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2004 Vol.2 No.1
Published 2004-03-31
Articles
1
WEN Fu-Bei-；Chen-Dun-Fu
Knowledge and Thinking on Eco-environment Construction of Yangtze River Basin
The variation of ecological environment conditions on the Yangtze River Basin is obvious in east-west orientation and perpendicularity with extruding soil erosin and water loss. The successful practice of Major Project of Soil and Water Conservation on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River shows that to start with the controlling of soil erosin and water loss, to follow the technique line of soil and water conservation is the only way and essential principles for the ecological construction in soil and water conservation in the Yangtze River Basin. It is thought that it is needed to intensify consciousness of ecological environment protection and execute the law strictly, to take living and working in peace and contentment as the presupposition, to build up new ideal of prevention and control, to solve the problem of water well, and to persist in the management taking Basin as a unit, unified plan, to regard the control of land slide, debris flow and slope collapse.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 1-3 [
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4
TU Xin-Xiao-；Niu-Jian-Zhi-；Xu-Jun-Liang
Research on the Ecological Restoration in Mountain Watershed
The paper provided a systematic analysis of ecological restoration effects of natural secondary forest of closure area in Chao Guanxi Gou, Miyun County. The study indicated that through nearly twenty years of hillclosing afforestation, canopy closure has been improved about 0 2; cover rate of forest has raised from 7.2% to 93.8%; biodiversity, tree biomass and vegetation community have increased to a great extent. Compared with the average canopy closure before hillclosing afforestation in this area, it has raised 0.1～0.2 and has been over 0.4. Forest coverage degree is over 90%. Consequently, the forest plays more important roles in intercepting precipitation, improving water storage capacity of soil, decreasing the surface runoff, controlling soil erosion.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 4-10 [
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11
LIU Guo-Ban-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Zheng-Fen-Chi
Small Watershed Management and Eco-rehabilitation on the Loess Plateau of China
The characteristics of soil erosion and water loss on the loess plateau was analysed, comprehensive management of small watershed and the achievements of eco-construction were introduced. Based on the theory and practice, 28-word strategy of the land improvement of loess plateau and the concept of conservational eco-agriculture were presented. The small watershed ecosystem health assessment methods and index system were studied. It is suggested that removal lands from cultivation for afforestation and grassplanting should be combined with gully works, and strengthening the systematic study of the natural rehabilitation function of ecosystem should be strengthen. Making the small watershed as a unit, the experimental demonstration study of eco-environment construction to the medium scale and the scientific assessment of eco-rehabilitation's environmental effect and so on should be enhanced.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 11-15 [
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16
QI Wei-；Cao-Wen-Hong-；Guo-Qiang-Chao-；Liu-Qin
Study on A Distributed Model for Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in Small Watersheds
To understand the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of underlying surfaces and man kind activities on the soil erosion and sediment yield in small watershed, a distributed model for sediment yield in small basins based on isolated storm events is developed. The model can respectively simulate space-time processes of runoff formation and sediment yield for the small watersheds with various water-and-soil conservation measures (various using type of land), and is helpful for the optimization of these measures in the management of the small watershds. The model is finally calibrated and validated by measured data in the Heicaohe basin. Results showed that the proposed model can reasonably simulate rainfall-runoff-sediment transport in small watershed.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 16-21 [
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22
YANG Xiao-Hui-；Zhang-Ke-Bin-；Ci-Long-Jun
Desertification Assessment in China: The State-of-Art, Problems and Solution Measures
Desertification is a globally environmental problem, the accurate assessment to its status, change and trend will be instrumental in global action against it. As one of the most serious desertified-affected countries, the trend of improvement in part and worseness in the whole in China is still continuous. Grand West Development is challenging the fragile dryland ecosystem in the circumstance of heavy population press and projected global change, desertification assessment in China will be guarantee for successful decision-making and implementation of this strategy. This paper overviews the state-of-art of desertification assessment at national and local scales, and puts forward several existing problems including uncertainty of assessment baseline, unavailability of indicator system and randomicity of data sources selection, and correspondently scientific and applicable based solutions are discussed.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 22-28 [
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29
WU Jian-Wei-；Lu-Rui-Ji-；Diao-Ting-Ning
Sandy Lands During the Medieval Warm Period in Eastern China
