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2006 Vol.4 No.1
Published 2006-02-28
Articles
1
SHANG Guan-Zhou-Beng
Considerations on soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau
Based on previous practice and achievements obtained on soil erosion control and comprehensive scientific investigation on soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau,the status quo of soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in this region were evaluated in the paper.The principal experiences on soil erosion control and ecological restoration were summarized,that is,first,the work must be carried out aimed at a goal and we can't eager for quick success and instant benefit.Secondly,farmland construction is one of the key measures in the project of reducing sediment in Yellow River harnessed and removal land from coltivation to afforestation and grassl and,and improving people's life quality.Thirdly,we must exert fully the market mechanism and strengthen mechanism innovation,especially,innovate the policy mechanism and organization form of soil and water conservation for ecological environment conservation.Considering the status of resources and economy in the Loess Plateau,five developmental approaches were put forward,which determining the basic routes for soil and water conservation and ecological restoration,observing the rules of harmonious development of ecology-economy-social benefits,and ecological benefit as priority,establishing the effective mechanism of ecological compensation,strengthening the enclosure measures and(exert) fully the capability of self-rehabilitation of ecosystem,strengthening the planing of town system and promoting rapid development of town construction.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 1-4 [
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5
TUN Fa-Qi
Concerning on the teaching system construction of the discipline of soil and water conservation
Based on analyzing the reasons of carrying on high education reformation of soil and water conservation,a train of thought is put forward about the goal and model of cultivation for undergraduate and graduate students and curriculum system design.Also discussion is developed on the issues good for new teaching system's building.Suggestions were proposed on enhancing discipline,improving the basic theories of the discipline,innovating research techniques and methods and establishing the guiding committee of teaching of soil and water conservation.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 5-9 [
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10
LI Fu-Fu
Ecological restoration and soil and water conservation
Ecological restoration is a kind of science which studies the restoration and management of the eco-system,and it has become a hot point all over the world now.Recently the word "restoration" has been used as a term of generality including reconstruction,rebuilding,transformation,replanting and so on.Generally it refers to improve and rebuild the degraded ecosystem so as to be of value to utilize again and renew its biological potentiality.The principle of the ecological restoration includes the law of nature,the technological principle of social and economic and the aesthetic principle.Management of small watershed for soil and water conservation in our country is a model of ecological restoration by project.It should be implemented with the guidance of eco-economic system theory.And the relations between the reproduction of population,natural and(economic) should be correctly handeld to really reach the harmonious coexistence between human and nature.The method of management of small watershed for soil and water conservation is a method of systematic engineering,including comprehensive investigation and systemic diagnosis,model development and management planning,system of prevention and controlling and model designed,organization and operating mechanism,etc.The soil and water conservation of our country needs urgently pioneering and innovation because innovation is its soul.Only when the two kind of deflections in the work of soil and water conservation are corrected,(developmnet) policy is carried out that people coexist with nature harmoniously in an all-round way and social(demands) of the local people are combined with the work of soil and water conservation,will the grand goal of beautifying the landscape come true.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 10-14 [
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15
FENG Gao-；Tun-Chu-Fang-；Tun-Pu-Te
Effect of macromolecule polymers on soil physical characteristics and runoff and sediment generation on slopeland
Through the simulated rainfall experiment and indoor experiment for the purpose of studying macromolecule polymers on soil improvement and controlling soil erosion,three types of macromolecule polymers with different concentrations including polypropylene acid,polythene hydrin and urea-formaldehyde resin on changing soil property and controlling soil and water loss are focused.The results showed that,all three types of macromolecule polymers have significant effect of improving soil physical properties.Compared with the control,the content of water-stable aggregate and the soil permeability increased by 17.27% and 41.81% respectively,and the soil bulk density decreased by 11.18% and the ability of holding water increased by 2.8 times.Runoff and soil erosion amount on the slope land applied macromolecule polymers decreasedby 42.05% and 58%,respectively,in comparison to the control because it can put off runoff generation and（decrease） velocity of it.Based on the comprehensive effects on improving soil structure, increasing soil infiltration and controlling runoff and sediment,the best application concentration range of three types of macromolecule polymers should be polypropylene-acid 116～145?mL/m
