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2008 Vol.6 No.1
Published 2008-02-29
Articles
1
LIU Bao-Yuan-；Yan-Bai-Xin-；Chen-Bei-；Wang-Zhi-Jiang-；Wei-Xin
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for cultivated land in the Northeastern black soil area of China
Northeastern black soil area is one of important regions for crop production and commodity grains in China,which takes the key role in stabilizing national grain markets and keeping national food security.The long term cultivation with less soil conservation has caused serious soil erosion and threatened food production in this area.This paper focused on the black soil region in SonghuajiangNenjiang plain,which is about 20.8 million hm
2
,and estimated soil loss from the cultivated land by using 950 point survey data and soil loss data measured from plots and
137
Cs.The cultivated land is about 17.274 million hm
2
in the study area.The soil loss prediction equation for crop land is A =0.737 9
θ
.The analysis result showed that the study area has rolling hill topography by using SRTM elevation data with resolution of 90 m×90 m.The percentage is 72.25% of the total area for slope steepness less than 1°,27.05% for slop ranges of 1°-5°,and only 0.70% for slope steeper than 5°.But the large slope length caused serious soil erosion for the crop land.Soil loss calculated from both plot and
137
Cs measured data showed that the area of soil erosion is about 13.394 9 million hm
2
,which is 64.40% of the study area and 77.54% of the crop land in the study region.It is urgent to take practices for soil conservation.In addition,to understand the soil loss rate for the northeastern China,it is necessary to strengthen the soil loss monitoring and soil erosion research.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 1-8 [
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LI Xiu-Ban-；Ma-Zhi-Zun-；Tao-Xiao-You-；Jing-Ge-；Shu-Hui-Xi
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for rocky mountain areas in the Northern China
There is 13.49×10 4 km
2
land with soil erosion in varied degrees in rocky mountain areas of Northern China.Water erosion occupies 95% of the area and is usually under moderate level.Soil erosion is still one of the major regional environmental issues,for its restriction of regional economic development and severe affection on the water resource and ecological security of downstream areas.Soil and water conservation in this region should focus on the transformation of slopping cultivated land,soil protection on "slopping forest land",adoption of water-saving erosion control measures and promotion of ecologically "clean" watershed.The total region can be divided 8 sub-regions based on the variance of natural condition.Each sub-region should take different conservation measures discussed in the article.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 9-15 [
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16
LIU Guo-Ban-；Li-Min-；Shang-Guan-Zhou-Beng-；Mu-Xin-Min-；Xie-Yong-Sheng-；Li-Tie-Bin-；Liang-Yin-Li-；Zhang-Wen-Hui-；Hou-Qiang-Chun
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for loess region in the Northwestern China
Loess region in the Northwest of China is famous as its serious soil erosion and ecosystem degradation,This paper,based on the integrated survey on soil erosion and ecological security of the loess region in the Northwest of China,the current situation of soil erosion and its characteristics as well as management experience was analyzed and the strategy and countermeasures also suggested.The erosion area of loess region is about 0.419 million km
2
,taking 67.14% of total area including water erosion of 52.78% and wind erosion of 14.11%by the remote sensing survey in 2000.From 1986 to 2000,the total erosion area has increased of 5 300 km
2
dominated by the water erosion,however,the erosion area decreased of 28 400 km
2
in 2002.The survey found that the significant changes has been happened in soil erosion and distribution with the decline of strong erosion area.The soil conservation practices in loess region can contribute the reducing of sediment discharge of 0.41 billion-0.45 billion tons per year to Yellow River.It's suggested that the strategy of soil conservation on the Loess Plateau is to control the soil erosion for ecological security and economical sustainable development.The main part of erosion control on the Loess Plateau is loess hilly and gully region with the key area of coarse sand resource site;It's necessary to expand the area of ecosystem natural rehabilitation promoting the vegetation restoration and establish the sediment warping dam in the gully and build the terrace on the slope land;and to organize further research on soil conservation science and technique research to provide the support for conservation practice.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 16-21 [
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22
LIANG Yin-；Zhang-Bin-；Bo-Xian-Zhang-；Shi-De-Meng
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for hilly region in the Southern China
