中国水土保持科学
中国水土保持科学
 
 
 
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2023 Vol.21 No.3　　Published 2023-06-30
  
 
Foundamental Studies
1 WANG Yihao, ZHANG Jiayi, WANG Yanhui
Variation of stem sap flows of Pinus massoniana forest and its differences among individual trees at Tieshanping of Chongqing
[Background] Stand transpiration accounts for 50%-90% of the total forest evapotranspiration. Stem sap flow directly determines transpirations of individual tree and stand. Study on stem sap flow is helpful to scientifically understand variation of forest transpiration and accurately evaluate the water conservation service of forest. Pinus massoniana forest is the most important forest type in the shelter- forest system of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, which plays an important role in maintaining the ecological security of the Three Gorges Reservoir. [Methods] Taking Pinus massoniana forest at Tieshanping of Chongqing in the Three Gorges Reservoir area as the research project and using thermal diffusion probes to long-term continuously observe the sap flow of different individual trees in 2010—2012, temporal and radial variation of sap flow from Pinus massoniana were studied by methods of drawing the scatter plots and fitting the regression equations, and difference of sap flow among individual trees and its influencing factors were analyzed by methods of the univariate analysis of variance and the Pearson correlation analysis. [Results] 1)The diurnal variation of sap flow velocity for Pinus massoniana was different in different seasons and weather. The diurnal variation of sap flow velocity having a "one-peak" pattern in sunny days in each season also presented a significant change of "peak-valley" in cloudy days in spring and summer, while it presented a low level straight line (<0.10 g/(cm2 · min)) in rainy days. 2)The annual variation of daily sap flow velocity for Pinus massoniana with obvious interannual variation generally presented a "one-peak" pattern, which generally reached the peak in July and August (>0.15 kg/(cm2 · d)). The sap flow velocity presented an obvious radial variation and individual difference, which was a quadratic function of one variable (P<0.01). 3)Dominance and leaf area index of individual Pinus massoniana had significant effects on sap flow velocity (P<0.01), and the leaf area index was an important canopy factor affecting sap flow velocity, but tree species had no obvious effect on sap flow velocity during the monitoring period (P>0.05). 4)Sap flow velocity of most individual Pinus massoniana was positively correlated with air temperature, potential evaporation, total solar radiation, max of solar radiation intensity and wind speed (P<0.01), and negatively correlated with relative humidity and rainfall (P<0.01). There was a multivariate function relationship between sap flow velocity of most individual trees and meteorological factors (P<0.01), of which the total solar radiation was the main meteorological factor affecting sap flow velocity. [Conclusions] The temporal and spatial variation of sap flow velocities of individual trees in Pinus massoniana forest is obvious and comprehensively affected by dominance, leaf area index and meteorological conditions, which may provide a scientific basis for distributed evaluating transpiration of Pinus massoniana forest in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 156 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1978KB] ( 187 )
9 WANG Xinyue, WANG Bin, WANG Yunqi, AN Xin, WANG Xiaoping, WANG Chenfeng
Slope effect of soil detachment capacity on yellow-soil hillslope
[Background] Soil detachment is the initial phase of soil erosion. Quantifying soil detachment capacity is crucial to establish the process-based soil erosion model. There is obvious difference in soil detachment mechanisms between gentle slope and steep slope, but the mechanism of slope effect is still unclear. Thus, the objective of this study is to reveal the slope effect of soil detachment capacity. [Methods] The soil samples from abandoned cropland on yellow soil slope in the upper and middle Yangtze River were selected as research object. The effect of hydrodynamic parameters (i.e., flow rate, flow depth, flow velocity, Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient, flow shear stress, stream power, unit stream power and unit energy of water-carrying section and so on) on soil detachment capacity were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis and regression analysis under different slope gradients (1.75%-48.77%) and flow rates (0.21-2.63 L/s). [Results] 1) The stream power, which represented the flow energy, was the best parameter to describe the soil detachment capacity, followed by the flow shear stress associated with forces. However, the water depth and Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient were the worst to describe the soil detachment capacity. 2) Based on the calculation equation of soil detachment capacity of WEPP, the response of soil erodibility and critical shear stress to slope was relatively sensitive and not constant value. The soil erodibility decreased firstly and then increased as the slope gradient increased, and the critical shear stress changed from power function to linear function as the slope gradient increased. This result showed that the constant values of soil erodibility and critical shear stress for previous studies can be extended to different slopes has great limitations. 3) There was obvious slope effect in using the power function of flow shear stress or stream power to characterize soil detachment capacity. The coefficient a1 of flow shear stress changed from increased firstly and then decreased as a quadratic function to decreased as an exponential function with increasing slope gradient, and the maximum value reached at 17.63% of slope. The exponent b1 of flow shear stress showed a quadratic function relationship, which decreased firstly and then increased with the increase of slope gradient, and the slope reached the minimum value at 26.71% of slope. However, the coefficient a2 of stream power decreased as a power function with increasing slope gradient. The exponent b2 of stream power decreased firstly and then increased as a quadratic function, and it reached the minimum value when the slope was 28.10%. [Conclusions] This study illustrated that the results of gentle slopes cannot be directly generalized to steep slopes and reveal the slope effects and its thresholds of soil detachment capacity. The results of the study provide new insights into understanding soil detachment mechanism.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 9-16 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1416KB] ( 156 )
17 ZHU Jinqi, LIU Yong, WANG Dan, ZHENG Bofu, WANG Yujie, JIANG Yihui, WANG Yunqi
Multiple soil reinforcement mechanisms during the initial phase of vegetation restoration: A case study of two plant species in Jinyun Mountain area of Chongqing