2
,polythene-hydri 36～40?g/m
2
and ureaformaldehyde resin 180.0～240.0?mL/m
2
,respectively,and the polypropylene acid has the best effect.These three macromolecule polymers has the wide application foreground for soil and water conservation in the future,whose duration of their effects and the optimal application concentration need to be researched further,however.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 15-19 [
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20
WANG Yu-Jie-；Wang-Yun-Qi-；Jia-Yi-Beng
Soil erosion resistance of typical forests in Jinyun mountain in Chongqing city
For the vegetation construction of soil and water conservation in Three Gorges Resevior,the forest soil erosion resistance of 4 typical forests(mixed wood,broadleaf forest,bamboo forest and shrub forest)in Jinyun mountain in Chongqing city were studied.Under the experiment of water dipping and scourry,the result shows that,the forest soil erosion resistance indexes is 1.31.9 times as farmland,and the order is that shrub forest(78.4) is maximum,mixed wood(63.1) and bamboo(63.3) are secondary,the minimum is broadleaf forest(53.3).The soil erosion resistance index is weekened with the soil layer deepening.The analog equation between soil erosion resistance index and time is quadratic power function curve,whose correlation coefficient is above 0.9.The soil erosion resistance indexes have very close relations with non-capillary porosity,soil capillary porosity,final infiltration rate,the content of organic matter.The order of soil erosion resistance coefficient is that the maximal is broadleaf forest(2.719),mixed wood(2.431),and shrub forest(2.024) are secondary,and the minimal is bamboo forest(1.096).Except bamboo forest soil,anti-scour(resistance) coefficients of other forest are more than that of farmland(1.2－1.9times),and the anti-scour(resistance)(coefficients) has a closest relation with the thickness of soil layer.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 20-26 [
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27
DAI Quan-Hou-；Liu-Guo-Ban-；Wang-Ti-Bang-；Liu-Meng-Xi
Approach to Health Diagnoses of Eco-economy System in Small Watershed of Heiniuhe
Taking the small watershed of Heiniuhe as an example,based on the analysis of the present situation and characteristics of small watershed,the health status of eco-economy system in the small watershed of the region is quantificationally diagnosed and evaluated.31 factors were selected as evaluating factors to build the diagnosis index system.The method of AHP which were supported by the entropy technique was applied to fix the weight of index.The system health level is judged by integration diagnose which uses the fuzzy membership function and the linear weighted function.The conception of "Obstacle degree" and "Advantage degree" were introduced to apply the pathology obstacle and advantage diagnosis,and according to the main obstacle factors and advantages.The specfic countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for healthy development of small watershed.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 27-34 [
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35
ZHANG Jin-Chun-；Diao-Meng-；Zhang-Ying-Chang-；Xu-Yan-Shuang-；Zhang-Song-Lin
Influence of plant growth regulator agent and sand-fixing agent on vegetable growth in Minqin desert area
A relative applied technique research is developed in Minqin desert area to probe into the effect of water saving,increasing product and its sand fixing of plant growth regulator agent and sand-fixing agent and to save dying surface vegetation and restore regional ecological balance.The results indicated that plant growth regulator agent and sand-fixing agent have some moisture conservation ability to make the soil moisture content in tillage layer of farmland increase by 1.0%-1.5%.Average soil moisture content of forest land of
Haloxylon Ammodendron
of 100cm deep increase by 2.3% and that of shifting dunes of 80cm deep increase by 3.5%3.9%.The both growth of wheat and corn have been delayed by capsule seed treatment,but the yield of wheat increases by 12.2%,corn 2.0%.The growth and yield of seed melon with root treatment by the agent is larger than that of contrast ones,taproot growth increases by 9.1cm and main vine 33cm,average increased yield rate is 11.5%.After treatment on degraded vegetation's roots by plant growth regulator agent,the new shoot growth of
Haloxylon Ammodendron
could increase by 0.6-3.0cm and crown width of Nitraria sphaerocarpa has increase by 45.1-96.2cm.Through the sand-fixing agent treatment,thickness of sand crust in dune area has increased by 0.20.3cm than that of the natural crust,dune wind erosion is 0.5-0.8 times smaller than that of the natural dunes and vegetation coverage of dunes has increased by 1.9%-2.7% than that of natural dunes.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 35-39 [
