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2018 Vol.16 No.4
Published 2018-08-30
1
HAO Rui, DENG Yusong, NA Heya, FENG Chunjie, WANG Junsheng, CAI Zhiwen, DING Shuwen
Soil weathering characteristics of granite collapsing gully section in Southeast Hubei province
[Background]
Collapsing gully is a special kind of soil erosion phenomenon in southern China, and may destroy the farmland by depleting soil nutrients, water and fertility, thus damaging the ecological environment and threatening public safety. Studying the weathering characteristics of collapsing gully sections can facilitate a better understanding of the formation mechanism of collapsing gully and provide a theoretical basis for collapsing gully prevention.
[Methods]
Soil samples were collected from the granite collapsing gully in Tongcheng county, Hubei province, and gully profile was divided into 5 layers from top to down based on soil color and texture,named TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, and TC5. The bulk density was measured, and the basic physicochemical properties of soil samples were determined. The particle composition was determined by the pipette method and the cation exchange capacity by the ammonium acetate exchange method. Soil cohesion was measured under natural water content using a straight ring knife. The total element content was measured with a plasma emission spectrometer and the result was converted to the oxide percentage. The oxide content in different layers was investigated by a quantitative analysis. The weathering intensity was calculated with a formula. The weathering characteristics of granite collapse lands and the formation mechanism of collapsing gully were explored by analyzing the relationship of the weathering intensity with particle composition, cation exchange capacity, cohesion and other factors.
[Results]
The weathering crust of granite is in desiliconization by Fe-Al-infiltration and salt-based leaching. As the depth of soil decreases, the content of Al
2
O
3
and Fe
2
O
3
increases while the content of SiO
2
decreases. Additionally, the content of K
2
O, CaO, Na
2
O and MgO is low in the soil surface layer, but higher in the soil middle and deep layers. The amount of cation exchange increases gradually from bottom to top. Soil cohesion under natural water content also increases from bottom to top, with the maximum in TC2. The degree of weathering follows the order of TC2 > TC1 > TC3 > TC4 > TC5, with the overall trend that weathering increases with the decrease of soil depth.
[Conclusions]
Weathering intensity is positively correlated with clay content, cation exchange capacity, and soil surface weathering intensity, but negatively correlated with sand content. A higher weathering degree shows a higher content of clay and free iron oxide, a stronger structure and higher cohesion. Meanwhile, poor drainage during precipitation leads to an increase in the weight of the soil layer. The ratio of the soil macrospores increases from TC1 to TC5 while the capillary porosity decreases, making it easier for water to invade the underlying soil. In contrast, a low weathering degree indicates a decrease of clay content, an increase of sand content, lack of cementing material, easy water saturation, and low cohesion, as well as easy moisture dispersion, large gaps between particles, and faster formation of dry soil cracks due to coarse particles. These factors are responsible for weathered crust soil erosion, poor corrosion resistance, instability, vulnerability to collapse, and the formation of collapsing gully.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 1-8 [
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9
DU Shengli, ZHU Qingke, WANG Xuhu, LIU Shuqin
Response of soil moisture to micro-topography of steep slope in the Loess Plateau, northern Shaanxi
[Background]
Soil moisture is one of the main factors that restrict vegetation growth, vegetation restoration and stand stability in the Loess Plateau of China. It also shows obvious space-time characteristics under different land use, topography and geomorphology and vegetation condition due to the effects of rainfall factor, surface run off, plant transpiration, root absorption and so on. Soil moisture variation research at steep slope is the important premise of vegetation construction reasonable allocation. In the Loess Plateau of China, soil erosion has led to severe soil quality degeneration and it is important to assess the soil quality of micro-topography. Thus, the study of soil moisture in vertical profiles has important significance for understanding the utilization of soil moisture in artificial forests. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution and the hierarchical character of 0-180 cm layers soil moisture in vertical profiles.
[Methods]
The study investigated not only micro-topography soil moisture content of steep slope, but also the effect the micro-topography soil moisture spatial and temporal distribution characteristic which is influenced by different precipitation years. The results showed that the different precipitation years have a great deal of effect on the micro-topography soil moisture.