[Background] Plant is widely used in protecting soil and water from erosion and shallow landslide, is regarded as an important role in soil and water conservation measures. Plant roots can affect soil cohesion in two ways: Mechanical (root physically penetrate into the soil) and chemical (change the chemical composition of the soil) reinforcement. This study investigated and compared two benefits of plant roots working on soil cohesion with different species restoration in the initial period. [Methods] We selected tree (Symplocos setchuensis) and herb (Cynodon dactylon) as the research object and replanted them in a forest gap for 3 years in Jinyun of Chongqing. Soil shear strength, root distribution density, and root strength traits were evaluated, the benefits of vegetation restoration on soil were measured in different planting period and different soil layer. The chemical reinforcement was measured by direct shear tests, and mechanical reinforcement was measured using RBMw. [Results] 1) Both species strengthened soil through mechanical and chemical soil stabilization mechanisms, the mechanical reinforcement ranged from 5 to 15 kPa and chemical reinforcement ranged from 0 to 7 kPa. Both of these two effects decreased with soil depth. 2)The C. dactylonis only provided a higher increase in soil cohesion in the 0-20 cm soil layer than the tree by 12% in the second year of planting, due to its faster growth characteristic. After the third year, the increase in soil cohesion provided by the C. dactylonis was higher than the tree by 7%. 2) Both plant species demonstrated a higher effect of mechanical soil stabilization over chemical soil stabilization, with the mechanical effect of C. dactylonis being approximately 52% higher than the chemical effect, while S. setchuensis was 34%. [Conclusions] Compared with chemical reinforcement of root, root mechanical reinforcement plays a more important role on soil cohesion, but they varied with different soil layer and different species. More details, different species reinforced the soil via vary mechanisms, some had strong and high-density roots, that provided a higher mechanical reinforcement; while others affected the soil cohesion and internal friction angle via remold and change soil structure, soil organic carbon, and etc., that provided a higher chemical reinforcement. Thus, this study expands our acknowledge on the mechanism of vegetation works on soil reinforcement and helps us on plant selection for soil conservation.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 17-24 [Abstract] ( 107 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4225KB] ( 161 )
25 WANG Lintao, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, ZHANG Jiancong, YIN Le, ZHANG Hongshan
Influence of fire interference on the stability of soil aggregates in Jinyun Mountain
[Background] The occurrence of forest fires leads to increased soil erosion, and the effect of fire disturbance on the stability of soil aggregates is not yet clear. The Jinyun Mountains in Chongqing suffered a fire in August 2022, in which coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests are widely distributed and highly flammable, and are the most vulnerable forest type to fire damage, so it is important to study the stability of soil aggregates under this forest. [Methods] Three 20×20 m sample plots were set up in Jinyun Mountain coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests with mild (S), moderate (M) and severe (L) fire disturbance and non-fire disturbed areas (CK). Soil samples of topsoil (0~10 cm) and subsoil (10~20 cm) were collected by S-type sampling method at the sample site. Used three different fragmentation mechanisms of fast wetting (FW), slow wetting (SW) and wet stirring (WS) in Le Bissonnais (LB) method to simulate the damage of soil aggregates. The stability of soil aggregates is evaluated by measuring the average mass diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates and the relative dispersion index (RSI), relative fragmentation index (RMI) and characteristic parameter (Ka) calculated using the MWD values. The average mass diameter values under different fire interference intensities are respectively expressed by MWDS, MWDM and MWDL, and the average mass diameter values under different treatment methods are respectively expressed by MWDFW, MWDSW and MWDWS.[Results] 1) Under fire disturbance, soil aggregates in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests were damaged most under FW treatment, followed by WS, and the damage was least under SW treatment. Under FW treatment, the proportion of water stable aggregates >0.50 mm in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests showed SFW < MWDWS < MWDSW as a whole. MWD values of soil agglomerates under different degrees of fire exhibit MWDS < MWDM < MWDL except for the lower soil under FW treatment, which exhibits MWDS < MWDL < MWDM. MWD values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in all soil layers under light fire disturbance and in the surface layer under moderate fire disturbance under the SW treatment than under the other treatments. 3) The RSI value, RMI value and Ka value of the topsoil of the forest under fire disturbance were higher than those of the subsoil. [Conclusions] The stability of soil aggregates in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests fire sites varied in response to different fire intensity disturbances, with light fire disturbances reducing the stability of soil aggregates and moderate and heavy fires increasing the stability of soil surface aggregates. The stability of soil aggregates is lowest under heavy or stormy rainfall, followed by mechanical disturbance and highest under light rainfall, and the stability of soil aggregates is higher in all the surface layers than in the lower layers.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 25-33 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1085KB] ( 147 )
34 LI Kewen, WANG Yunqi, QI Zihan, WANG Taiqiang, LIU Yufang, HE Xiangchang
Effects of forest fire on the mechanical properties of roots-soil composites
[Background] The root system has significant influence on the mechanical properties of soil and can play a role in soil erosion and shallow landslide. After the occurrence of forest fires, the surface soil was affected, and the slope-fixing effect of plant roots was significantly weakened. However, the effects of forest fires on the mechanical properties of the root-soil system and root corruption have not been fully studied.[Methods] To reveal the weakening mechanism of fire on root soil fixation ability, on August 21, 2022, Chongqing Jinyun mountain national nature reserve of fire occurring has carried out investigation. According to the fire intensity classification criteria, the burned severity was divided into three grades: low, moderate and high. In this study, plant root investigation and soil sample collection were carried out on two kinds of forest types and three burn severity of fire areas within one month after the disaster. Collecting soil samples from different degree of fire area, electronic universal testing machine was used to measure root tensile strength, ZJ direct shear device to measure shear strength of soil-root systems.[Results] 1) There was a small difference in the number of fine roots between the lowly burned area and the unburned area, while the number of fine roots in the moderately and the highly burned area decreased significantly, on the roots of the diameter of less than 2 mm, theropencedrymion in lowly, moderately and highly burned area, respectively, than those unburned area decreased by 16%, 28% and 44%, bamboo forest decreased by 17%, 25% and 50% respectively. 2) The root tensile strength decreased as a power function with the diameter. Compared with the root tensile strength before and after fire, the root tensile strength decreased with the increase of fire intensity. 3) When the normal stress was the same, the shear strength of the root-soil complex in the unburned area of theropencedrymion and bamboo forest was significantly greater than that in the burned area, and the shear strength decreased significantly in the moderately burned area and the highly burned area. 4) The soil cohesion was significantly affected by the burned severity. The soil cohesion of 0-10 cm in the highly burned area of coniferous and theropencedrymion was 86% lower than that in the unburned area, and the soil cohesion of 20-30 cm in the highly burned area of bamboo forest was 72% lower. [Conclusions] This study revealed the change of mechanical properties of root-soil complex and root failure mechanism of different burned severity and forest types after forest fire. The result may provide a basis for the study of the effects of forest fires on the mechanical properties of root-soil complex and its related mechanisms, and provide data support for the assessment of the vulnerability of geological disasters such as shallow landslides after disasters, as well as the prevention and reduction of post-disasters.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 34-41 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 5548KB] ( 146 )
