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2006 Vol.4 No.4
Published 2006-08-31
Articles
1
JIAO Ji-Ren-；Shi-Li-Ren-；Niu-Chong-Huan-；Zhang-Chang-Yi-；Yuan-Jian-Beng-；Xu-Chuan-Zao
On target of soil and water conservation in “the eleventh five years” period of China
China is one of the most serious nations of soil erosion in the world. For many years, the prevent and control methods of soil erosion have made huge progress .The remote sensing research indicated that, since 80's in 20 centuries, the worsening trend of soil erosion in China has been controlled, but the general situation is still rigorous. In “the eleventh five years” period, the soil and water conservation work must be led by the view of scientific development, taking the constructing middle-class family society as the target, strengthening the prevention and intendance, holding the key points to manage firmly, promoting ecological restoration, making the good science and technology expansion, perfecting the monitor and forecast, keeping the serious trend of the soil erosion and the entironment within limits.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 1-5 [
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1233
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1199
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6
BI Xiao-Gang-；Duan-Chu-Fu-；Li-Yong-Gui-；Liu-Bao-Yuan-；Fu-Su-Hua-；Xie-Zhi-Han-；Yuan-Ai-Ping-；Lu-Bing-Jun
Study on soil loss equation in Beijing
Soil erosion is one of important factors which results in environment deterioration. Soil loss equation can be used to evaluate the dynamic development of the soil resource and develop plans for controlling soil erosion. The equation can be applied to assess the benefits of soil loss control practice. Experimental data of about 1000 annual rainfall plots in Beijing were used to develop Beijing soil loss equation. The algorithm or data of every factor in the equation has been determined. The development of the equation can be used as a tool for soil loss dynamic monitoring in Beijing and for soil and water conservation planning.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 6-13 [
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1363
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14
BO Chong-Feng-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Yuan-Zai-Jian
Mechanism and effect of different contour hedgerow types on runoff and sediment erosion in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Five hedgerow-experimental-plots was established in 1993, data of runoff and soil loss under simulation rainfall and natural rainfall in each plot from 1994—1997 was collected to understand the benefits and mechanism of hedgerow to conserve water and soil. The results indicated that: Every plant hedgerow chosen has a big effect of conserving runoff and soil from 1994 to 1997. Soil loss reduction was 18.4%-70.0% (the average reduction was 29.7% in 1994 and 60.8% in 1997)and runoff reduction range from 17.2% to 70.8% (the average reduction was 33.7% in 1994 and 44.7% in 1997). And also
Loriaria sinica
and
Vitex negundo
played a more significant role in reducing runoff and soil erosion than
Vetiveria zizanioides
did, but the difference didn't reach to the statistical significant level different. The variations of runoff velocity in the hedgerow plot led essentially to the difference of soil losses. The runoff velocity in the upper slope of hedgerow strip decreased as the result of its obstruction and increased in the lower slope of hedgerow strip. Therefore, soil losses decreased greatly because of reduction runoff velocity and runoff amount between hedgerow's.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 14-18 [
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1309
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1094
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19
WANG Pan-Hui-；Xiong-Wei-；Xu-Peng-Chao-；Chen-Zhen-Xi-；Guo-Meng-Chun-；Guan-Wei-；Ma-Chang-Meng-；Xie-Bing-；Guo-Gao
Study on the evapotranspiration of forest and vegetation in dryland
The studies on evapotranspiration (ET) of forest and vegetation carried out in recent years in the dry areas in Liupan Mountain of Ningxia and Yanqing of Beijing were summarized. As soil water limited ecosystem, the ET of slope vegetation, regardless trees or shrubs or grasses, is always the biggest component in water budget, and transpiration (T) is the biggest component in ET. The order of ET is generally as high- arbor- forest > small-arbor-forest > shrub > natural grassland, but artificial grassland > natural grassland. According to water-yield function, slope vegetation can be classified: natural grassland and shrub as water-yielding vegetation; small-arbor-forest as water-balancing vegetation; high-arbor forest and artificial grassland as water-consuming vegetation. Density is not a determinative factor for slope ET, its function is more on regulating the value of T and the ratio of T/ET. Although ET will be generally reduced with decreasing density, but not in the same magnitude and not in linear, and different vegetations react differently. It shows a tendency that the ET-reducing effect by decreasing density tends to be weaker from igh-arbor, small-arbor to shrub. The function of ET-reducing by decreasing density is limited. More strict comparisons and theoretical researches are required for evaluating the ET-reduction