The article analyzed the present status,the characteristics,the causes,the harm,and the changes within the last 50 years of soil erosion in the hilly area of Southern China based on the results of the project of "Scientific and Comprehensive Investigation of Soil Erosion and Ecological Safety in China".The results show that the total soil erosion area is 131 244.9 km
2
in the region at present,which accounts for 15.06% of the total area of the region.The results also show that the total eroded area increased before 1985 and decreased after that in the last 50 years.A strategy of comprehensive controlling the soil erosion in the region is proposed.It indicates that the Soil and Water Conservation Law of China is the fundamental guarantee of comprehensively controlling soil erosion;and the scientific planning,regionalization control,and strategetic boosting should be considered as the premise of comprehensive control of soil erosion in the region.In the strategy the push of the mechanism of economic compensation,the actualization of key projects,and the acceleration of scientific and technological advancement for the comprehensive control of soil erosion are also emphasized.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 22-27 [
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28
WANG Chao-；Jue-Jian-Jun-；Tao-Zheng-Yi-；Zhang-Wei-Min-；Ta-Mo-Quan-；Zhang-Jing-Guang-；Yang-Gen-Sheng-；Chen-An-Ting
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for wind-water complex erosion region in the Northern agro-pasture zigzag zone of China
As a part of Northern agro-pasture zigzag zone,wind-water complex erosion region located mainly in south edge on Inner Mongolia plateau and the area along the line of Great Wall,the boundaries of east and south part is the south-east end of land desertification,and that of west and north is north-west end of dry farmland.It involves 6 provinces and 74 counties that total area is 42.77×10 4 km
2
and total population is 2.4×10 7(in 2004) and average density of population per km
2
is 57.There are some ecological problems in this region including desertification developing continuously and dust frequently,bearing capacity of land resources decreasing sharply,and eco-environment worsening obviously and natural calamity appearing frequently.The characteristic of soil erosion is that the action of wind erosion and water erosion alternates in temporal and overlaps in spatial.The wind-water complex erosion region can be divided into three sub region according the characteristics of soil erosion and ratio between two erosional agents: 1) wind-water well-matched region;2) wind erosion predominating region;3) water erosion predominating region.Being controlled by erosional agent systems and environmental systems,the erosion types in wind-water complex erosion region have clear spatial-temporal variation features.The wind erosion part is mainly in three sandy lands-Mowusu,Hunshandake,and Kerqin,The water erosion part is mainly in neighboring area of Shanxi-Shaanxi-Inner Mongolia and north the foot of Yanshan Mountain.The area of soil erosion in 2000 is 261 517.35 km
2
which accounts for 61.14% of total land area.The amount of soil loss is 11.97×10 8 t,among which 5.55×10 8 t is eroded by water and 6.42×10 8 t is eroded by wind.In the past 20 years,the area of soil erosion in most parts of the region is decreased for great scale projects of soil and water conservation,but the area of soil erosion in some parts is still increasing.With enhancing eco-environment construction extent,by estimating,in future decades,the soil erosion situation will tend to reversion gradually;but the condition of soil erosion in part area will be still very serious.The comprehensive combating countermeasures in wind-water complex erosion region include carrying out the policy of putting prevention first and giving priority to protection;comprehensive combating by combining biological-agriculture technology with engineering;combining state ecological demand with farmer's economic needs;harmonizing economic development with environment protection in accordance with law;emphasizing technology research and improvement of technology content.On the basis of present situation of soil erosion in wind-water complex erosion region,two key projects bring forward in this paper which includes: 1) comprehensive control of coarse sediment area of Yellow River Basin;2) ecological restoration and regeneration.With putting in practice,the coarse sediment transported into Yellow River will be greatly reduced and soil erosion condition will be improved in the wind-water complex erosion region.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 28-36 [
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37
JIANG Zhong-Cheng-；Cao-Jian-Hua-；Yang-De-Sheng-；Luo-Wei-Qun
Current status and comprehensive countermeasures of soil erosion for Karst rocky desertification areas in the Southwestern China
Some data from the scientific investigation activities for soil erosion and ecological safety in Karst rocky desertification areas in Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces and Guangxi Autonomous Region in 2005 and remote sensing analyses show that,the soil erosion area is 143 064.7 km
