structure--The Flat V-Type Weir
The flat V-type weir is of advantage to measure in precision and record automatically. It could be used in a wide range of measurement for both flood and low flows. The gauging hole of the flat V-type weir is replaced by gauging well with digital ombro meter and water meter, from which automatic measurement could be made. The design chart could be used in implementation.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 76-78 [
Abstract
] (
1383
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1610KB] (
1021
)
79
SHU Dun-Feng
Theoretical Concept of Sandy Desert Industry and Probe into Its Connotation
Sandy Desert Industry" is a new and expanding industry. Through the productive practice over more than 20 years, sandy desert industry has got onto a developing course with scientific order. This paper quite thoroughly probes into the guiding ideology, theoretical concept, core content and technical line of the sandy desert industry. The core of sandy desert industry is to use bio - function in sandy desert region, to apply high and new technology, to increase the transforming rate of solar energy, to supply more products for human being. The technical line is " more day-lighting, less watering, new technology and high efficiency" . The over all goal of sandy desert industry is "one change, three owns and two realizations" , finally to build up the well off society in an all around way for the people in sandy desert region.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 79-84 [
Abstract
] (
1309
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2927KB] (
1271
)
85
LIU Zhi-Gang
Experience of Construction and Management on Loess Plateau Watershed Rehabilitation Project of Soil and Water Conservation by the World Bank Loan
Loess plateau watershed rehabilitation project implemented from 1994 (project I ) has been carried out by the Chinese government in a large scale for comprehensive development and treatment in soil and water conservation on loess plateau by the World Bank loan. In the past eight years, the project had produced great achievement. A lot of experiences , such as previous works of project, management system building, management of plan and finance, farmers' participation, supervision of project, broadcasting of science and study, training to folk, is obtained for reference and study.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 85-88 [
Abstract
] (
1542
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1958KB] (
1140
)
89
LI Wen-Hang-；Liu-Hui-Beng
Advance of GIS Applications in Research of Soil Erosion
Soil erosion models are technique tools for soil and water conservation. But soil erosion models have limitations in model factors achieving, model-operation and results analysis. GIS has been employed in soil and water conservation work, mainly focused on factor achieving, model-operation and visual results analysis. The combination of these three applications is soil and water conservation decision making supporting GIS information system. At the same time, the application of GIS in soil and water conservation still has problems such as accuracy, error, and applicability. With the development of GIS, these problems will be conquered; what's more, GIS will provide much more methods or thinking ways for soil and water conservation in modeling, model operation and ways of analysis and display.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 89-94 [
Abstract
] (
1549
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2979KB] (
1345
)
95
WANG Cheng-Ping-；Zhang-Zhi-Jiang-；Wu-Jun-；E.Klaghofer
Spatial Heterogeneity of Characteristic Functional Parameter of Soil Water Movement: Mathematical Approaches, Sampling Scheme, and Influencing Factors
This article reviewed theoretical analysis approaches about heterogeneity of characteristic functional parameter of soil water movement, and summarized sampling schemes on it. Also the article briefly analyzed factors affecting heterogeneity of characteristic functional parameter of soil water movement. On the basis of above analysis, the article briefly pointed out details under improvement about study of heterogeneity.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 95-98 [
Abstract
] (
1376
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1890KB] (
1169
)
99
JING Guo-Ju-；Lin-Xian-Beng-；Liu-Bing-You-；Qi-Guo-Gui
Freeze-thaw Erosion and Harm in Heilongjiang Province
The paper introduces seven types of freeze-thaw erosion based on the field work in the mountainous region about the form, distributing area and harm. It puts forward some active suggestions to studying on freeze-thaw erosion in Heilongjiang Province in future.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 99-101 [
Abstract
] (
1257
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
1433KB] (
1352
)
102
LIU Zhen-；Li-Tie-Bin-；Jiang-Qiang-Feng
Redistribution Model of Rainfall by Vegetation
The process that vegetation redistributes rainfall and the way that vegetation change the raindrop' s energy were analyzed quantitatively in the paper. Then the raindrop' s energy. to splash was compared. There are 3 ways for the vegetation to redistribut the rainfall, i. e. , interception, through fall and stem flow. Among them, only through fall can splash the ground. The redistribution decrease the rainfall to splash the ground, but it increases the raindrop' s diameter. Through the comparison, conclusion is obtained as follows: (1) Litter coverage is connected with the energy of splash erosion in linear negative correlation. The larger the litter coverage is, the less the energy of splash erosion is. (2) When rainfall comes up to the critical rainfall to produce throughfall (accumulated on leaf and branch) , the energy of splash erosion is connected with the canopy density in linear negative correlation, but it is no correlation with the height of vegetation; after the through fall formed the height of vegetation is the most important factor. The higher the vegetation is, the more the energy of splash erosion is. (3) The larger the raindrop s diameter is, the more the energy of splash erosion which is reduced by vegetation.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 102-105 [
Abstract
] (
1302
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2823KB] (
1186
)
106
LUO Gui-Huan
The Western Scholars' Promotion to the Soil and Water Conservation of China in the First Half of 20th Century
In the early period of 20th century, the western plant hunter F. Mayer, botanical explorer H. Smith, foresters Norman Shaw and W. C. Lowdermilk had noted the terrible results of deforestation in the mountains and hills of northern China by slope cultivation. Deforestation led not only excessive erosion and soil degradation, but also destructive flooding and drought annually. Their writings had aroused the general attention in China and abroad, especially Lowdermilk ' s studies which were at work in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan had directly promoted the foundation of soil and water conservation in China. As their works had exerted tremendous influence in Chinese academic circle, Chinese scholars began to carry out a series of remarkable works about experiment of soil and water conservation, forest protection of water-head as well as project of establishment for shelterbelt forest in order to reduce wind erosion and to conserve soil moisture in "three North" and so on. Eventually they founded Chinese Soil and Water Conservation Association in 1945.
2003 Vol. 1 (3): 106-110 [
Abstract
] (
1338
) [
HTML
1KB] [
PDF
2823KB] (
1294
)