The Medieval Warm Period(MWP)is another warm period after postglacial epoch.A large quantity of research results have manifested that the temperature increased unevenly during the middle ages in many areas in the world then. This phenomenon is similar to the global warming at the beginning of the 20th century. It is very singificant for global warming research at the 20th century to study on climatic and environmental change during the Medieval Warm Period. In this article, some typical Holocene sections, found in sandy lands in eastern China, were collected and indicated that paleosol and lacustrine sediment developed, drifting sands were fixed during the Medieval Warm Period. Paleosol and pollen were analyzed to certify that the fluctuation of temperature was weak and the precipitation was relative abundant, the landscape of sandy land is steppe or forest steppe.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 29-33 [
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34
TUN Fa-Qi-；Zhang-Yu-Bin-；Wang-Jian
Study on the Benefits of Level Terrace on Soil and Water Conservation
By collecting and analyzing the survey data of runoff and sediment plots in soil and water conservation stations (Xifeng et al.) on Loess Plateau, the benefits of level terrace on soil and water conservation was studied by the method of contributing factor for soil and water conservation. It showed that the average value of benefits result is 86 7% and 87 7%,yet the difference is large because of the effect of the rain-storm, torrential rain and its quality. The benefits were 100% when rainfall synthesis parameter PI was less than 20 0mm
2
/min, rainfall in flood period was less than 350?mm and annual rainfall of runoff gentration was less than 125?mm. The relationship between benefit and parameters is negative correlation. Also terrace quality effects the benefits.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 34-37 [
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38
GAO Jia-Rong-；Sun-Bao-Beng-；Wang-Chu-Qin-；Xu-Jun-Liang
Weed Controlling Effect of Degradable Ecomat in River-beach Afforestation
To examine the effect of degradable ecomat on weed controlling in woodland on river-beach, weed coverage grades of different forests were investigated in the demonstration region of the Sina-Germany cooperation program in YanQing county. These forests were under three treatments in contrast: with ecomat, without ecomat and bare-land. The tree species were Pinus tabulaeformis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Acer truncatum, Quercus mongolica, Platycladus orientalis and Sabina procumbens. The results showed that the rate of weed controlling of degradable ecomat was over 82 1%; the rate was higher in forests where weeds were more vigorous; its effect on weed controlling was better for saplings and species with larger crown.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 38-41 [
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42
WANG Han-Sheng
Review on Tactics of Vegetation Restoration in Loess Plateau
Resulting from the tendency toward self-rehabilitation appearing in present vegetation construction in the Loess Plateau, the paper discusses tactics of vegetation restoration such as self-rehabilitation, growing grass or shrub as the first step to restore forests, planting suitable trees in accordance with site conditions for afforestation, and proceeding from suitability between plantation and site for afforestation and so on, in order to clarify some problems. It is considered that the tactics that suitable trees are planted in accordance with site conditions for afforestation would not be wrong. Implementing it and integrating artificial construction with self-rehabilitation to construct vegetation is advisable, but it would be difficult that forests are expected to be restored just like natural succession by growing grass or shrub in advance. The analysis showed that the standards to afforest at suitable site with suitable tree are needed to be studied further. At last, the paper also discussed the connection of the vegetation zonality principle and afforestation of suitable site with suitable tree.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 42-45 [
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46
DIAO Ming-Jun-；Chang-Dan-Dong-；Wang-Li-Xian
Study on water use of soil and water conservation in Haihe River Basin
Soil and water conservation(SWC) may protect and improve the eco-environment, reduce the amount of soil erosion and sediment of river, at the same time, it may also reduce the water resources of river. On the basis of dividing eco-environmental conservation zones and analyzing of the observation results of small watersheds management, the author calculated the amount of water use by soil and water conservation in Haihe river basin. The amount of water use by SWC at present is 26.06×108m
3
, 42.92×108m
3
in 2010, and 71.53×108m
3
in 2030 respectively.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 46-51 [
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52
ZHOU Zheng-Chao-；Shang-Guan-Zhou-Beng
Overview on Soil Erosion Model Research
In recent years, the researchers did many studies on the process of water erosion and simulation. Based on the different study object and purpose, a lot of empirical models, physical process models and distributed models have been built up. This paper summarize the main soil erosion models in home and abroad, and discuss the last development of the studies on soil erosion model, which integrated with the GIS technologies and BP nerve network theories. According to the model's development and application, some problems to be solved urgently are raised, and more, the tentative plan of the study on soil erosion model in home is also pointed out.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 52-55 [
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56
TANG Zheng-Hong-；Ca-Jiang-Guo-；Hu-Feng
Study on the Rules of Scales' Changes On Soil Erosion and Sediment Yield in Catchments