2
in the investigation area of 553 thousand km
2
,with 110 counties which soil erosion area is over 30% of the total land area,and many rocky desertification areas where is no soil for erosion.The strong soil erosion make the rocky desertification area from 65 900 km
2
in 1989 increase to 88 100 km
2
in 1999 and a lot of mud and sands deposited in the underground rivers.The investigation areas includes Karst plateau,Karst peak-cluster depression,Karst fault basin,Karst gorge,Karst peak-forest plain and Karst trough valley,six types of Karst landforms.Therefore a planning of soil and water conservation should be made firstly according to the environmental features of each Karst type.Because there are a lot of poor presents and leak bases of soil and water conservation in the Karst areas of the Southwestern China,it is necessary to arrange a state project for comprehensive control of soil erosion by government.In the project,the example sites,control of soil erosion combining with improving of production and life conditions of local farmers,should be gone on firstly,then spread to all Karst rocky desertification areas.Meanwhile,some preferential policies such as a special rule of the soil and water conservation,ecological compensation and ecological emigrant should be made.Moreover,the scientific researches of soil erosion in the Karst areas should be enhanced.Not only to study the reasonable standard of water and soil loss in the Karst areas,but also to study the special engineering and biological measures in the Karst areas,especially the ways of the natural rehabilitation of the Karst rocky desertification areas.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 37-42 [
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43
CUI Feng-；Wang-Dao-Jie-；Fan-Jian-Rong-；Wang-Yu-Kuan-；He-Xiu-Bin-；Shu-Bei-；Hui-Fang-Jiang-；Wang-Gen-Xu
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for the upper Yangtze and other rivers in the Southwestern China
There are variety of soil erosion in the upper reaches of Yangtze and other rivers in the Southwest of China,located in the transition zone from2the Tibet-Qinghai Plateau to the moderate mountains and hills.Remote sensing data of 2000 indicate that the eroded area of 1 324 100 km22,54.34% of the total area of the region,among which 700 000 km22 are of moderate and intense erosion;281 200 km22 are of extreme erosion.The main agents of erosive action include freeze-thaw erosion,water erosion,and wind erosion,which covers area 769 200 km22,518 000 km22,and 36 900 km22 respectively.Soil erosion is widely distributed on the cultivated slopes;debris flows and landslides are the most frequent disasters,threatening structures and public properties;reservoirs are polluted by non-point contaminant transported with the process of soil and water losses;and grasslands are severely degraded in the source areas of the stream2systems and the functions of ecologic barrier are largely weakened;rocky desertification is extensively expanded as to cause the soil loss and local poverty.In addition,large-scale constructions are enhancing the soil erosion.To prevent from2the further erosion,the following strategies are proposed: terracing the slopes and constructing slope water systems;controlling gully erosion and debris flows and landslides;preventing water pollution by the integrated countermeasures of soil and water conservation;improving cultivation and protecting pasture and ecology;preventing rocky desertification and sandification;emergently preserving soil resources;reinforcing prevention and censorship in soil and water conservation.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 43-50 [
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51
GUO Suo-Pan-；Jiang-De-Wen-；Diao-Yong-Jun-；Yuan-Pu-Jin
Current status and comprehensive control strategies of soil erosion for construction projects
According to the related achievements which were obtained from "Comprehensive Scientific Investigation on Soil Erosion and Ecological Security Project in China" and "Studies on Soil Erosion and Water Losses of Construction Projects",the current situation of soil erosion and water losses of construction projects,the characteristic,the amounts and the distribution in the tenth Five-Year plan in China are summarized.Suggestions which focus on the job on the comprehensive management of soil erosion and water losses of construction projects are given about the legal system building,propaganda and education,and the science research and technology supporting system construction.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 51-56 [
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57
LI Zhi-An-；Cao-Wei-；Liu-Bing-Zheng-；Luo-Zhi-Dong
Current status and developing trend of soil erosion in China