effect by decreasing density, the availability of decreasing density as a measure of reducing ET, and for searching the effective range of density regulation. The LAI and leaves biomass may be better indicators than density for estimating and evaluating water consumption of vegetation, since it is more biological based. From the viewpoint of establishing slope vegetation with characters of water-saving, more stability, high efficiency and multifunction in dry regions, it is sure to say that the ET of grassland and shrub is lower then forest. The savanna-like forest or sparse forest with shrubs is more suitable for water-yielding and for vegetation stability. For a better small watershed management, the theoretical and technical research on an optimal spatial allocation of different vegetation based on the spatial heterogeneity of soil water carrying capacity should be further carried out, in order to meet the needs of water-yield, soil protection, water retention, stable vegetation simultaneously.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 19-25 [
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1671
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26
GAO Hua-Duan-；Li-Dui
Characteristics of soil and water loss based on geological background in Guizhou province
Understanding macro controlling factors is necessary for evaluating actual soil and water loss and predicting future trend. Based on the geological background of Guizhou Province, the relationship between the geological conditions and actual soil and water loss and its potential danger was studied. The results indicate that the geological condition is one of the most important factors affecting regional soil and water loss, which determintes the space distribution of soil and water loss's potential dangerous degree. At the same time, the whole province is divided into 6 sub-areas of soil and water loss and their potential trends are evaluated and described.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 26-32 [
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1621
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3765KB] (
1297
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33
QI Sheng-Lin-；Zhang-Hong-Jiang-；He-Fan-；Cheng-Jin-Hua
Effect of the vegetation types on runoff generation on slope land in Simian Mountain of Chongqing
To study effect of vegetation types on runoff generation on slope land in the Three Gorges reservoir area of the Yangtze River, 5 kinds of standard runoff plot were laid out under different vegetation types in the Simian Mountain of Chongqing City. The vegetation types included mixed broadleaf-conifer forest, broad-leaved forest, Phyllostachys pubescens forest,shrub and agricultural cultivated land. Rainfall and surface runoff were measured on the plots. Results show that the grade of average values of surface runoff under different vegetation types was: agricultural cultivated land>shrub> Phyllostachys pubescens forest> broad-leaved forest> broadleaf-conifer forest. The values are 6.45mm, 4.12mm, 2.91mm, 2.34mm, 1.57mm. Surface runoff in selected arbor forestlands is smaller than that in agricultural cultivated land. Significant difference does not exist in surface runoff in different arbor forestlands. The correlation between rainfall amount and surface runoff in forestlands and agricultural cultivated land are notable, shown as polynomial function or power function. The correlation between rainfall intensity and surface runoff in forestlands and agricultural cultivated land are also notable, shown as polynomial function or power function. On the same rainfall condition, the variation tendencies of surface runoff in these types of forestland and agricultural cultivated land are different. And the amount of surface runoff in agricultural cultivated land is always the most.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 33-38 [
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1549
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1390
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39
WANG Yu-Jie-；Wang-Yun-Qi-；Jia-Yi-Beng-；He-Zheng-Meng-；Jiang-Cheng-；Zhang-Sheng-Chao
Soil fractal features of typical forest stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing city
For exploring the forest soil physical property in Three Gorges Reservoir areas, based on the fractal theory, the soil fractal features of the 4 typical forests (mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forests, evergreen broadleaf forests,
Phyllostachys pubescen
s forests and evergreen broadleaf shrub forests) in Jinyun mountain, Chongqing City were studied as well compared to arable land. It has been proposed that the model can be used for the analysis of the relationship between the fractal dimensions and the properties of forest soil. The impacts of fractal dimensions change on soil properties change were analyzed with the elasticity analysis and marginal yield analysis. The results showed that the fractal dimension of partical size distribution (PSD), the micro-aggregate size distribution (ASD) and the soil pore size distribution (SPD) can be used as the indexes of soil structure evaluation. In the typical forests of Jinyun mountain, the soil PSD is 2.7-2.9, the ASD is 2.5-2.8, and the SPD is 2.3-2.8. The soil structure of evergreen broadleaf shrub forests are all the best in PSD, ASD and SPD, and the soil of