[Results]
1)Soil moisture content grow in step with precipitation in high flow years,and the annual soil moisture changing curve of gully is very closed to the "V" shape among high flow years; however,soil moisture content grow in delay two months with precipitation in low flow years; the annual soil moisture changing curve is very closed to the "M" shape among high flow years, of which the peak value was presented in March and August; 2)In the perpendicular direction of the steep slope, soil moisture content of the gully, original slope and scarp first decrease and then increase with depths increasing, on the contrary, soil moisture content of the platform, collapse and gentle slope first increase and then decrease with depths increasing, in addition, soil moisture content of scarp is very well, which moisture better than not only platform, gully and scarp, but also original slope and gentle slope;3) Fast changing layer and active layer of soil moisture was displayed in turn in low flow years, such as collapse > gully > original slope > shallow gully > gentle slope > platform > scarp, of which soil moisture of the collapse is very well. Fast changing layer and active layer of soil moisture gradually disappear in high flow years,on contrary,the fast changing layer and active layer of soil moisture gradually move down with depths increasing in low flow years。
[Conclusions]
In order to increase the survival rate of afforestation, promote the quick restoration of forests and grass for soil and water conservation, it was suggested that the collapse can carry trees; and gentle slope and platform of steep slope can carry shrub and original slope and shallow gully of steep slope can carry herbaceous plant. Besides, It is difficult for plants to grow in scarp of steep slope, In particular, collapse of steep slope can carry the tall arbor tree.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 9-15 [
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16
HE Zimiao, XIAO Peiqing, HAO Shilong, YANG Chunxia
Response of soil moisture variation to individual rainfall on the field slope in the loessial hilly-gully region
[Background]
The vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture have important effects on the process of rainfall, infiltration and runoff.
[Methods]
In order to study the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture response in the Loess Plateau, the vertical variation and spatial variability of soil moisture under 90 mm/h rainfall in Luoyu Valley watershed of Tianshui city was studied using dynamic monitoring and simulated rainfall method.
[Results]
For natural condition, the vertical change in soil moisture could be divided into four levels:the rapid change layer (0-20 cm),the active layer (20-30 cm),the second active layer (30-40 cm),and the relatively stable layer (deeper 40 cm).There was stratification in the vertical distribution of soil moisture, and the slope distribution of soil moisture had significant differences in slope position (
P
<0.05). Frequent exchange of soil moisture and air was also concentrated in the 0-40 cm soil layer range. During the rainfall, the activity of soil moisture was obviously enhanced, but the influence was mainly in the range of 0-30 cm soil layer, the influence of soil moisture by rainfall was negatively correlated with the soil depth. The change of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer with time was not uniform, there were 3 periods of the rapid rise period, the stable period and the slight decline period. In deeper soil layer, there was a gradient difference in the vertical variation of soil moisture. Except for the surface soil, the rainfall infiltration only increases the soil moisture of each soil layer, while the proportion of soil moisture did not change,the distribution of soil moisture in the slope was more significant(
P
<0.01). With the increase of soil moisture of 0-30 cm soil layer, the runoff rate showed the trend of increase to a stable value. The sediment yield rate increased to a peak value, and then decreased, became stable gradually.
[Conclusions]
The research of the relationship between rainfall and soil moisture played an important role in explaining the redistribution of soil moisture and the migration of organic matter, and provided scientific basis and theoretical guidance for efficient utilization of water resources and vegetation restoration and ecological reconstruction in hilly-gully region of Loess Plateau.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 16-24 [
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25
CHENG Xiaoxin, HE Yuanmei, ZHANG Yan
Correlations between vegetation restoration and regional climate change in the Loess Plateau
[Background]
Vegetation coverage on the Loess Plateau has increased evidently attributing to the project of returning farmland to forest/grassland. Studies by climate modeling suggested that local climate would be impacted by land cover change. Further research is needed to make sure that weather evidence could be found in observed climate records and to explore the effect of vegetation restoration on regional climate.
[Methods]
The meteorological data from the Loess Plateau since 1981 and MODIS/NDVI data from 2000 to 2013 were analyzed by GIS and statistical methods. Mann-Kendall trend test and linear regression were used to analyze the time trend of climatic elements, and Kriging interpolation was used to analyze spatial variation of climate on the Loess Plateau with data from 130 meteorological stations; a linear regression was used to analyze increasing rate of NDVI. And Pearson linear correlation coefficient was used to indicate the correlation between climatic elements and NDVI.
[Results]
1) In the past 30 years, air temperature increased significantly while no trends were found for other climate elements. Since the projects of returning farmland to forest, the precipitation increased while the wind speed and the relative humidity decreased significantly and air temperature did not keep the increasing trend. 2) Changing rates of the annual average maximum temperature and minimum relative humidity since 2000 showed a similar stripped distribution pattern as NDVI on the Loess Plateau. 3) NDVI had a positive correlation with minimum temperature from January to April and relative humidity in May and July but had a negative correlation with maximum temperature in July and with the wind speed from May to September. 4) In spatial distribution, although regional average relative humidity deceased significantly, approximately 30% of the region's minimum relative humidity showed an increasing trend. NDVI had a significant negative correlation with annual average maximum wind speed in the southern temperate zone and had a positive correlation with annual average minimum relative humidity in the mid-temperate zone.