Based on the third soil erosion survey data,this paper analyzes the present status of soil erosion,the status of water erosion,wind erosion and freeze-thaw erosion,and the soil erosion status in Eastern,Northeast,Middle and Western area,and the erosion risk situation in water erosion area was evaluated.Simultaneously,this paper analyzes the dynamic changes of soil erosion during 15 years,comparing with the first and second soil erosion survey data which were promulgated by Ministry of Water Resources,and the change of soil erosion amount in some river basins was analyzed.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 57-62 [
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63
SHU Gao-Hong-；Mao-Zhi-Feng
Evaluation on economic losses of soil erosion in China
China is one of the countries suffering from serious soil erosion in the world.The soil erosion has adversely affected the economic and social development,and people's production and life to a great extent.However,most relevant studies on the economic loss of soil erosion provided qualitative descriptions rather than quantitative evaluation.Based on the influence analysis and loss classification of soil erosion,this paper designs evaluation models and estimates the economic losses caused by soil erosion in 1990 and 2000 by province.The evaluating results show that the soil erosion affected the economic development greatly,especially in the Southwest and Northwest of China.Comparing 2000 with 1990,both the area and intensity of soil erosion decreased a little while the economic losses increased by 34.8% in China.The soil and water conservation is still a long-term but arduous task.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 63-66 [
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67
SHU Gao-Hong-；Chen-Xu-Dong-；Mao-Zhi-Feng
Assessing the contribution of soil and water conservation to the sustainable development of small watershed
The integrated management of small watershed has strongly improved the sustainability and accelerated the social and economic development in those villages suffering from serious soil erosion since it was widely implemented in 1980s.Most relevant studies on the contribution of soil and water conservation to sustainable development provided qualitative descriptions rather than quantitative assessment due to immature model and method.Combining with the model of Land Potential Productivity to regulate the effect imposed by soil and water conservation work,this paper represents one popular sustainability indicators,i.e.Ecological Footprint with some modification.Adopting the modified model,we deal with the case in Puwa,Beijing.We demonstrated the following results: during 5-year integrated management,the bio-capacity of Puwa increased by 30.9% while the ecodeficit decreased by 66.7%,from which a significant improvement of its eco-environment and sustainability is achieved.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 67-71 [
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72
YANG Ai-Min-；Wang-Gao-；Meng-Chi
Effect of soil and water conservation on quantity and quality of water resources
The concepts of effects of soil and water conservation on water resources and water environment were put forward.Using the distributed hydrological model based on physical mechanism(WEP-L),taking the key area of soil erosion control in the Yellow River Basin-the area between Hekou and Longmen towns as a case,the effect of soil and water conservation on water resources is quantitatively studied.The research results indicated: soil and water conservation enables absolute and relative amount of broad sense water resources increased by 7.26 billion m
3
and 27.1% respectively,and makes absolute and relative amount of narrow sense water resources decreased by 0.90 billion m
3
and 14.4% respectively;soil and water conservation changes the composition of narrow sense water resources,that is the amount of surface water resources decreased,the amount of unrepea ted water resources and ground water resources increased.With the area of Beijing Municipality as a case the water environment effects of regional comprehensive control of soil erosion were quantitatively analyzed.The research results indicated: soil and water conservation measures are important means to control nonpoint source contamination,protect water source quality and ensure drinking water security.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 72-76 [
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77
WANG Guan-Jun-；Jiao-Jian-Hua-；Liu-Chang-Shun-；Chen-Xian-；Shu-Shan-Chao
On the policy of comprehensive control of soil erosion and water Loss in China
It is a key period of building a well-off society in an all-round way in the near future.Comprehensive control of soil erosion and water loss will be confronted with unprecedented opportunities and challenges,which need revise the policy system to support comprehensive control.This article revises and evaluates the policy system of comprehensive control of soil erosion and water loss in China,and analyzes the new situation of soil and water conservation.And the macro ideas,objects and suggestion of amending policy system are put forward,which is very important to making comprehensive control stratagem in China.The article suggests reviewing the Law of the People's Republic of China on Soil and Water Conservation,formulating state strategic plan for soil and water conservation,establishing committee for soil and water conservation of the State Council and increasing government investment.Meanwhile,we should attach importance to compensation policy for soil and water conservation.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 77-82 [