Phyllostachys pubescen
s forests is the worst. There also were the certain relationships between the PSD, ASD, SPD and some soil properties in the different forests and farmland. The related coefficients is over 0.5. Based on the elasticity analysis and marginal yield analysis, the effect of PSD was more than those of ASD and SPD. Obviously, the further research on the fractal theory application in soil structure and soil properties has important significance.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 39-46 [
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1702
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47
LIU Meng-Yun-；Chang-Qiang-Rui-；Ji-Yan-Bing
Fractal features of soil aggregate and microaggregate under different land use
For researching the soil aggregate and microaggregate under different land use modes and studying its quantitative description of soil quality and structure, in Shanghuang experimental station, Guyuan city, Ningxia autonomous region, the soil aggregate structure, microaggregate structure, and their fractal features under five different land use modes (bush forest land, farmland, natural meadow, orchard and artificial meadow) were studied in this paper. The results showed that: the order of the total amount of soil aggregate was natural meadow>bush forest land>orchard>farmland>artificial meadow. The fractal dimension of soil granular structure under these five land use modes ranged from 2.36-2.84. The lower total amount of the granular (>0.25mm) was, the fractal dimension of particle diameter distribution was higher. Natural meadow and bush forest land were beneficial to the formation of soil microaggregates, but the other land use modes were inferior to natural meadow and bush forest land. There was very significantly negative correlation between total amount of the microaggregates (>0.005mm) and the fractal dimension, and very significantly positive correlation between total amount of the microaggregates (<0.005mm) and the fractal dimension. The fractal dimension of soil aggregates and microaggregates may indicate that the soil physical properties are good or not. Man-made unreasonable land use is the main cause of soil degradation and eco-environmental deterioration. Rational utilization of land will be imperative.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 47-51 [
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1427
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52
BAI Cui-Xia-；Geng-Yu-Qing-；Tu-Xin-Xiao-；Lu-Chao-Wei-；Wang-Shu-Sen-；Liang-Wei
Soil nutrient and phosphatase activity under secondary forest in Badaling mountain
In order to understand the soil fertility under secondary forest in Badaling mountain, Beijing, soil nutrient and its phosphatase activity under three forests of Betula dahurica, Tilia mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica were studied. The result showed that there was obvious effects of the surface in soil nutrient content. Total phosphorus content ranged from 0.39g.kg
-1
to 0.66g.kg
-1
, phosphorus deficiency may be happened; Acid phosphatase activity was higher than alkaline in every soil horizon under three forests. With increase of soil depth, phosphatase activity was lower obviously. The results also indicated that soil nutrient and phosphatase activity in rhizosphere are higher than those in non-rhizosphere, the ratio of R/NR was between 1.02 and 5.25; Correlations were analyzed by SPSS software, and soil phosphatase activity was related positively to soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium. Soil phosphatase activity was considered an indicator for soil fertility evaluations.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 52-55 [
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1344
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56
WANG Jing-Yang-；Diao-Yu-Sen-；Yang-Hai-Ru-；Yan-Yi
Response to soil drought stress of photosynthesis and transpiration of Poplar (
Populus alba×Populus berolinensis
)
The effects of soil drought degree and duration and gradually drought course on gas exchanging parameters of poplar leaves and response to light were studied by the test of potted plant with 3-years-old Poplar （
Populus alba×Populus berolinensis
）. The results indicated that poplar presented strong drought resistance and moderate drought was favorable to photosynthesis. In given soil moisture content （40.1%
-2
0.2%）, the rate of photosynthesis decreased with the soil moisture and the decreased degree was smaller and apparent quantum efficiency kept stable. The rate of photosynthesis decreased tempestuously when the soil moisture lowered to 15.5%. The light saturation point of Poplar is between 750 to 1300μmol.m
-2
.s
-1
and reduce with the reducing of soil moisture content. There was clearly a close positive correlation between photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, and negative correlation with intercellular CO
2
. Water use efficiency （WUE） increased with the water moisture content in soil when gradually drought course, but seriously drought stress in long term resulted in decreasing of WUE. Under the same condition the effect of water content gradual drought stress to photosynthetic rate was weaker than that of gradient drought, which showed that the poplar could endure temporal drought. Serious water stress lasting long time could lower rate of photosynthetic and transpiration greatly, which reflected the adaptive characteristic of poplar.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 56-61 [