42 YAN Xiangjun, WANG Yunqi, QI Zihan, HE Xiangchang, LI Kewen, LUO Pizhao
Influences of root distribution on the soil water characteristics and permeability characteristics of shallow root-bearing soil in the burned areas
[Background] A forest fire occurred in Hutou village, Xiema street, Beibei district, Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Chongqing.In order to further study the harm caused by forest fires and promote their post-disaster reconstruction, the author carried out an investigation in the burned area of Jinyun Mountain Nature Reserve, collected soil samples to determine the saturated permeability coefficient and soil-water characteristic curve of soil, and studied the response mechanism of fire process to soil hydraulic characteristics, in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of geological disasters in the burned areas.[Methods] The basic physical properties such as liquid limit, bulk density and saturated water content under different fire degrees were measured by equilibrium cone method and ring knife method. The saturated permeability coefficient ks of shallow root soil was measured by soil variable head permeability test. The particle size distribution curve was measured by laser particle size analyzer and the soil water characteristic curve was fitted based on van-Genuchten (VG) model.[Results] 1) After the forest fire, the bulk density, saturated water content, liquid limit, porosity and other physical properties of the shallow surface soil increased, and the number of roots in the burned area decreased. Among them, the number of fine roots 0-2 mm changed the most, which decreased by about 2-3 times. 2) For the three degrees of mild, moderate and severe fire, the saturated permeability coefficient of Pinus massoniana forest and Phyllostachys pubescens forest increased after fire. In particular, the permeability coefficient of the surface soil in the severely burned area of P. massoniana forest increased by 58.26 times compared with that of the unburned shallow soil, and the permeability coefficient of the surface soil in the severely burned area of P. pubescens forest increased by 162.24 times. 3) The results showed that the soil particle size in the fire area was smaller than that in the non-fire area, and the air intake value parameter α and the pore size distribution parameter n of the soil water characteristic curve of the shallow root soil in the fire area decreased with the increase of the degree of fire, and the pore size distribution parameter n increased with the increase of the degree of fire.[Conclusions] Forest fires lead to a decrease in the number of fine roots in the surface soil and an uneven distribution in the soil layer, and affect the physical properties of the surface soil, so that the pore size distribution changes, which further leads to the increase of the saturated permeability coefficient and the weakening of the water holding capacity. In the post-disaster recovery of geological disasters in burned areas, the response mechanism of the above soil hydraulic characteristics should be considered.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 42-51 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 4304KB] ( 129 )
52 SHEN Hang, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, LIU Xiaodong, ZHENG Yonglin, ZHENG Yifan, WANG Taiqiang, LIU Yufang
Effects of fire on the soil chemical properties in the Jinyun Mountain of Chongqing
[Background] Forest fires can cause severe disturbances to forest ecosystems and are not easily recovered in the short term. To investigate the short-term effects of fires of different intensities on soil chemistry at different depths in different forest stands, and to provide a reference for the restoration of forest ecosystem functions after fires and the use of fire to promote stand regeneration, it is important to study the changes in soil chemistry in the burned area in the short term (within 1 week) of recovery.[Methods] Three 20 m×20 m sample plots were set up in coniferous broad-leaved mixed and bamboo forests in Jinyun Mountain, which were lightly, moderately and severely burned areas and one unburned sample plot respectively. Soil sampling was carried out at different depths (0-10 and 10-20 cm) in the set plots, and chemical indicators such as soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic matter content and soil available nutrient content were determined. Significant differences and trends in soil chemical properties between different stands and different intensities of fire were investigated by descriptive statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and Fisher LSD test.[Results] 1) Soil pH and available potassium content showed an increasing trend with increasing fire intensity in both stands, while soil organic matter and total phosphorus content showed a decreasing trend with increasing fire intensity, while total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) did not change significantly with increasing fire intensity. 2) At the same fire intensity, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in soil organic matter, total N, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and CEC between the two stands, while pH and total phosphorus were not significantly different. 3) Fire had a significant effect on the chemical properties of the surface soil, and the changes in soil pH, CEC and organic matter, total N, total phosphorus, available phosphorus, available potassium and available nitrogen contents reached significant levels under the interaction of different stand types and different fire intensities.[Conclusions] Fire has a significant impact on the soil chemistry of different forest stands, especially high-intensity fire, which significantly reduces the soil nutrient content at different soil depths, thus post-disaster revegetation work should focus on soil nutrient restoration and fertility improvement, with site-specific restoration measures tailored to the specific changes of different forest stands.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 52-59 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 903KB] ( 154 )
60 LAN Yue, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, CUI Xinrui, ZHENG Yonglin, SHEN Hang, YAO Lu, SI Hongtao, LI Manyi
Short-term effects of forest fire on the soil bacterial community-enzyme activity in typical forest stands in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing
[Background] Forest fires are a driver of forest soil and biodiversity, especially in fire-prone ecosystems. The effects of fire on soil microbial communities as well as enzyme activity are complex and largely unknown. Therefore, analyzing the dynamics of soil bacteria and enzyme activities in the short term after fire is of great biological significance for understanding the reconstruction process of forest communities. [Methods] The soil of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and bamboo forest after the fire in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing was used as the research object. The activities of sucrase, cellulase and urease as well as the changes of soil nutrients and pH were measured in the soil layers of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm of conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest and bamboo forests under different fire intensities within one month of the fire, and the changes of soil bacterial community structure were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. [Results] 1) The soil bacterial diversity, richness, soil organic matter and soil enzyme activities decreased in the short term after the occurrence of forest fires, and soil pH, available potassium, available nitrogen and available phosphorus increased to varying degrees. Especially in the 0-10 cm soil layer, it was more affected by forest fire. 2) The relative abundance of Proteomycetes, Actinomycetes and phylum Aerugula in the soil was the highest after moderate and severe forest fires. The relative abundance of Acidobacterium phylum was the highest when not exposed to forest fires. The relative abundance of Firmicutes was the highest after mild fire. 3) In the redundant analysis of soil bacterial structure and soil chemical factors, the changes of soil chemical properties after fire also affected soil bacterial communities and soil enzyme activities. [Conclusions] Forest fires can lead to a decrease in soil bacterial community diversity and a significant decrease in soil enzyme activity. The results indicate that moderate and severe forest fires have the greatest impact on soil bacterial diversity and enzyme activity, with a positive correlation between Proteobacteria and soil nutrients. Acidobacteriota demonstrates negative correlation with soil nutrients and pH value.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 60-68 [Abstract] ( 128 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2674KB] ( 143 )
69 WANG Songnian, HOU Ruiping, FENG Yincheng, MAO Wei, LIU Shuangnan, MENG Xiangjiang, XUE Peipei, WANG Yunqi
Response of soil respiration to fire interference in two forest types in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing
[Background] The effects of fire interfernce on the soil respiration rates of two kinds of woodland in Jinyun Mountain were discussed, and the short-term changes of soil respiration rate and its influencing factors under different fire disturbance levels of different forest stands were clarified, so as to provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration and soil treatment after fire disturbance in this area. [Methods] The UAV survey combined with field inspection was used to divide and deploy fire interference Ⅰ (lightl), Ⅱ (moderate), Ⅲ (severe) and control sample plots according to the blackening height and vegetation damage. The closed dynamic air chamber method was used to measure the soil respiration rate in different areas, and the soil environment and physical and chemical properties were measured at the same time. [Results] 1) The change trend of soil temperature in the two forest lands under different levels of fire interference was the same, and the order was: Ⅲ sample plot > Ⅱ sample plot > Ⅰ sample plot > control sample plot. The change trend of soil moisture was opposite to that of soil temperature. 2) The soil respiration rate of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest land under Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ fire interference was 1.81, 1.5 and 1.38 μmol/(m2·s), respectively, which was 24.9%, 37.8% and 43.8% lower than that of the control. The soil respiration rate of the pure Phyllostachys pubescens forest under grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ fire disturbance was 2.78, 2.34 and 1.65 μmol/(m2·s), respectively, which decreased by 29.1%, 51.4% and 57.9% compared with the control. 3) Fine root biomass of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest and pure P. pubescens forest decreased with the increase of fire grade. Soil pH and C/N ratio increased with the increase of fire interference level. [Conclusions] Fire interference increases soil temperature and decreases soil moisture. The soil respiration rate is significantly inhibited with the increase of fire interference level, and there was a significant difference in soil respiration rate under different fire interference levels in the same stand. Under the same fire interference level, the soil respiration rate of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests was significantly lower than that of pure P.pubescens forests. There was a significant positive correlation between soil respiration rate and fine root biomass, and a significant negative correlation between soil respiration rate and soil pH, which were the main factors influencing the difference of soil respiration rate under fire interference, development of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests may effectively reduce the impact of fire interference.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 69-77 [Abstract] ( 127 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1017KB] ( 112 )
78 YAO Lu, HOU Ruiping, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, CUI Xinrui, ZHENG Yonglin, SHEN Hang, LAN Yue, LI Cheng, MA Lei, SI Hongtao
Short-term effects of burning on the soil moisture physical characteristics of typical stands in Jinyun Mountain
[Background] Forest fires lead to the change of soil properties, seriously damaging forest ecosystems and soil erosion resistance. In order to explore the short-term effects of fire intensity on soil water physical characteristics under different forest stands and soil depths, and to prevent soil erosion and restore forest vegetation in the later stage, it is of great significance to study the changes of soil water physical characteristics in the short term after fire. [Methods] In the short term after the fire occurred in Jinyun Mountain, soil samples from three kinds of burning (light, moderate, and severe) areas and 0-10 cmand 10-20 cm soil layers of Pinus massoniana forest and bamboo forest were collected, and soil bulk density and soil porosity were measured by cutting ring method, and soil moisture capacity was measured by oven drying method. Soil infiltration was measured by constant head method. [Results] 1)The bulk density of soil in P. massoniana and bamboo forests increased, while the porosity and water holding properties decreased in the short term after burning. 2)The initial infiltration rate, steady infiltration rate, total infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil decreased with the increase of fire intensity and soil depth. the effects of burning intensity on soil moisture physical characteristics were as follows: severe burning > moderate burning > light burning. The total porosity of soil water was higher in the bamboo forest than in the P. massoniana forest. Bulk density and saturated water capacity: P. massoniana forest> bamboo forest. The soil infiltration rate of different stands showed as follows: bamboo forest >P. massoniana forest. [Conclusions] Burning has significant effects on the physical characteristics of soil moisture in different stands, especially in severe burning. The study on the effects of burning on the physical characteristics of soil moisture may provide a theoretical basis for the restoration, reconstruction and management of the ecosystem in burned areas.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 78-85 [Abstract] ( 124 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1994KB] ( 164 )