[Conclusions]
Climate on the Loess Plateau is influenced by the global climate change but vegetation restoration since the implement of returning farmland to forest/grassland had strong correlation with local climate, especially on the aspect of air temperature, wind speed and relative humidity.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 25-33 [
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34
LIU Baoyuan, LIU Gang, WANG Da'an, WU Yongqiu, DUAN Xingwu, LI Jianwei, SHEN Bo, MENG Lingqin, GAO Yan
A field survey method for regional gully erosion: A case study in northeastern China
[Background]
The management of ephemeral gully and gully erosion relies on their survey at regional scale. The remote sensing technique is the primary method for such survey currently, which, however, is hardly able to identify ephemeral gullies or gullies of small size.
[Methods]
This study provided a regional gully erosion survey scheme based on the stratified unequal probability areal sampling used in the First Water Resources Census (2010-2012) for interrill and rill erosion. The main steps of the method include making a survey maps and record forms of sampling units; field survey, such as photo shooting, record form filling, survey map drawing; determination and measurement of gully section; processing and calculation of survey data; and evaluation of gully erosion intensity. This newly developed method was later applied to four counties in Northeasern China, including Liaoyang county and Zhangwu county in Liaoning province, Nenjiang county in Heilongjiang province, and Arun Banner in Inner-Monglia, covering 112 sampling units in total. The 4 counties belong to the mountain to the transition of the piedmont plain platform and hilly region.But Liaoyang is mainly in the typical hilly region, Zhangwu is mainly in the plateau to plain transition, which the platform characteristics are obvious, and Nenjiang and Arong Banner are mainly in the rolling hill region.
[Results]
The results showed that the densities of both ephemeral gully and gully were 1.70, 0.61, 1.51 and 5.04 km/km
2
in the 4 counties, respectively, classified as the gully erosion grades of moderate, slight, moderate, and catastrophic. The numbers of both ephemeral gully and gully were 14.7, 9.3, 12.4, and 44.0 per square kilometer in the 4 counties, in which the ephemeral gullies accounted for 46.9%, 44.1%, 71.0%, and 66.1%, respectively. The volume of gully erosion were 15 195.8, 11 489.0, 1 886.5 and 14 060.2 cubic meters per square kilometer respectively, which is mainly caused by gullies. It is clearly manifested that more gullies were developed in the hilly regions like Liaoyang and Zhangwu in Liaoning province, compared to the other type, while ephemeral gullies is dominant in the rolling hill regions, such as Nenjing in Heilongjiang province and Arun Banner in Inner Mongolia. These gullies mainly appear in the cultivated lands. The proportions of the farmand varied between 23.3% and 55.5% for the 4 counties, while the numeral percentage in farmland were between 88.8% and 100% for ephemeral gullies, and between 40.1% and 99.1% for gullies. Without appropriate conservation practices, ephemeral gullies can develop into gullies in a short term.
[Conclusions]
It is critical to take effective actions on the gullies as well as the ephemeral gullies, especially on the cultivated areas. The method provided in this study could assess both ephemeral gully and gully erosion quantitatively and objectively for regional scale, and evaluate contributions of sheet erosion and gully erosion respectively by combining the interrill and rill survey in the same sampling unit.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 34-40 [
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41
LIU Can, CAO Longxi, LIANG Yin
Spatial relationship between roads and stream networks in hilly red soil region of Fujian province
[Background]
Road networks have been reported can influence local ecology and environment. The existence of road network in a watershed may increase stream density and surface runoff, therefore enhance the risk of soil erosion. As the same time, the spatial distribution of the road network showed specific regularities due to the influence of hydrological and geomorphological elements in the watershed. Studying the distribution characteristics of the road network and its relationship with topography and water system from the spatial scale is of great significance for understanding the mechanism of hydrological effect of road.
[Methods]
In order to explore the role of road in the hydrological process of watershed, road network of small watersheds in hilly red soil region of Fujian Province was chosen as the research object. The distribution of road network in the study area was obtained from high-resolution remote sensing image. Combined with the 25 m pixel DEM data, the spatial distribution characteristics of road network and its influencing factors was analyzed through GIS spatial analysis. The linkage between road network and the hydro-geomorphologic features in the watershed were studied through GIS buffer analysis and topology analysis.
[Results]
1) Road networks in the study area can be classified as 5 grades, including County road, Main country road, Secondary country road, Main unpaved road and Trail. The road density is 2.3 km/km
2
and the structure of road network is different from that of the stream networks which can be described by bifurcation ratio. 2) The distribution of roads is driven by both the human activity and limitation of terrain conditions. Residential point is the driving factor for the extension of road network, and the road density decreases with the distance from residential buffer center. Terrain factors are the limiting factor for road network distribution. The total length of roads decreases with the increasing slope interval, but increases first and then decreases with the increasing relief amplitude interval. 3) Paved roads are mainly constructed along channels, thus may cause relatively great hydrological impact on watershed hydrology due to the short distances between streams and roads. This kind of influence mainly exist in the downstream of the watershed where most high-grade paved roads can be found. On the other hand, low-grade unpaved roads mainly affect the upstream hydrology and sediment transport by intercepting runoff and causing erosion.