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1563
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1337
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62
ZHANG Chu-Yong-；Zhang-Guang-Can-；Chen-Jian-；Liu-Gang-；Li-Xiao-Lei-；Liu-Xia
Effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis and transpiration of Parthenocissus quinquefolia planch
In order to offer scientific base for the cultivation of
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
planch in the barren mountain area, with CIRAS
-2
portable photosynthesis system which is made in PPS corporation of England, the photosynthesis （
P
n
） and transpiration （
T
r
） responses of
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
planch two years old leaf to light intensity under different soil moisture conditions were studied. The results indicated that the photosynthesis, transpiration and water use efficiency （
E
） of
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
planch leaf has notable threshold responses value to the level of soil moisture and the variation of photosynthetic active radiation （
R
p
）.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
planch's Pn is at a relatively high-level when the volumetric water content （
W
v
） is about 12.6%
-2
0.7%, relative water content （
W
r
） is about 45.2%-74.3%. When Wv is about 18.3%, the Pn and Tr reach the highest value while the E is relatively low. When the Wv is about 12.6% （
W
r
is about 45.2%）, the E reaches the highest level. The fitting soil moisture range which can keep Pn and E at relatively high-level is 12.6%
-1
8.3%for
W
v
and 45.2%-65.7% for
W
r
. Out of this range, Pn and E will descend obviously. In the fitting range of Wv, the Pn and E maintain a high-level when the Rp range is 400
-1
000μmol.m
-2
.s
-1
, otherwise, the
E
will fall, and the most suitable
R
p
is 800μmol.m
-2
.s
-1
. The results indicated that the
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
planch can adapt to a wide ange of illumination intensity. It has the property of strong drought-resistance but can not stand the high soil moisture environment. Therefore, it is a suitable liana to the afforestation in barren mountain area.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 62-66 [
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1853
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1349
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67
LIU Xiao-Ying-；Hong-Gang-；Tun-Bin-；Tun-Bao-Sheng-；Fu-Ren-Shou-；Yang-Ai-Min
Analysis and research on effects of sediment reduction through soil and water conservation in large river basins in USA
In order to use experiences and lessons of earlier river management and soil and water conservation in USA for references, 5 large river basins have been selected in this paper to study effects of sediment reduction contributed by soil and water conservation practices. The five river basins include Willos stream of upper Missouri river, Lloyd Shoals Reservoir watershed, Lake Waco watershed, Duck river watershed of Tennessee River basin, upper Colorado River basin. Excluding the factors of rainfall and water conservancy project construction, the analysis results show that the sediment reduction effects of soil and water conservation practices in these basins are very obvious in the contrast analysis between 10 to 32 years, sediment reduction rates of these basins ranges from 38% to 55%.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 67-71 [
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1397
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2755KB] (
1280
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72
LI Xiao-Jin-；Bi-Hua-Xin-；Li-Dun-；Liu-Xin-；Guo-Meng-Xia
Dynamics of moisture of soil profile in Loess area of western Shanxi
By monitoring the soil moisture in different layers (20cm) of soil profile (0-200cm) with different vegetation cover types in loess area during 2004 (from July to October) and 2005 (from April to October), the paper focus on analyzing the distribution characteristics, the season dynamic state variety, the variation characteristic of soil moisture of soil profile and the influence of the different vegetation cover types upon the soil moisture. The result indicated that: the soil moisture increases with the soil depth decreasing in 2004, while increase is tiny in 2005. The soil moisture variety in the soil profile includes three types: the “<” type(decreasing-increasing with the increasing of the soil depth), the anti-“S” type (increasing-decreasing-increasing with the increasing of the soil depth), and the wave type (increasing-decreasing-increasing-decreasing with the increasing of the soil depth). During observation period, the soil moisture of each layer presents to reduce trend with various time, and it is closely related with rainfall. The variation coefficient of soil moisture is the biggest in the surface layer (0-20cm) in the profile, while the layer between 0-100cm presents to decreasing trend, in the 100-200cm soil layer keeping constant basically, so 100-120cm can be defined as a limited boundary between the quickly changing layer and the stable layer of soil moisture.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 72-77 [
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1402