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83
TU Xin-Xiao-；Tun-Lan-；Rao-Liang-Yi-；Zhou-Jian-；Li-Jing-Dui-；Yang-Yong-Jiang
Assessment on the ecological services value of soil and water conservation
How much the value that the human being gets from the soil and water conservation measures? This problem can be solved by estimating their ecological services.It can measure the ecological service by economic ways in given scale or area based on the theories of bio-ecology and ecologic-economics.The ecological services values included such as conserving water resource,preventing soil losses,sequestrating carbon & concentrating oxygen,cleaning air,fixation sand land,and protecting biodiversity.Using the market value method,shadow engineering technique,production cost method,and opportunity cost method,the total values of ecological services offered by soil and water conservation measures had been put forward.The results show that,in 2004,the total value of newly added soil and water loss comprehensive control measures is 211.78 billion yan,it includes as such,conserving water resource value is 40.6 billion yan,preventing soil losses value is 88.99 billion yan,sequestrating carbon &concentrating oxygen value is 10.69 billion yan,cleaning air value is 18.32 billion yan,combating sand value is 17.20 billion yan and protecting biodiversity value is 35.98 billion yan. Furthermore,the values of conserving water resource and fixation sand land were very extrusive.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 83-86 [
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87
CA Shou-Hua-；Dan-Mo-Lin-；Hu-Jin-Jie-；Jin-Dian-Guo
Assessment methods of ecosystem services value of small watershed
Ecosystem services value of small watershed include product value,regulating services,cultural services,and supporting services.Product services include agriculture products(food,cotton,livestock,fishery),raw materials,and fresh water;regulating services include water egulation,CO
2
fixation,O
2
production,air quality maintenance,water purification,and flood prevention;cultural services include recreation,ecotourism,cultural,and science;supporting services include soil conservation,nutrient cycling,and provisioning of habitat.In this paper,the value assessment methods of all kinds of ecosystem services mentioned above were put forward,which have some significance for the assessment of ecosystem services value of small watershed.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 87-92 [
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93
GONG Jia-Guo-；Wang-Wen-Long-；Guo-Jun-Quan
Ephemeral gully erosion experiment on hydrodynamics parameter of concentrated flow in hilly area of Loess Plateau
Ephemeral gully erosion is an important erosion type in Loess Plateau.Study of the hydrodynamic parameters of ephemeral gully flow is the base of establishing process-based or conceptual water erosion models.Hydrodynamic parameters were studied by scouring experiment on the slope of Yanergou watershed.It was concluded that ephemeral gully flow is turbulent flow,mostly is supercritical flow,and nearby the slope of 18° the power distribution of ephemeral gully flow was balanced between erosion and sediment transport,and nearby the slope of 26° the velocity and the stream power of ephemeral gully flow are the biggest and then this slope gradient is the best for the generation and development of ephemeral gully erosion.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 93-100 [
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101
GUO Chao-Ying-；Bi-Hua-Xin-；Chen-Chao-；Du-Lin-Fang-；Yun-Lei-；Lin-Yi
Digital terrain analysis of Malian River Basin based on DEM
The terrain analytic's basic theory for many fields and implement measure can be provided by digital terrain analysis based on DEM.As an important dimension parameter DEM grid resolution(horizontal resolution) plays a key role in determination of terrain parameters and application of scale.In this paper Gansu Loess Plateau region of the Malian River Basin was chosen as research object,utilizing the geography information system software which developed by American ESRI company,to have a drainage area's distill and analytic based on digital elevation model.The basic terrain characters of drainage area such as slope,aspect,and channel system,the demarcation of the small watershed was investigated.The effect of DEM horizontal accuracy toward character of terrain and hydrological have been concluded based on analyzing and comparing.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 101-106 [
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107
TUN Pu-Te-；Gao-Jian-En