[Conclusions]
The above results revealed the spatial distribution of road networks and the road-stream relationship. It would be helpful to explain the mechanism of road networks in affecting hydrology processes in a watershed scale.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 41-48 [
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49
ZHU Zihong, ZHU Tongbin, HUANG Jing, GU Jiahui, YANG Lin
Dynamic variation analysis of rocky desertification in Xijiang River Basin of Guangxi based on GIS
[Background]
At present, numerous scholars have carried out a lot of research and demonstration work in view of Xijiang River Basin of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region duo to its extensive rocky desertification, mainly including scale regional desertification monitoring and rocky desertification formation. But the distribution, the dynamic characteristics and the mechanism of rocky desertification in the whole basin are still lack of effective monitoring. In order to understand the dynamic characteristic of rocky desertification of Xijiang River in Guangxi province at once, GIS and RS technology were used to analyze the status of rocky desertification in Xijiang River Basin.
[Methods]
This study used MODIS NDVI images in 2001, 2006, 2011, and 2016, and auxiliary data, including the map of geology in Guangxi province, land use data, the map of geomorphological and SRTM DEM. The spatial information of rocky desertification and analyzed the dynamic characteristics of rocky desertification in Xijiang River Basin were extracted by GIS and RS technologies. The information of rocky desertification was extracted by the method of human-computer interaction analysis. The Fractional Vegetation Coverage was the grading standard of rocky desertification, which can be divided into slight, moderate and severe.
[Results]
1) From 2001 to 2016, the area of rocky desertification in the Xijiang River Basin decreased from 18.06% to 7.34%, and the decline was increasing. The decline reason of rocky desertification was related to the treatment of rocky desertification and the migration of population. In addition, levels of rocky desertification structure showed pyramidal shape, the area of rocky desertification decreases with the increase of grade. 2) Rocky desertification was concentrated in the central and western regions of Xijiang River Basin, which accounted for 87.72% of the total area of rocky desertification in this area. The reduction rate of rocky desertification in the Guihe River and Zuo River basin increased at the beginning of the studied period, and then decreased. In other sub-basins, the reduction rate of rocky desertification reached the maximum between 2011 and 2016. 3) The essence of rocky desertification evolution was a process of the mutual transfer between different levels of rocky desertification, and the low-grade rocky desertification was easily transferred to the adjacent-grade. In this study, rocky desertification was gradually transferred to low-grade. In the areas of serious rocky desertification, the ecological environment has deteriorated and was hard to be restored. On the other hand, areas with serious rocky desertification were usually at the top of the hill, where there was usually no way to reach, thus this increase the difficulty of governance.
[Conclusions]
The dynamic characteristics of rocky desertification in Xijiang River Basin shows that the treatment of rocky desertification of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi presented positive influence, but the improvement and deterioration of rocky desertification exists simultaneously, therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of it and optimize the comprehensive treatment measures of it in the basin. This study may provide references for further strengthening the monitoring of rocky desertification and optimizing control measures of it in Xijiang River Basin.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 49-55 [
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YANG Bo, WANG Quanjiu, GUO Siqi
Characteristic of temporal and spatial variation of soil erosion in Tuwei river watershed from 1988 to 2013
[Background]
Tuwei river watershed is one of the most serious soil loss and fragile district of ecology in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, which is located in the windy desert region of the north Shaanxi province. The harsh natural environment has greatly done threat to the sustainable development. In order to improve the ecological environment, Chinese government has implemented the Grain for Green policy since 1999.
[Methods]
In order to explore the spatiotemporal evolution of soil erosion before and after Grain for Green Project in this area, USLE model, Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were accepted to analyze soil loss. Three remote sensing images of 1988, 200 and 2013 was interpreted in ENVI 5.2, and rainfall, topography, land use type and vegetation cover data were analyzed in ArcGIS 9.3. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to estimate a series of soil erosion modulus from 1988 to 2013.
[Results]
1)The rainfall erosivity increased significantly from 2001 to 2013 and from 1988 to 2000,and the vegetation cover of
C
factor decreased by about 0.29 in past 26 years. The soil erosion intensity in the watershed showed a gradual increase from upstream to downstream.2)The soil erosion has an obviously decreased tendency, whatever in the area or the intensity. The
R
factor was approximately equivalence in 1988 and 2013, however, corresponding soil erosion modulus respectively were 12 434.47 t/(km
2
·a) in 1988 and 3 721.08 t/(km
2
·a) in 2013, respectively. The total soil loss in 1988 was 43.76×10
6
t, while it sharply decreased by 68.33% in 2013(13.1×10
6
t). Compared the soil loss in 1988, 2000 and 2013, it was a reducing trend with the increasing of elevation, but incremental tendency with slope. Compared with 1988, the average soil erosion modulus in 2013 in different slope rapidly decreased. It reduced 6 712.31 t/(km
2
·a), 7 668.51 t/(km
2
·a), 6 712.31 t/(km
2
·a), 8 885.27 t/(km
2
·a), 5 375.43 t/(km
2
·a), and 23 357.46 t/(km
2
·a) in 0°-5°, 5°-8°, 8°-15°, 15°-25° and over 25°, respectively. The descending order of soil erosion intensity in different land use was unused land, grassland, forestland and cropland, so the benefit of soil and water conservation was the most obvious in unused land and grassland.