86 SHI Xueqi, FU Xiao, ZHU Meifei, SHI Dewei, CHENG Jinhua
Effects of root system with different diameters on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in stands
[Background] There are many species of forest stands and a well-developed root system in the Simian Mountains, Chongqing;however, this has led to the creation of a large amount of preferential root flow, generating more erosion and detrimental to the growth and development of the local vegetation. Therefore, this work is aimed to study the influence of root distribution on the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil in Simian Mountain and to provide data support and scientific guidance for surface runoff mitigation and planting.[Methods] Five kinds of typical stand types in there plantation forest were selected, and one in situ soil column containing root characteristics was taken every 20 cm in the 0-60 cm soil layer (three replicate groups were set up in each layer, 45 in situ soil columns in total) and brought back to the laboratory for root characteristics collection and constant head method to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil, and to investigate the influence of different stand types, soil depth and diameter class root system on the saturated hydraulic conductivity. The data were processed by origin ANOVA and correlation coefficient analysis.[Results] 1) There were differences in root proportion among different stands, and the root proportion decreased with vertical depth. The percentage of roots in pure coniferous forest ≤5 mm was the highest, reaching 71.00%-98.67%. In coniferous mixed forest, roots with different diameters were evenly distributed. The root diameter distribution of coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest showed the law that the root diameter increased with the vertical depth of soil layer. 2) With the increase of soil depth, the soil saturated hydraulic conductivity of each stand showed a decreasing trend, and it was significantly higher in 0-20 cm than other soil layers. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil was significantly different under different stand conditions with the same soil depth. In addition, the average Ks of different stands at the same depth was as follows: Theropencedrymion mixed forest > broadleat mixed forest > coniferous mixed forest > Cunninghamia Lanceolata pure forest > Pinus maweisong pure forest. 3) Among the five stands, the root diameter of ＞1-3 mm has a strong correlation with soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, while the root diameter of ≤1 mm and >3 mm has a low correlation with soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. [Conclusions] This study demonstrated the correlation between root systems of different diameter classes and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in forest stands, the percentage of ＞1-3 mm root systems showed negative correlation with soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the remaining diameter classes showed binary correlation with soil saturated hydraulic conductivity. It provides theoretical support for local stand planting and flash flood control.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 86-93 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1596KB] ( 126 )
 
Applied Studies
94 WANG Taiqiang, DENG Hongping, LIU Yufang, ZHENG Yifan, CUI Xinrui, WANG Yunqi
Plant species diversity and geographical distribution in Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve
[Background] Located in Beibei district, Chongqing Jinyun Mountain National Nature Reserve has a subtropical monsoon humid climate. The annual average temperature is 13.6 ℃, the annual rainfall is 1 611.8 mm and the annual average relative humidity is 87%. The favorable environment provides a suitable living environment for plants. As a typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest area and gene bank of plant species in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, there is high protection value and scientific research value for the protected area.[Methods] The algae were collected qualitatively with plankton net, after fixed and treated, the qualitative samples were photographed and identified under a microscope. A combination of line transect method and sample method was used to collect samples of large fungal entities, after recording their physiological and ecological characteristics, traditional morphological classification and chemical reagent reaction were used to identify them.All bryophytes in the quadrat were collected in proportion, and the characteristics of plant bodies and spores were observed, measured and recorded under anatomic microscope and optical microscope.The vascular plants were investigated and counted by transect and sampling methods. [Results] 1)A total of 338 families, 1 171 genera and 2 408 species of plants exist in Jinyun Mountain. Among them, there are 8 genera, 28 families, and 206 species of algae; 19 orders, 51 families, 109 genera, and 184 species of macrofungi; 55 families, 112 genera, and 244 species of bryophytes; 204 families, 890 genera, 1 774 species of vascular plants.2)Diatom, which likes flowing water, is the dominant species, and green algae, which likes still water, is the dominant group. In the study area, the distribution of macrofungi is mainly distributed in the world (84 genera, accounting for 77.06% of the total genera), followed by pantropical distribution (16 genera, accounting for 14.68% of the total genera), and the distribution of macrofungi in the North temperate zone is the least (9 genera, accounting for 14.68% of the total genera). 8.26% of the total genera). The composition of bryophyte flora is complex, with obvious tropical characteristics, and a certain proportion of the distribution of temperate and east Asian bryophyte, bundle plants mainly tropical distribution.3)Among the vascular plants, there are 26 genera endemic to China (see Table 8 for details), accounting for 10.7% of the total number of genera endemic to China (243). There were 55 species under state key protection in Jinyun Mountain.[Conclusions] The above data prove that the plant has plenty of richness and diversity and high rarity of Jinyun Mountain, which is one of the important characteristics of plant diversity in Jinyun Mountain,but the research is only a plant diversity in Jinyun Mountain census, failed to combine the unique soil hydrological characteristics of Jinyun Mountain or climate conditions to analyze the correlation of plant distribution.Future studies will combine environmental factors and plant diversity for further analysis.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 94-102 [Abstract] ( 114 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1503KB] ( 129 )
103 OUYANG Xue, YANG Yongchuan, HUANG Li, ZHOU Lihua, LONG Yuxiao, LIU Yufang
Interannual dynamics of seed production and morphological traits of Castanopsis fargesii in evergreen broad-leaved forest of Jinyun Mountain