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41
XU Xian-Yang-；Ding-Guo-Dong-；Gao-Zhi-Hai-；Yang-Zi-Hui
Succession of ecological environment in the last 50 years in Minqin Oasis of Gansu province and its comprehensive controlling countermeasures
Under the dramatic influence of artificial factors on water,land and vegetation resources during the recent half a century,a series of great changes in eco-environment have taken place in Minqin oasis of Gansu province on such facets as the reduction of surface runoff amounts from 4.5×108m
3
in 1950s to 0.89×108?m
3
in 1990s in the lower reaches of Shiyang river,groundwater overexploitation causing decrease of groundwater level from average 1.52m in 1950s to 5?m in 1980s and 16.4m in 2002,increase of groundwater mineralization,degradation of natural and artifical vegetation,reduction of species diversity and succession of vegetation from hygrophilous vegetation series to xerophilous vegetation series,and the enlarge of land salinization area,serious land desertification,etc.Variation process of water resources and current situations are analyzed,as well as the irrational water utilization causing a series of ecological environment variation.Based on this analysis,some countermeasures to resources sustainable utilization and ecological protection were put forth in Minqin oasis for the purpose of harmonious development of ecology,society and economy.Tightening up the management of water resources through administration,economic and law means,applying water-saving irrigation methods so as to set up water-saving agriculture system,increasing the surface water amount from outer range for eco-environmental water demand,moving out a part of farmers to implement the harmonious development of mankind and nature,controlling the desertification land and reclaiming saline soil through the biological and mechanical methods are the main controlling measures to improve this situation.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 41-48 [
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49
LI Rui-；Zhang-Ke-Bin-；Zhang-Sheng-Yang-；Yang-Xiao-Hui-；Jiao-Feng
Vegetable niche of enclosed grassland in Yanchi county of Ningxia
In order to find the vegetable niche pattern in arid and semi-arid grassland region,the niche breadth and niche overlapping in Yanchi county of Nixia in 2002 and 2003 are measured by means of Levins niche breadth and Pianka niche overlapping indexes of enclosed grassland.The results showed that,the biological and ecological characteristics of
Artemisia capillaris Thunb
determined its predominant station in this(region),and its niche breadth in 2002 and 2003 were bigger than other species(0.758 and 0.868) continuing to keep rising trend.The results of niche overlapping in 2002 and 2003 also showed that the species with big niche breadth didn't always have big niche overlapping,and the niche breadth and niche overlapping did not have a positive direct linear relation.The higher Pianka niche overlapping in 2002 and 2003 both appeared in the species with low niche breadth,which showed from another point of view that environment and resources have high spatial heterogeneity during the vegetation restoration process.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 49-54 [
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55
LI Feng-；Cui-Wen-Bin-；Zheng-Liang-Yong-；Ru-Hua-Na
Effects of vegetative cover on runoff hydraulic characteristics and erosion
Relationship between vegetation and runoff hydrodynamic characteristic was probed into based on field simulate experimentation under different vegetative cover on pasture slope.Results indicated that the difference in vegetation integrality had influence clearly on runoff velocity,and the order of runoff velocity on vegetative plots was following,bare plot(0.27m/s)>shaved plot(0.24m/s)>clipped plot(0.16m/s)>original plot(0.1m/s)>herbicide plot(0.08m/s).Changes of Reynolds number showed the similar trends.Analysis of Darcy-weisbach friction indicated that runoff friction increased with the integrality of vegetative cover,while runoff depth increased with the integrality of vegetative cover.Sediment decreased with the integrality of vegetative cover,and consequently sediment transportation rate decreased from 400?g/min to 3?g/min.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 55-59 [
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60
BO Lei-；Xiao-Wen-Fa-；Tang-Mo-Feng-；Shi-Yu-Hu-；Wang-Zuo-Qiang
Arrangement of protection forest system of mountainous hilly region in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
It is important to ensure the ecological security of Three Gorges Reservoir Area and promote the(regional) sustainable development.Based on the analysis of the rule of soil erosion and the foundation of natural economy in mountainous hilly region,the construction mode technologies of "three belts" were put forward,which include top-mountains ecological shelter belt,middle-mountains ecology economic forest belt and landscape shelter belt near Yangtse river respectively.The results show that the controlled area of soil erosion(reduced) 50%, annual net income per-person increased 103.9%,and a prospect of coordinated growth are taken shape in the small watershed according to the establishment example of Zigui county.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 60-64 [