[Conclusions]
The soil erosion value estimated by USLE model combined with RS and GIS was smaller than the observed value in Tuwei river watershed. Yet despite all that, the assessment soil loss value is credible results. This method is feasible to assess soil erosion in such areas. In the recent 26 years, with the rapid recovery growth of grass and forest in the Tuwei river watershed, the soil and water conservation has achieved significant benefits. It has really reflected the temporal and spatial changes of soil erosion, which can be a reference for the local government to take measures to manage soil loss in the future.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 56-65 [
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66
GAO Haidong, LI Zhanbin, LI Peng, REN Zongping, YANG Yuanyuan, WANG Jie
Paths and prevention of sediment during storm-runoff on the Loess Plateau: Based on the rainstorm of 2017-07-26 in Wuding River
[Background]
The large-scale ecological construction of loess plateau has significantly reduced the amount of sediment transport in the Yellow River, but the amount of sediment transport of some typical tributaries is still high in the rainstorm condition. On July 26, 2017, heavy rainstorm hit the Wuding river, the peak discharge reached 4 480 m
3
/s, maximum sediment concentration was 837 kg/m
3
, which is the maximum recorded value since the construction of Baijiachuan hydrologic station.
[Methods]
After rainstorm, we carried on an investigation on the erosion and sediment transport characteristics in typical watershed.
[Results]
Under rainstorm, the soil erosion modulus of the small watershed is still very high, while due to the check dam system, the sediment delivery ratio is significantly reduced. In the background of the large-scale ecological governance, the main path of sediment transport in hilly gully region of Loess Plateau was terraced fields→sloping farmland→road→gully→check dam break→spoil in channel.
[Conclusions]
In view of the sediment transport path, the author puts forward five countermeasures for the prevention and control of the Loess Plateau under the new situation:1) Improving the small watershed→a tributary→the mainstream of the Yellow River sediment transport channel, to ensure sediment transport fluently; 2) Keep promoting the Grain-for-Green Project and sloping to terrace project to strengthen the management of sloping farmland; 3) To strengthen the construction of rural road and control the capacity of slope runoff, prevention of road and gully erosion; 4) To enlargement the management of terraces; 5) To enhance the construction of project supervision, control construction projects spoil.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 66-72 [
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WANG Xinhao, WANG Yunqi, MA Chao, WANG Yujie
Effect of root architecture on soil permeability
[Background]
Plant roots affect the soil strength by their mechanical role and capability of influencing soil infiltration. At present, most studies mainly focus on the effects of root quantity, while the effect of root architecture remains unclear.
[Methods]
In order to explore the influence of different root architecture on soil infiltration, water-head infiltration experiments were carried out with six plant species of
Sapium sebiferum
(V-type),
Gordonia acuminate
(VH-type),
Nerium indicum
(M-type),
Symplocos lucida
(R-type),
Cunninghamia lanceolate
(W-type) and
Neolitsea aurata
(H-type) in Jinyun Mountain of Chongqing. Each kind of tree was planted in a PVC bucket and the change of water seepage was measured by a rain gauge cylinder. The length density, bulk density, growth direction, and fractal dimension were measured for each root-soil composite. The relationship between steady infiltration rate and parameters representing root architecture was analyzed. Three methods including Kostiakov formula, Philip formula and Horton formula were used to fit the relationship between infiltration rates and time.
[Results]
Root length density and root bulk density of W-type were the largest, and the root length density of M-type and root bulk density of H-type were the minimum. The steady infiltration and initial infiltration rate of six root-soil composites were higher than sole soil. The H-type was the tree species with horizontally and widely extending roots. The VH-type was the tree species with a strong tap root and widely extending lateral roots with low orientation to horizontal plane. Most of the main R-type roots extended obliquely. Majority of the M-type roots extended in various directions and the V-type root was nearly vertical. The W-type roots' lateral roots extended widely and the tap root was shallow. The volume fractal dimension of six root architecture ranged from 1 to 2. The maximal and minimal volume fractal dimensions were 1.87 and 1.03 for W-type and H-type respectively. Assuming that the root volume was given, the steady infiltration rate for V-type root-soil composite was the largest, while for H-type roots was minimum. The best fitted function of the steady infiltration rate versus time of all six root-soil composite was Horton's formula. However, the pair-sample
t
test results revealed that Horton's formula fitted for H-type root-soil composite and M-type root-soil composite, while Kostiakov formula fitted for M-type root-soil composite, R-type root-soil composite, and W-type Root-soil composite.