[Background] Seed production and seed morphological traits are two important biological indicators of plant fruiting, reflecting the reproductive potential and adaptability of plants to the environment. The variation of seed production and morphological traits is common in woody plants and affects population dynamics, community species composition, and the maintenance of biodiversity. Thus, the interannual variation of seed production and seed morphological traits of Castanopsis fargesii were analyzed at population and individual levels. On this basis, the reproductive strategy of C. fargesii was discussed, so as to provide a data support for large-scale research on the dynamics of plant fruiting. [Methods] Taking the 23 individuals in 0.50 hm2 permanent monitoring plot of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain as the research object, we collected the seeds from 2013—2021. First the number of seeds were counted, then seed mass was weighted, seed height and width were measured after being air-dried. Seed production was defined as seed density, then the interannual coefficients of variation of seed production and morphological traits at population-level and individual-level were calculated, respectively. We used generalized linear mixed models to analyze the relationship between seed production and seed morphological traits. [Results] 1) Totally 36 572 mature seeds of C. fargesii were collected during 9 years, and the seed production was 98.30 seeds/(m2·a); The interannual variation of seed production was significant both at population-level and individual-level (P<0.05), among which the production in 2014, 2018 and 2021 were significantly higher than those in other years. 2) The average seed mass was (0.50±0.19) g, and the average coefficient of variation was 0.39. The ratio of height to width was relatively stable between years, the average coefficient of variation was 0.04. The variation of seed mass and H/W ratio of C. fargesii mainly came from inter-individuals, with the average Gini coefficients were 59.16% and 69.77%, respectively. [Conclusions] 1) The seed production of C. fargesii showed clear masting signs, and the interval was about 3-4 years. The reproductive ability of different individuals in the population was quite different. 2) The intraspecific variation of seed mass and H/W ratio of C. fargesii was at a high level, which mainly from the inter-individuals. In addition, the seed mass also differed interannually, and it decreased with the increase of seed production, which suggested that mast-seeding may led to the reduction of seed mass. In contrast, the H/W ratio of seed was relatively stable between years, and had no significant correlation with seed production.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 103-109 [Abstract] ( 128 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1787KB] ( 111 )
110 ZHU Yin, YANG Yongchuan, ZHOU Lihua, LONG Yuxiao, HUANG Li, CHEN Hua
Litterfall amount and dynamic characteristics of evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain
[Background] Subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest is an important part of forests in China. This study takes the evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain as the research object, and analyzes the litterfall yield, composition, dynamics and litterfall rhythm of the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the study area from 2014 to 2021 at the community scale, and discusses the response of litterfall yield to climatic factors, aiming to understand the material and energy cycle of forests. [Methods] Authors established a permanent monitoring plot of 1.00 hm2 evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain in October 2013, and collected all litterfall in the collection basket at the end of each month. After being brought back to the laboratory for finishing, it was dried to a constant mass amount in an oven at 80 ℃. The litterfall was divided into four categories of leaves, branches, reproduction and other. The leaves were identified to species, and each composttion was weighed with an electronic balance with an accuracy of 0.01 g. [Results] 1) The mean annual total litterfall of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Jinyun Mountain was 6.25 t/hm2, and the interannual difference was not significant (P>0.05). 2) The composition of litterfall was dominated by leaves (accounting for 72.50% of the total litterfall). 3) The litterfall rhythms of different components were significantly different. The litterfall rhythms of leaves and reproduction were also consistent with that of the total litterfall, which were bimodal and occurred in April, May and November, while the litterfall rhythms of branches and other were not obvious. 4) Mean monthly temperature, precipitation of the wettest month and precipitation of the driest month were the main climatic factors affecting litterfall production, and the effect of mean monthly temperature was more significant. The mean monthly temperature had a significant effect on the total litterfall, leaves and other litterfall, while the reproduction was mainly affected by the mean monthly temperature, precipitation of the wettest month and precipitation of the driest month. [Conclusions] 1) Affected by climate, forest structure and other factors, the total amount of litterfall and its composition showed significant differences. 2) The species composition of plant communities is the main factor affecting litterfall dynamics in Jinyun Mountain, and its litterfall characteristics are significantly affected by evergreen and deciduous tree species. 3) The total amount of litterfall in Jinyun Mountain is more related to temperature factors than precipitation factors. The reason is that Jinyun Mountain is located in the subtropical zone, with high air humidity and abundant precipitation, which can meet the water demand of plant growth and development. Temperature is a key factor limiting forest productivity and litterfall amount.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 110-118 [Abstract] ( 107 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 2361KB] ( 177 )
119 ZHU Meifei, CHENG Jinhua, SHI Xueqi, SHI Dewei, MA Siwen
Characteristics of forest structure and carbon sequestration of typical artificial shelterbelts in Three Gorges Reservoir Area
[Background] Artificial vegetation construction is one of the effective measures to increase land carbon sink and slow down atmospheric CO2 concentration. [Methods] In order to clarify the carbon sequestration effects of artificial shelter forests in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, five typical plantations including pure Cunninghamia lanceolate coniferous (L1), pure Pinus massoniana coniferous (L2), mixed coniferous forest (L3), mixed broad-leaved forest (L4), mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forest (L5) were selected as the research objects, the biomass model based on stand volume and correlation analysis were used to analyze the spatial structure, carbon density and its influencing factors. [Results] 1) The 3 mixed forests in the study area were moderately mixed or above, the neighborhood comparison value ranged from 0.35 to 0.65, which was in the middle state. L2 and L3 were randomly distributed, while the other stands are in aggregate distribution. 2) The soil organic carbon of the five forest types ranged from 0.83 to 5.25 g/kg, and it was rich in L3 and L4. The carbon densities (259.13 t/hm2) of the artificial shelterbelts were up to the national average level, soil and vegetation were the main carbon sequestration modes. The carbon sequestration capacities of L2 and L5 stands were significant, and the carbon sequestration capacity of mixed forest was significantly better than that of pure forest in tree layer and litter layer. 3) The density of soil organic carbon was affected by soil bulk density and clay content, while the mingling degree, angular scale and neighborhood comparison had effects on the carbon density of tree layer. [Conclusions] The carbon sequestration function of 5 artificial shelterbelts in the study area was promising, and the stand structure may regulate the carbon sequestration function. Therefore, the function of carbon sequestration can be brought into full play by adjusting the forest spatial structure to regulate the forest land resources.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 119-127 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1715KB] ( 130 )