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1263
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78
WANG Rui-Fang-；Huang-Cheng-Zhi-；Dong-Yu-Ting
Comparison of storm runoff and sediment yield between two different managed small watersheds in the Loess Plateau
On the basis of observation from paired-watersheds, named Qiaozidong and Qiaozixi wateshed, the characteristics of rainfall, runoff and soil erosion between the paired watersheds were studied. The results show that Qiaozidong watershed with better soil and water conservation measures coupled with improved vegetation cover has, on the premise of the same storm event, demonstrated by strong capacity of reducing flood peak flow and sediment yield. It was found that the runoff production of Qiaozidong watershed was decreased by 13336m
3
/km
2
, and sediment yield descended by 8534t/km
2
, compared with those of Qiaozixi watershed. Furthermore, the module of soil erosion on Qiaozixi watershed was 3.5 times of that on Qiaozidong watershed. In generally it is supposed that the effects on runoff and sediment yield reduction were mainly attributed to the well functionally soil and water conservation measures, as well as the increased vegetation cover.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 78-81 [
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1473
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2615KB] (
1259
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82
LI Xue-Lei-；Wang-Li-；Guo-Jing-；Yuan-Li-；Liu-Xia-；Zhang-Guang-Can
Characters of spermatophyte flora in ecological restoration area of soil and water conservation in the middle of Shandong province
In order to provide the theoretical basis for selecting, conservation and reasonable managing of vegetation species in the course of ecological restoration of soil and water conservation in the mountain area of middle Shandong province, the composition of the spermatophyte flora and geographical characteristics were analyzed. The results show that firstly there are 271 kinds of seed plant in all in this flora, belong to 61 families and 157 genus, accounting for 17.28%, 4.90% and 0.998% of family, genus and species of the spermatophyte flora in our country separately. The number of species which include single family and light family (including 2-9 species) account for 91.6% of the total species. The number of the single genus and the genus which include 2-4 genus is 161, accounting for 96.18% of the total genus. It can be showed that distribution of the family and genus in this flora are rather even and abundant. Secondly, the composition of temperate zone in this flora is obvious advantage, especially the composition of the north temperate zone. Genus of tropical nature in this flora occupy large proportion, it prove that the origin of this local flora and tropical flora is closed. It can be showed that distribution of the family and genus in this flora are more even and abundant. Thirdly, the endemicity of this flora is unconspicuous.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 82-87 [
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1409
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3258KB] (
1448
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88
SU Fan-Xing-；Guan-Wen-Ban-；Ye-Min-Sheng-；Li-Chun-Beng
Application of Surfer software to the study of farmland shelterbelts
In order to study the effects of farmland shelterbelts in a spatial perspective, Surfer software was applied, as it is powerful in contouring and 3D surface mapping, and it can describe the characteristic of each factorial distribution pattern within the district by the spacial data format. The process of making maps by Surfer was explained based on the analysis of field data, advantages of the software were also showed by comparing to other methods, which can become a very efficient approach in the study of shelterbelts and fields related to soil and water conservation. Results showed that Surfer software is an efficient and quick data analyzing tool, and it will have a great promise in the study of shelterbelts and related fields.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 88-91 [
Abstract
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1539
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2343KB] (
1260
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92
SHU Zhong-Lin-；Hou-Lu-Chuan
Shortage appraisal and sustainable utilization of water resource in Sichuan province
The shortage of water recourse has been the bottleneck which confined the sustainable development in Sichuan province.This paper choosing the 21 district cities and states as object to evaluate the shortage on water resources,and indicated that 12 cities' Per capita water resource are less than 1700m
3
,belonging to lack water area, and 4 cities among them belong to seriously lack water area;The population account for 90.7%, GDP total value account for 93.2%, cultivated land account for 87.6% of the whole province in those area. Meanwhile, the author analyzed the types and factors of the shortage. At last, the strategies and suggestions to the shortage of water resources and sustainable utilization were put forward in this paper.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 92-95 [
Abstract
] (
1596
) [
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2280KB] (
1380
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96