[Conclusions]
1) The steady infiltration rate of root-soil composite was 2-5.23 times higher than sole soil. Root length, bulk densities, volume and fractal dimension were positively related to steady infiltration rate. 2) Under the same external conditions, the steady infiltration rate with same root volume was in an order of M-type > R-type > W-type > VH-type > H-type. 3) The infiltration rate-time curves of H-type and the M-type root-soil composite can be fitted with the Horton's formula, while the M-type, R-type and W-type root-soil composite can be fitted with the Kostiakov formula.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 73-82 [
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83
LI Shusong, ZOU Qiang, CHEN Rong, TANG Jianxi
Hazard assessment of debris flow in Bailong River Basin
[Background]
Debris flow is a widely distributed geological hazard in the mountainous area, and the hazard assessment of debris flow is essential for its prediction, risk evaluation and prevention. The Wenchuan earthquake has disturbed the geological condition of southern Gansu province,which not only produced abundant loose material to new debris flow formation but also triggered the recurrences of some debris flows in idle. The Bailong River Basin is located in the South Gansu province, where severe debris flow occurred during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, thus it was selected for this study.
[Methods]
A watershed unit was taken as the evaluation unit, and the evaluation unit was determined using GIS technology with digital elevation model (DEM) data. A debris flow hazard assessment model at watershed-scale was proposed based on the gradient of debris flow gully, the scale of debris flow and the level of potential river blockage. By applying the proposed hazard assessment model for Bailong River Basin, the hazard degree of debris flow was obtained as 5 levels of very high, high, moderate, low, and very low, and a hazard map of debris flows was constructed for Bailong River Basin.
[Results]
The assessment results indicated that there were 2 debris flows at very low hazardous level, accounting for 1.3% of the total debris flows, 31 debris flows (20.7%) at low level, 60 debris flows (40%) at moderate level, 19 debris flows (12.7%) at high level, and 38 debris flows (25.3%) at very high level. The 117 debris flow gullies were at the moderate hazardous level or above, accounting for 78% of 150 total gullies. Validated by the field investigation and historical debris flow events, the debris flows in Luojiayu, Sanyanyu, Yuzi, liangshui and Shimen gullies were at very high hazardous level, which was consistent with the assessment result.
[Conclusions]
It is scientific to take a watershed unit as evaluation unit because it can reflect the features of valleys, topography and landform conditions when debris flow occurs. On this basis, the assessment factors are selected from the debris flow energy, source and disaster degree to establish an index system for assessing the hazard of debris flow. Through field investigations, it is confirmed that the assessment results by model are consistent with the actual situation of debris flow, thus this model may be used to predict the occurrence of debris flow in the Bailong River Basin.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 83-88 [
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89
HE Yingying, YU Minghan, DING Guodong, GAO Guanglei, ZHAO Yuanyuan, SAI Ke
Application of typical psammophytes canopy temperature in the diagnosis of soil moisture status
[Background]
Water is an important limiting factor for crop growth and development, water shortage is one of the most frequently encountered adversity with plant growth in arid regions, under the stress of adversity, a series of physiological changes usually occur in plants, the change of canopy temperature is the most direct manifestation of many physiological and biochemical processes of crops and is determined by the heat balance and the water vapour movement in the soil-crop-atmosphere cycle. Canopy temperature has been widely used in agriculture to evaluate the degree of drought as an important indicator of the amount and effectiveness of plant water.
[Methods]
Three typical psammophytes of
Caragana korshinskii, Salix psammophila
, and
Artemisia ordosicaas
were choosen to be planted under 4 soil moisture treatments, each plant dug up 40 seedlings that were about 30 cm tall and had basically the same growth. The soil moisture treatments were defined account for A (5%-20%), B (20%-40%), C (40%-60%), D (60%-100%) of the field water holding capacity. Determination of plant canopy temperature, soil moisture content, air temperature, air humidity, poor water saturation pressure index, analysis of the plant canopy temperature under different soil moisture conditions, characteristics and differences, and to explore the psammophyte canopy temperature of meteorological factors and the response regularity of soil moisture.
[Results]
Main results were as follows:1) in the same monitoring time, under the same background of meteorological conditions, the lower the soil moisture content of the plant, the higher the canopy temperature at the noon; 2) in the daily scale, the temperature of the canopy is influenced by meteorological factors and soil moisture as the daily cycle of meteorological factors changes, the correlation analysis shows that the influence of meteorological factors on canopy temperature is more significant than that of soil; 3) by calculating the sensitivity of plant canopy temperature and meteorological factor response under different soil moisture conditions, it was found that with the decrease of soil moisture content, the sensitivity of the temperature of
C. korshinskii, S. psammophila, A. ordosicaas
canopy to the response of meteorological factors increased. That is, the sensitivity coefficient of the temperature data of canopy temperature based on the temperature data of the canopy temperature based on the multiple time points on the daily scale can determine the soil moisture status of the plant. The lower the soil moisture content, the smaller the sensitivity of plant canopy temperature to meteorological factors.