128 YIN Le, WANG Yunqi, WANG Songnian, WANG Taiqiang, LIU Yufang, MENG Xiangjiang, XUE Peipei, ZHANG Jiancong, WANG Lintao, ZHANG Hongshan
Estimation of carbon loss under fire disturbance in Pinus massoniana coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing
[Background] Jinyun Mountain is located at the end of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, with a forest coverage rate of 96.6%, and a large area of mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests, which is an important carbon reservoir component of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Affected by extreme high temperature weather, a forest fire occurred in the southern foothills of Jinyun Mountain on August 21, 2022, and the author estimated the carbon release amount of litter layer and arbor irrigation layer under this forest fire disturbance, aiming to provide a scientific reference for the calculation of carbon loss after fire disturbance and the restoration of vegetation carbon sink function. [Methods] Taking the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest of typical forest species in Jinyun Mountain in Chongqing as the research object, by dividing different levels of fire disturbance in Jinyun Mountain, setting up 12 fixed standard sample plots, biomass method was used to collect samples of trees, shrubs and litter layers after fire disturbance and undisturbed areas, comparing the differences between the two, and flux tower data was combined to estimate the carbon loss and carbon release under forest fire disturbance.[Results] 1) The combustible load of litter layer and arbor layer in coniferous and brogd-leaved mixed forest mainly increased with the increase of blackening height and tree mortality. The combustible load of the shrub layer mainly decreased with the increase of blackening height and tree mortality. Combustible consumption under the same forest fire disturbance degree: litter layer (41.33 t/hm2)＞shrub layer (1.28 t/hm2)＞arbor layer (0.27 t/hm2), the combustibles were mainly litters and upper humus. The consumption of combustibles in various parts of the forest increases with the increase of forest fire disturbance. 2) There was a significant positive correlation between litter layer and arbor layer and blackening height and tree mortality (P<0.01), and the correlation with other stand investigation factors was not significant, indicating that the combustible material load of litter layer and arbor layer increased with the increase of blackening height and tree mortality in coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests. There was a significantly negative correlation between shrub layer and blackening height and tree mortality (P<0.05), but not with stand investigation factors, indicating that the combustible material load of shrub layer decreased with the increase of blackening height and tree mortality after forest fire disturbance. 3) The carbon emission in the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest plot in Jinyun Mountain was mainly provided by severe fire disturbance, and the total fuel consumption and carbon release of the coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Jinyun Mountain were 5 468.66 kg, the carbon release amount was 2 460.90 kg,and the total carbon absorption loss caused by forest fire disturbance was 5.68 t/(km2·d).[Conclusions] To sum up, this study shows that the coniferous broad-leaved mixed forest of Jinyun Mountain is most disturbed by mild fire, and the surface fire is the mainstay, and the combustion materials are mainly litter and upper humus, and the total amount of combustible materials consumed is more and the total carbon release is large. The results may provide data reference for the study of carbon balance and carbon cycle in the study area, and provide a scientific basis for the later restoration of vegetation carbon sink function.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 128-136 [Abstract] ( 94 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 1956KB] ( 109 )
137 ZHANG Hongjiang, FU Xiao, MA Siwen, CHENG Jinhua, GUAN Ning
Root distribution and water infiltration characteristics of agricultural soils with different crops in the Simian Mountain of Chongqing
[Background] Simian Mountain in Chongqing is an important ecological barrier and main water source of the Yangtze River, and it is also one of the sensitive ecological areas in China. Due to long-term over-cultivation and frequent human activities in recent years, the local ecological conditions are very fragile, which seriously affects the growth of vegetation and has a negative impact on agricultural development, thus the local ecological restoration is very important.Soil water infiltration, as an important factor affecting vegetation growth and groundwater circulation, is a key factor in local farmland vegetation management.Therefore, it is of great significance to study the influence of root distribution on farmland soil moisture infiltration in Simian Mountain of Chongqing to local farmland vegetation management.[Methods] Three typical farmlands, namely corn(Zea mays) field, eggplant (Solanum melongena)field and pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata)field, were selected to measure soil water infiltration amount and infiltration rate through double-ring infiltration experiments.After that, the root system was sampled by soil column method. The root length density and root weight density of root samples were calculated by Epson Perfection V370 digital scanner and root analysis software (Win-RHIZO 2008a). The relationship between soil root system and water infiltration was analyzed by grey correlation degree method.[Results] 1) The initial infiltration rates were 258, 213 and 285 mm/h in the maize, eggplant, and pumpkin fields respectively, and the average infiltration rates were 154.99, 136.84, and 203.07 mm/h. The infiltration volume and infiltration rate were relatively the highest in the pumpkin field and the lowest in the eggplant field. 2) The amount of water infiltration and infiltration rate of the three types of farmland were the highest in the pumpkin field and the lowest in the eggplant field. 2) The root systems of the three types of farmland were mainly fine roots less than 3 mm in diameter, with a low number of coarse roots. The maximum values of root length density, root weight density, and root pore number for each diameter class were all found at 0-20 cm of soil, with less root content in deeper soils. 3) Plant roots in the soil have a certain influence on water infiltration, and the grey correlation values between each root characteristic index and each soil water infiltration index are all greater than 0.6, and the influence of fine roots on infiltration is greater than that of coarse roots.[Conclusions] The root system is closely related to the movement of external water supplies through the soil and is an influential factor in on-farm management that cannot be ignored.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 137-144 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 877KB] ( 203 )
 