Soil and water conservation and rainwater resource utilization in the Loess Plateau
To solve the problems of drought and soil erosion and water loss and increase benefit of soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau in China,some basic questions of soil and water conservation were discussed and the meaning and relationships between rainwater resource utilization and soil and water conservation were analyzed.The results showed that controlling rainfall runoff,efficient use and conservation of water and soil resources are not only the strategic foundation but also the important tasks for soil and water conservation in the Loess Plateau.The theory of rainwater resource utilization are the theoretical principle of technology realization of the effective transformation of rainwater resources.The rainwater might be used fully and the soil erosion and water loss could reduced in a large scale and the use efficiency of the precipitation resources at different level could be enhanced by uitilizing the rainfall power interception technology,the rainfall infiltration technology on the spot,the rainfall runoff collection technology,the rainfall runoff storage technology,and rainfall runoff use technology and so on.The converting of rainwater into resources and reducing the soil erosion and water loss by controlling rainfall runoff were a highly effective utilization technology.Not only was it an extremely practical effective convenient operable environmental protection technology,but also a systems engineering with the obvious long-term character and public interest characteristic.The future development of the rain water converting into resources technology would rely on the supporting and application of the high new technology.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 107-111 [
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112
SHAO Wei-；Ca-Xiao-Bu
Grassland degradation and its formation causes analysis in Tibetan plateau
For the soil restoration of degraded grassland in Tibet and maintenance of the grassland ecosystem balance,it is necessary to study on grassland degradation and its causes.This paper systematically describes the present state and characteristics of grassland degradation in Tibet plateau,making an in-depth analysis of the natural and man-made causes leading to the degradation.The results show that the material basis is unstable geomorphology,shallow soil,coarse particles of soil,gravel,poor soil consolidation,erodible soil.Global warming,low precipitation and strong evaporation,frequent strong winds,erosion of freezing and thawing are the dynamic stimulation.The key factors leading to grassland degradation are continuously overloading grazing and other man-made excessive interventions.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 112-116 [
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117
GAO Jiang-；Diao-Jian-；Ju-Xiang
Problems and suggestions about the botanic measure design of construction project
Based on the research of the botanic measure design for soil and water conservation in construction project,the problems of the botanic measure design were discussed,such as the botanic design has not desirably reflectd regional features and professional characters,the depth of the design has not met with the criterion requirements,the design is just a repetition of the main project.The process and method of the design is mainly introduced.Botanic measure design includes environmental condition analysis,choice of plant species,plant allocation,planting and protection synthetically according the examples and experiences.In species selection,eco-adaptability,functional comprehensiveness,and stress resistance should be emphasized.The characteristic and principle of the botanic measure design were summarized and some suggestions were proposed.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 117-121 [
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122
YANG Chi-Tian-；Yang-Zhen-；Dong-Hui-Yang
Responses of seedling growth on the type and amount of slow release fertilizer
Pot experiment was carried out for investigating the effect of slow release fertilizer(SRF) on the growth of
Robinia pseudoacacia
,
Ulmus pumila
and
Crotalaria assamica
.Compared that SRF could stimulate the growth of plant height,diameter at ground level and over-underground biomass of
Ulmus pumila
significantly,the stimulating effect for growth of
Robinia pseudoacacia
was comparatively low,and the growth of
Crotalaria assamica
had a negative relationship with the increasing of using amounts of N.The effects of total N on above-ground biomass had the same trends and total P had no significant effect.The total N in three SRF had a similar effects,but the total P had no significant effects on over-underground biomass of three species.With the direct seeding technique,leguminous plant would be the preferential species,and if the plant with non nitrogen fixation was selected,using of slow release fertilizer is a very important alternative to stimulate seeding growth.
2008 Vol. 6 (1): 122-126 [
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