[Conculsions]
This study proved that using plant canopy temperature can be achieved for the determination of soil moisture condition of plants, and the field of vegetation water management provides a new convenient and effective way.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 89-96 [
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459
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97
LIU Baoyong, ZHAO Kai, SONG Ziling, LI Yanyan
Canonical correlation analysis between soil enzyme and soil fertility under different reclamation modes in Haizhou opencast coal mine dump
[Background]
This study aims to explore the soil improvement status of Haizhou opencast coal mine dump acted on different reclamation modes, coupled with the correlation degree between multiple soil enzymes and soil fertility. This study takes acacia woodland, elm woodland and grassland of Haizhou opencast dump in Fuxin as sample plots, and makes a comparison with the bare land. By comparative analysis, the soil enzyme activity and soil fertility status as well as their correlation are obtained.
[Methods]
For the measurement of soil enzyme, volumetric method, TTC colorimetry, ninhydrin colorimetry, disodium phosphate colorimetry, dinitrosalicylic acid colorimetry, and sodium hypochlorite colorimetry was applied to measure the activity of catalase, dehydrogenase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and urease, respectively. For the determination of soil fertility, Kjeldahl boiling method, acid solution-molybdenum antimony colorimetric method, and flame photometry was adapted to determine the total nitrogen content, the total phosphorus content, and available potassium content, respectively. Soil samples from 4 soil layers of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 20-30 cm were collected and combined. The single factor analysis of variance and the canonical correlation analysis were used for their correlation. First, the current situation among the soil enzyme activities (catalase, dehydrogenase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, and urease), soil fertility (total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and available potassium) and pH value were set forth in different reclamation modes of dump, and also for which the reasons were investigated. Then, this paper adapted canonical correlation analysis to analyze the correlation between soil enzyme activity and soil fertility under different reclamation modes.
[Results]
Compared with that of the bare land, the soil enzyme activity and soil fertility of the three reclamation lands were significantly improved (
P
<0.05). The soil enzyme activity of elm forest at the same depth was significantly higher than that of other plots, and the soil fertility was higher, and the effect of soil improvement was better. Besides, in the same plot, the soil enzyme activity level and soil fertility level gradually decreased with the increase of soil depth. The correlation coefficient of the first pair of canonical variables was 0.998, indicating that protease had significant correlation with total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available potassium. The second correlation coefficient of typical variables was 0.986, showing that the sucrase had significant correlation with organic matter. The third correlation coefficient of the canonical variable was 0.871, indicating that sucrase, protease and urease were closely related to pH value.
[Conclusions]
It is found that planting elm has significant effects on increasing the activity of catalase, protease, alkaline phosphatase, sucrase, as well as and the content of total nitrogen content and organic matter. Meanwhile, planting elm also contributes to stabilize soil pH value. Sucrase, protease and urease in soil enzyme are closely related to total nitrogen, organic matter and pH value in soil fertility. Soil sucrase activity and protease activity can be used to characterize soil fertility.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 97-105 [
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474
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488
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106
HUANG Tuanchong, HE Kangning, WANG Xianbang, WANG Shilei
Effects of forest canopy structure on the diversity of understory vegetation in Beichuan River basin of an alpine region
[Background]
The canopy is the basis of the material and energy exchange of forest ecosystem with external environment. It is through the regulation and redistribution of the spatial allocation of natural resources such as rainfall and sunlight, and the formation of microclimate under the forest, which profoundly affects the material accumulation and growth of the plant. At present, researches on the diversity of vegetation and its succession are mainly focused on gaps, gaps and other canopy in subtropical and temperate regions, and there are few studies on the influence of canopy structure on understory vegetation diversity in alpine region.
[Methods]
This study was carried out in Baoku Forest Farm of Datong county in the Beichuan River basin in Xining city of alpine Qinghai province. The five forest stands of
Betula platyphylla, Picea crasslia, Hippophae rhamnoides, Larix principis-rupprechtii
and
Picea crassifolia + Larix principis-rupprechtii
mixed forest were selected. Six plots in each stand were set up, and the 5 quadrants in each plot, one in the 4 corners and the center of each plot, were set up, thus there were 30 arbor quadrants, 150 shrubs and herb quadrants. The canopy structure (gap fraction, leaf area index, and mean leaf angle) and understory light (direct PPFD under canopy, diffuse PPFD under canopy, the total PPFD under the crown) were obtained by fisheye cameras to photograph canopies in the quadrants.