Development Studies
145 WANG Zhuoxun, WANG Yunqi, WANG Yujie, LIU Xiaodong, WANG Zhen, LI Danqing, YAN Zhiyi, CHANG Renfang, GUO Yujing
')" href="#"> Forest fire analysis in Jinyun Mountain based on "star-machine-ground" technology
[Background] The investigation of burned areas after forest fires is a key and difficult point in the field of forest fire research. Traditional manual on-site investigation methods, satellite remote sensing images, and drone technology, as common investigation methods, have their own drawbacks when used alone, which cannot solve the problem of quickly and accurately dividing the severity of large-scale forest fires. Therefore, taking the location of the Chongqing Jinyun Mountain fire in September 2022 as the experimental area, and combining the advantages of the above three methods, a "star machine ground" forest fire investigation system is constructed. [Methods] Selecting mildly, moderatly, and severely fire plots, and ruler processing and mapping for each wood was conducted. Based on satellite remote sensing and unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing images of the survey area, NDVI was calculated and spatially matched with the measured tree height, chest diameter, scorch height, and crown width of the plots. Grey correlation analysis was conducted to analyze the correlation between various indicators of the sample plots with different degrees of fire and NDVI values, and then NDVI values were extended to satellite images. [Results] 1) According to ground survey data, the scorch height of trees in each fire plot increased with the increase of fire severity. The changes in the average values of tree height and diameter at breast height were consistent, with moderate fire being the largest, mild fire being the second, and severe fire being the smallest. The average change trend of crown diameter was different from these two items, with moderate fire being the largest, followed by severe fire, and mild fire being the smallest. Large fires mainly occur in the lower layers of the forest. 2) The relationship between the four indicators of the three plots and their NDVI was above 0.55. The scorch height, crown diameter, and crown diameter indicators of the moderately burned plots were moderately correlated with their NDVI. The correlation between the tree height, DBH, and the height of the lightly burned plot and their NDVI was above 0.8, indicating a strong correlation. The correlation degree of other indicators was between 0.6 and 0.8, indicating a strong correlation. 3) Using the NDVI threshold of drone multispectral images as the standard, the NDVI ranges for severe, moderate, and mild fires were determined to be 0-0.245 6,>0.245 6-0.347 1, and >0.347 1-0.690 0, respectively. [Conclusions] Through the method of grey correlation analysis, the correlation between UAV NDVI and four ground survey data is strong, that is, the accuracy of UAV image NDVI is verified with ground survey data validation, indicating that NDVI can be used as the basis for forest fire grading. And using the NDVI threshold of each fire plot in the drone multispectral image as the standard to reclassify satellite remote sensing images of forest fire areas, it can achieve rapid and accurate classification of large-scale fire degree levels. On this basis, the soil type, dominant tree species and elevation data of different fire grades are analyzed, which is of great significance to the cause of fire and the restoration of ecological environment after forest fire.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 145-155 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 8271KB] ( 117 )
 
Engineering Technology
156 ZHANG Xingcun, CHENG Yumeng, LI Tong, QI Zihan, HE Xiangchang, LUO Pizhao, WANG Yujie, WANG Yunqi
Dynamic mechanism of river bank stability and analysis of ecological support scheme
[Background] In order to study the dynamic mechanism of bank stability under the condition of rainfall combined with water level fluctuation, a reasonable ecological slope protection scheme was designed. [Methods] In this study, the combination of field investigation, mechanical test and numerical simulation was used to reveal the characteristics of the slope stability changing with water level and the failure mechanism of the slope in the Beibei section of the Jialing River, and the key technical parameters of the "living wood pile slope protection" measures were discussed by comparing with traditional plant slope protection methods and engineering pile slope protection methods. [Results] 1) The stability of the river bank beach slope fluctuated with the rise and fall of water level, and the slope stability dropped rapidly during the water level fluctuation stage. The reason is that the external hydrostatic pressure of the slope unloaded with the rise and fall of water level, and the seepage pressure inside the slope pointing outward from the slope caused shallow damage to the middle slope. In summer and autumn, when the water level of the river dropped more than 3 m/d, the early warning of landslide disaster on the river bank and beach should be triggered. 2) When the live wood pile, pile diameter and pile angle were fixed, properly increasing the pile length and reducing the pile spacing will help limit the horizontal displacement of the slope. It was suggested that the pile configuration of the gentle slope of the river bank beach was the middle upper part between the warning water level and the normal water level, with the pile spacing D=2.3 m, pile length L=3.3 m. The stability of topsoil will be affected only when the pile length was closed to the potential sliding layer. 3) At the initial stage of the configuration of live wood piles under the optimized parameter configuration, the stability coefficient increased by 18.6% under the extreme conditions of water level fluctuation, which was 3.8 times of the effect of traditional grass and shrubs on slope consolidation. After the root system of wood piles was fully grown, the slope stability coefficient increased by 22.3%, which was 3.7% more than that of piles configured with the same configuration. [Conclusions] This paper studied the change of pore water pressure of bank slope under the conditions of rainfall and water level fluctuation, and compared the slope stability of different support measures of bank slope in the Jialing River section of the Three Gorges Reservoir. On this basis, the arrangement parameters of movable wooden piles were optimized to provide theoretical basis and technical support for the ecological protection of the riverside in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.
2023 Vol. 21 (3): 156-164 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [PDF 7634KB] ( 166 )
中国水土保持科学
　
Notice on the Recruitment of Youth Editorial Board Members for the Journal of SSWC
Theme on Spreading Spirits of Great Scientists: LIANG Xi, the Founder of Forestry Education in China
ZHENG Fenli, CHEN Liding and LEI Tingwu in the list of Highly Cited Chinese Researchers by Elsevier
SSWC Indexed in the 2020 edition of “A Guide to the Core Journals of China”
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2020 Editor-in-Chief Meeting of Science of Soil and Water Conservation Held in Beijing, Concurrently
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