The rules of scales' changes on soil erosion and sediment yield has been the advances of soil erosion studies, which include a range of scopes from soil grains to global climate changes and carbon cycle process. What should the inner relationships be between the soil erosion and sediment transport in various scales catchments? Whether or not to apply the research results of small catachments to larger regions? All of these have been the important scientific problems which should be solved urgently. It's just a beginning about the studies on the rules of scales in catachments in overseas, and the domestic research focused on hydrology. It is rare for the studies about the soil erosion process, sediment transport process and sediment yield in various scales. The paper summarized the new advances for international soil erosion model, and analyzed the rules of scales' changes. Since GIS has powerful capabilities for spatial data management and analysis, which will play an important role in this new filed.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 56-61 [
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62
HU Jian-Zhong-；Ma-Guo-Li-；Dang-Wei-Qi-；Shu-Ren-Xi-；Li-Shu-Fu
Allocation about Artificial Arbor Trees According to Site Adaptibility in the Key Areas of Soil and Water Losses of the Loess Plateau
It is a key points to assure the tree survival and afforestation to allocate trees properly according to the different site conditions and adaptability of different trees. The mothod of “comprehensive evaluaiton method” and “anologism of biology and ecology” are used to study the evaluating principle, method of the adaptibility of the artificial arbor trees in the main areas of losses of soil and water of the Loess Plateau for rehabiliation, harnissing the lossses of soil and water, and promoting the evironment construction in the Development of Western China. The results show that two methods are suitable to evaluate the arbor trees in the areas and 46 suitable arbor trees have been gained with the aid of the first method, and 47 suggested arbor trees have been dertermined from the second mothod.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 62-68 [
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69
XIONG Meng-Biao-；Luo-Mao-Cheng
Initial Opinion on Monitoring of Soil and Water Loss in Sichuan Province
The monitoring aims, significations, principles, contents and methods of soil and water loss in Sichuan Province were initially discussed in the paper. It is thought as the only way to strengthen constructing the monitoring net system, technological system, indicator system (Three Theoretic System) for well monitoring soil and water loss in Sichuan. Only on the base of Three Theoretic System, constructing the information managing system of soil and water conservation in Sichuan, the condition of soil and water loss were forecasted accurately timely and servicing for the relevant departments' decisions.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 69-73 [
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74
WANG Yan-Beng-；Zhang-Hai-；Liu-Sheng-Yu-；Yang-Rong-Hui-；Lei-Yu-Shan-；Ma-Xi-Min
Study on Soil Moisture and Benefits of the Apricot-alfalfa-covering system on the slopeland of the Loess Regions
In order to control soil erosion and water loss of the slopeland, the soil moisture and benefits of the Apricot-alfalfa-covering system on the slopeland in the Loess Regions has been studied. It showed that the moisture and nutrient status of the systems within 0～60cm soil layer and inside the planting-pit are obviously better than the planting apricot without covering. The soil moisture status within the concentrated-distributing layer inside the root of the young trees is also better than the planting apricot without covering, but the deep soil layer dried seriously and the dried soil layer is formed at 120cm deep. When the spacing distance between Apricot and alfalfa is more than 120cm, soil moisture within 0～100cm soil depth tends to be stable, but obviously lower than that within the contrast experiment. The suitable distance for planting alfalfa should be more 120?cm away from apricot. Adopting the measures of apricot alfalfa covering system on the slope land converted from farmland may fastly sprout branches, and net income of 7987.5 yuan RMB/hm2 can averagely increased than the planting apricot without overing in 7 years, the average erosion modulus is only 3.06t/hm2. a, which is 53.85% less than that the planting apricot without covering.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 74-78 [
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79
HAO Yu-Guang-；Ding-Guo-Dong-；Zhang-Jing-Bei-；Cao-Jin-Hua-；Zhou-Jian-Zhong
Study on the Quantitative Relationship Between the Sand-Wind Disastrous Climate and the Construction of the Protecting Forest System on the Northeast Edge of Wulanbuh Desert
The sand-wind weather data from 1970 to 2000 and the protection forest system construction relative of data from 1977 to 2000 of the Dengkou County had been collected. According to the fixed number of years of protection the “Three-North” protecting forest construction, the sand-wind climate data was divided into 4 periods, construction prophase (8 years), the first period (8 years), the second period (10 years) and the third period (5 years). The statistics results of coefficience analysis and F-statistics suggested that the data of different periods had evident differences. Analyzing the ratio of the elevating sand days and the dust storm days with strong wind days, it showed that the 4 periods protection forest system had marked difference in ecological protective effect on the northeast edge of Wulanbuhe Desert, and the total protective function was increasing gradually. The correlation regression showed that they had notable linear correlation relationship between the sand-wind Weather indexes (strong wind days per year, the elevating sand days and the dust storm days) and protection forest indexes (protection forest area, protection forest volume).