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65
ZHOU Chun-Hua-；Tang-Chuan-；Tie-Yong-Bei
Evaluation of debris flow risk of Jinsha river basin in Yunnan province
In order to exactly evaluate debris flow risk in Jinsha river of Yunnan,by estimating unit of district,selecting estimative targets of 43 counties and cities in Jinsha river basin,weight of 8 evaluative indexes were calculated by AHP.Based on basic data of estimative units,8 evaluative indexes of units were classified and quantificationally graded,debris flow risk of every district was calculated out,and that of 43 counties and cities were appraised by determinate standard at last.The results show that debris flow risk are higher at upper and lower reaches in Jinsha rever basin of Yunnan,which are lower comparatively at middle reaches.It provide scientific basis for prevention and controlling of debris flow and land use planning.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 65-69 [
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70
YANG Chi-Tian-；Diao-Ning-；Dong-Hui-Yang
Aim establishment of vegetation community and plant species selection in the using of Spray Seeding Technique
In order to build a stable and highly efficient artificial vegetation community, the enactment of plant selection and aim of vegetation community in the Thicklayer Foreign Soil Spray Seeding Technique must be scientificaly defined.The principle of aim enactment of vegetation community is put forward that ensuring the slope stability as premise should be harmonious with the surrounding environment and requires little management.Based on this principle,the eco-stability of different community types and the affecting factors are analyzed,and it is proposed that plant selection give prioring to native species and initial density should be decided reasonably accoring to the restoration aim.The slope stability and the quality of sprayed foreigh soil layer are also important factors which will affect whether the artificially restored vegetation community can successfully develop into the aimed one.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 70-74 [
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75
JIAO Feng-；Wen-Zhong-Meng-；Chen-Yun-Meng-；Yang-Qi-Ke-；Li-Dui
Mapping and quantitative analysis of soil moisture of Ansai county based on GIS techniques
Soil moisture is crucial to plant growth and plays a vital role in vegetation restoration.Based on spatial pictures and databases,combined with sample soil moisture data and geographic data of Ansai by GIS,a method was developed to define the sample soil moisture ratio according to different combinations of land use type,land type and slope grade.Using GIS technique and maps were made for indicating the spatial variation of soil moisture in different soil layers.Using these maps,the amount and distribution of average soil moisture content in different soil layers in Ansai county were calculated.Quantitative analysis of the soil moisture structure demonstrated that soil moisture content in Ansai County was at a very low level as a whole.The soil layer from 0 to 500cm with soil water content between 8.6% and 10.8% accounted for 75.34% of total land area,and the area with soil moisture less than 8.6% accounted for 19.36% of the total land area,of which the area with soil moisture less than 6.4%（dry layer） accounted for 9.23%.The distribution of soil moisture content in soil profile showed that dry layer was mainly concentrated in a upper layer from 0 to 300cm depth.The area with soil moisture more than 10.8% just accounted for 5.31% of the total area.The amount of soil moisture content,or so called "Soil moisture reservoir capacity" in the layer from 0 to 120cm deep is only 0.060.07?m
3
/m2,and were less than 0.15m
3
/m2 in other layers.This indicated that the "Soil moisture reservoir" had limited capability to adjust for forest growth,and a large scale of planting was not suitable because its water consumption exceeded the supply of water from "Soil moisture reservoir".These findings showed that soil moisture environment was rather serverse in Ansai County,and could not provide much water for vegetation restoration.Therefore,more efforts should be laid on the improvement of soil water environment while following the principle of "selecting suitable tree species for sites" in planting.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 75-80 [
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81
LIU Qing-；He-Kang-Ning-；Chang-Guo-Liang-；Li-Shi-Rong-；Shi-Chang-Jing
Water productivity of plantations in removal land from cultivation to afforestation in Datong of Qinghai
In order to find out the water productivity of some artifical plantations in removal land from cultivation for afforestation in the cold region of Loess Plateau of east Qinghai,commuinty evapotranspiration,sample area biomass and moisture potential productivity were investigated and analyzed in Datong county in Qinghai province from 2001 to 2003,and water productivity of 11 types of artificial plantions in the removal land were studied and.The results show that,3000 trees per hm