ZHANG Ci-Lin
Management model of “Pig-methane tank-fruit” in soil and water conservation
“Pig-methane tank-fruit” model is a kind of new model for controlling soil erosion since 90's in the soil erosion severity region of Jiangxi, and the erosion control in Jiangxi was strengthen by it. The content of industrial ecocycling and the benefits of the model in the small watershed was introduced in this paper. Its function are mainly expressed in three aspects: 1) The antinomy of tightly energy lack was alleviated and plant cover is protected. 2) Organic fertilizer is provided, and the soil nutrient condition was improved. 3) The development of the small watershed economy is promoted, and the step that casting off poverty to get rich is quicken. Furthermore, the marked benefits of soil and water conservation are obtained.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 96-98 [
Abstract
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1397
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1745KB] (
1222
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99
HE Chang-Gao
Regulating and controlling water resources allocation in river basin synthetically by soil and water conservation
Water resource is an important strategic resource for the development of society and economic activities. However, floods and droughts happen more and more frequently, the situation of a disaster is heavier from a whole point of view. Soil and water loss is one of the main reasons for the increasingly serious disaster. Soil and water conservation is not only an important measure to regulate, control and optimize water resource allocation, but also the main route to solve water issues and achieve its sustainable development. How to arrange soil and water conservation measures reasonably and scientifically from the point of optimizing the allocation of water resource needs theoretical and technical research systematically.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 99-102 [
Abstract
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1653
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2259KB] (
1066
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103
QUAN Hai
A review of ecosystem restoration of small watershed in mountain area
Ecosystem restoration of small watershed in mountain area is a complex ecologic project, and its object is ecologic economic system of small watershed, and at present, research on its theory and practice has been developed. In this paper, the theory basis, practice process, condition and object, and ecologic effects are discussed, however, studying on the ecosystem restoration of small watershed in mountain area is in its initial stage, many tasks have to be studied further.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 103-108 [
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1347
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3696KB] (
1436
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109
JIA En-Long-；Shi-Hai-；Bang-Zuo-De
Advances in stress-resistance and culture technology of
Ammopiptanthus Cheng f
Ammopiptanthus Cheng f
. is a very important species which is rare and endangered in China and its stress-resistance is very well. But the rate of itsnatural renew is so slow and seeds resource is very deficient. The culture technology of
Ammopiptanthus Cheng f
. is so hard that limited it to play its role. Only in the way of improving its stress-resistance, the problem of cultivation technology can be solved,and it can be protected and used well. It was analyzed that the research advance of stress-resistance comprehensively in these ways of drought-resistance, cold-resistance, wind-resistance, pest-resistance and salt-tolerance in the article. Also it was discussed that current situation of studies on culture technology in the aspects of seeds produce, the ways of planting, agamogenesis and transplanting. So, the existing research shortage of two aspects and technology problem to be solved urgently were pointed out.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 109-113 [
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1439
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5110KB] (
1157
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114
GUO Meng-Xia-；Bi-Hua-Xin-；Liu-Xin-；Li-Dun-；Guo-Chao-Ying-；Lin-Jing-Jing
Review on the water consumption of tree transpiration
Based on collecting investigating datum inside and outside China, the measure methods, calculation methods, studying scale and scale transform of tree transpiration are summed up. The measure methods include rapid weighing method, whole-tree container method, lysimeter method, ventilated method, geochemical trace method, heat balance method, gas exchange method and photosynthetic system measuring method. The calculation methods include hydrological method, weather method, bowen ratio method, aerodynamic method, eddy correlation method and infrared remote sensing method. Studying scale include branches and leaves scale, individual tree scale, forest stand scale and region scale, and whose actuality and existing problems are summarized. At last, the studying direction of tree transpiration is put forward.
2006 Vol. 4 (4): 114-120 [
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1443
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1517
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