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 79-82 [
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83
KANG Ling-Ling-；Wang-Yun-Zhang-；Chen-Jiang-Na-；Liu-Li-Bin-；Ceng-Mao-Lin
Review and Evaluation of Index Systems on Water Storage and Silt Detention under the Slope Measures of Soil and Water Conservation
From previous research findings the related index of water storage and silt detention, the principle for ascertaining the amount, specific values and computational methods, application scope and condition of soil and water conservation measures are reviewed and evaluated roundly in the paper. It lies a foundation for developing the analysis on benefit and establishing the index of water storage and silt detention for slope measures under different type areas and precipitation.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 83-88 [
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89
WEI Zhong-Xi-；Qin-Ping-；Guo-Ai-Hua-；Liu-Yong-Gang-；Zhang-Xiao-Xia
Probing Research on Runoff-dispersing Erosion Control Pattern and its Design in Large Dump in the Case of the Dump of Antaibu Opencast Coal Mine in Shanxi Province
Based on the 16 years' practice of soil and water conservation in the dump of Antaibu opencast mine, the water erosion control measures of large dump are studied, and the runoff-dispersing erosion control pattern is put forward. The pattern divided the whole dump into many runoff-dispersing units, and the runoff resulting from storm can be dispersed evenly. Thus the water erosion is under control and the large quantity of runoff flowing into the fissures will not occur. At the same time, the measures of runoff regulation and proper vegetation in each unit are also taken. Besides, drainage ditches in key influx routes are built to prevention of the flood caused by runoff-dispersing units destroyed under the condition of severe storm. Further, based on the plots experiments and vegetation investigation in 1993—2002, the typical unit and its vegetation pattern in the dump are designed preliminarily. This runoff-dispersing pattern, which is of good maneuverability, can not only control the dump water erosion effectively, but also can help to establish vegetation as soon as possible.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 89-93 [
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94
ZHANG Hong-An-；Tao-Tong-Shan
The Influence and Protection Measurement Proposals on Natural Vegetation by Training Works in Tarim River Main Stem
Tarim river flood plain has the most important original Euphrates Poplars forest in China, it's also valuable in the world. However, the natural vegetation will be affected after the implementation of river training works of Tarim river main stem. This study concluded that integrated water resources management together with natural forest protection are very important for the construction of artificial oasis and prevention of desertification. The study introduced the vegetation distribution characteristic, training works component and water resources layout in Tarim river mainstream. The influence on natural vegetation by training works is discussed. The protection measurement is suggested.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 94-96 [
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97
GUO Gao-；Fan-Zhi-Beng
Advances of Researches on Soil and Water Conservation Forest System
Soil and water conservation forest system is one of the important parts of protection forestry system. It plays an important role in improving ecological environment and controlling soil erosion and water losses. The history and the present situation of the research system of water and soil conservation forest system are reviewed, and the main achievements and problems are pointed out briefly. The researches of the former Soviet Union, Austria and China have obtained more achievements, and have played a leading role in the world. The forest-technical system of Austria has been used and popularized in many countries. The research results of mechanism of soil and water conservation forest have become the theoretical basis in the researches of soil and water conservation forest in the world. The theories of eco-forestry and soil and water conservation forest for erosion control are important contributions to the world's soil and water conservation system. The main problems of small watershed conservation forest system at present are that researching scales, unstabilitive stands, lack of theory research and unreasonable space configurations. To solve these problems reasonable will be the researching direction of forest for zerosion control in the future.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 97-101 [
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102
LIU Shi-Tu-；Zuo-Chang-Qing-；Meng-Jing-Ling
Soil and Water Conservation and National Ecological Security
It is well known, that soil erosion and water loss is the most important environmental problem in China. The functions of soil and water conservation to ensure national ecological security have been probed, including protecting two ecological defenses and controlling flooding water disasters. And some control strategies for soil erosion and water loss are put forward such as making use of natural rehabilitation, enhancing enforcement of laws and regulations of soil and water conservation advancing the ecological environmental construction, establishing the rational and scientific mechanism of watershed's ecological compensation and the appropriate model of management.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 102-104 [
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105
GUAN Chuan-You
Study on Knowledge and Practice on Function of Conserving Water and Soil of Forests in Ancient China
In the ancient China as early as previous Qin Dynasty, the sprout of the knowledge that forests can conserve soil and water was produced. It developed to preliminary thinking in the Han Dynasty and Jin Dynasty, and became clear in the Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty. Until Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty had it been universal and common. In order to realize protecting forest resources, the ancients put all kinds measures into practice, which included banning felling forest to the season, laying stress on forest fireproof, strictly forbidding felling and destroy forest, delimiting forest protection areas and so on. To develop function of conserving soil and water of forest, practicing activities of tree planting and afforestation were advocated that bank protection forest, frontier defense forest, trees that line a street and landscape forest, etc were built.
2004 Vol. 2 (1): 105-110 [
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