2
is a proper standard of plantions density for this region;Under current technological and economic condition,the productive efficiency of green poplar and shrub mixed forest,Asia white birch pure forest,China spruce pure forest,and Asia white birch and China spruce mixed forest with the density of 2103333 trees per hm
2
,which is the top of all,can serve as potential productivity standard of actual productivity of mature arbor forest;The potential productivity of green poplar and shrub mixed forest,Asia white birch and China spruce mixed forest,China spruce pure forest and Asia white birch pure forest with the density of 3 000 trees per hm
2
have attained or been closed to local maximum tree productivity at present.These types of forestation models are the developing orientation of the removal land from cultivation for afforestation project and forestry ecological project.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 81-86 [
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87
LUO Hui-；Wang-Ke-Qi
Soil seed bank of vegetation restoration region in mountainous area of Yuanmou dry-hot valley
In order to find out variation model of soil seed bank under different vegetation restoration methods in dry-hot valley,soil seed bank of vegetation restoration region in Yuanmou dry-hot valley mountainou was(investigated) by comparative methods,by which soil seed bank's composition and size between different soil management and pasture contrast were compared.The results showed that,density and species richness of soil seed bank in vegetation restoration region is superiority to contrast,density and species richness of soil seed bank of two years is higher than one year in restoration region,difference of soil seed bank density was notability among management measures,there was an absolutely high proportion of herbaceous species in the seed bank and the most frequent seeds were
Bothriochloa pertusa
(L.) A.Camus and
Heteropogon contortus
(L.) Beauv.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 87-91 [
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92
SHU Guo-Beng-；Wang-Xiu-Ru-；Wang-Min-；Ji-Shi-；Gao-Jia-Rong
Advances on near natural comprehensive control of urban river
With the accelerative development of urban modernization and the increasing of human knowledge on nature,traditional engineering control technology can not meet the demand of urban river control,therefore,near natural control of river,which is based on ecology and aiming at the harmonious development of human being and nature,has become a hot spot in research home and abroad.Researches of near natural comprehensive control of urban river inside and outside China was summarized.In the future,attention should be paid to the following aspects such as,reasons of selecting cross section indicators,basic theory of improving near natural management of urban river are probed into.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 92-97 [
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98
CHEN Yi-Bing-；Lin-Chao-Wen-；Huang-Jing-Jing-；Ing.J.Stolte；Dr.J.Reijnders
Soil erosion modelling and scenario analysis for the small catchment in the purple hilly masses of Sichuan basin
This study was carried out within the framework of the EroChiNut project.The objective of this study is to carry out scenario analysis based on alternative land use and construction of a susceptibility matrix,the effect of land use and slope on erosion.First scenario analyses were carried out to get more insight in the effect of land use on erosion.The results of these scenarios were used to define alternative land use for further analyses.At last a tillage direction was defined for all cultivated land to study the effect of tillage direction on erosion using LISEM.A susceptibility matrix was constructed,what gives the average soil loss under different kinds of land use and slope.This was done for 23 crops and 10 different slope angles.This matrix can be used for defining alternative land use.The matrix can also used for up-scaling to a larger area.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 98-108 [
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109
LI Jin-Yo-；Yang-Wan-Jia
Overview on debris flows in Taiwan
In Taiwan historically,a dense population has developed on the western plain area of the country.Gradually,the hillsides are being occupied by more people who threaten to the natural soil and water(resources).The geologic mountain range of Taiwan mostly exists consists of deposit sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock,and its property is fragile and apt to rupture.In addition,the annual average rainfall pricipatation is around up to 2?500?mm,of which 78% falls from May to October in the typhoon season.The combination of these environmental circumstances frequently causes debris flows in the upland areas of Taiwan.Collected Studies about debris flow events had gathered to classify and describe the situation in Taiwan.The following topics will order by characteristics of debris flows,analysis of debris flow constituents,risks evaluation and(reconstruction),engineering for counter measurements and investigations simulation of investigations simulation in situation.
2006 Vol. 4 (1): 109-114 [
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