[Results]
There were some differences in the species richness, diversity and evenness of the forest shrub layer. The species richness in the herb layers of five forest stands was higher than that of shrub layer, and there was a significant difference between individual stands by single factor analysis of variance. Regarding species diversity, the herb layers of other stands were better than shrub layer, except for
B. platyphylla
forest. The species uniformity of shrub layer in
H. rhamnoides
forest stand was the lowest, and the species uniformity of herb layer was the lowest in
L. principis-rupprechtii
forest stand. The species diversity in the mixed forest of
P. crassifolia
forest and
L. principis-rupprechtii
forest was higher than that of either pure
P. crassifolia
forest or
L. principis-rupprechtii
forest. Via the typical analysis, it was found that there was a significant correlation between canopy structure and understory light, and the gap score and the total light under canopy weighted the most in the two groups of variable canopy structure and understory light. Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the gap score and the species diversity and evenness of the shrub layer, but not so with the species richness of shrub layer. There was no significant negative correlation between the gap score and the diversity index of the herbaceous layer, and the significant positive correlation between the total radiation under the crown and the diversity of the herbaceous layer occurred.
[Conclusions]
The effect of light on the growth and development of herbaceous layer was significantly higher than that of canopy structure. While the canopy structure, especially the gap score affects the formation of shrub layer, because the demand for light by shrub layer is lower that by the herbaceous layer.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 106-114 [
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521
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517
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115
YU Kunxia, BAI Lulu, LI Zhanbin, ZHANG Xiaoming, SUN Qian, FANG Jinli, XIE Gang, LI Peng, JIN Tao
Dynamic evaluation of ecological benefits and weight analysis of indexes for the linear production and construction project: A case study of national highway from Xi'an to Shangluo
[Background]
The networking and large-scale development of highway have caused the serious soil erosion, naturally the investment for the control of soil and water loss in highway construction is huge. Therefore, scientific evaluation of ecological benefits from soil and water conservation in highway construction projects would provide the basis for the assessments of soil and water conservation in production and construction projects.
[Methods]
Evaluation indexes were firstly determined and scaled using the dispersion range model, then principal component analysis was used to obtain the comprehensive score of each evaluation index, further the analytic hierarchy process was further applied to calculate the weight of the evaluation indexes, and finally the ecological benefits were calculated by multiplying scaled evaluation indexes and their weights. The ecological benefits of different functional zones during pre-construction period, vegetation restoration period, and use period after highway built-up were all evaluated for national highway project G40 from Xi'an to Shangluo.
[Results]
1) The runoff modulus index had the highest comprehensive score in the pre-construction period, with the soil erosion modulus index in the vegetation restoration period, and the displacement index and sediment concentration of discharged drainage index in the use period after highway built-up. 2) The ecological benefits in northern Qinling Mountains areas and southern Qinling Mountains areas were 0.455 and 0.487 respectively in the pre-construction period, indicating that the ecological system approached stable during this period.3) The ecological benefits in the northern Qinling Mountains areas were all smaller than those in southern Qinling Mountains areas in the vegetation restoration period, indicating that the ecological system in the northern Qinling Mountains areas was more vulnerable. 4) The ecological benefits of different functional zones during the use period after highway built-up were generally higher than those in the pre-construction period, such as the ecological benefit of mainline project area during the pre-construction period was 0.455 and it increased to 0.578 during the use period after highway built-up, and the ecological benefits of mainline project areas were always higher than other functional zones.
[Conclusions]
The ecological benefits of different functional zones in the national highway from Xi'an to Shangluo were calculated, and the results showed the soil and water conservation measures taken by the project, especially the mainline project area, have resulted in obvious ecological benefits.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 115-123 [
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568
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482
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124
CHEN Yichao, SUN Baoping, ZHANG Jianfeng, SONG Shuangshuang, LI Zhiyong, CHEN Chuan
Effects of application rate of super absorbent polymers on the growth of
Medicago sativa
in mining area
[Background]
The climate of mining areas in northern China is arid and rainless, and water is the main factor restricting the reconstruction of vegetation. Moreover, the ecological environment of mining area has been greatly destroyed during mining process, the soil erosion is aggravated, and the ecological restoration is more difficult.
Medicago sativa
is a common soil and water conservation plant in China, and super absorbent polymer (SAP) can effectively promote the restoration of vegetation and prevent soil erosion. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the effect of SAP on the growth of
M. sativa
in the arid mining area.
[Methods]
In order to obtain the optimal dosage of SAP in the planting of
M. sativa
in the arid mining area, pot culture method was used to grow
M. sativa
in the mining area soil, with 6 concentrations of SAP[0 (CK), 0.15% (A1), 0.30% (A2), 0.45% (A3), 0.60% (A4), and 0.90% (A5)]. During the growth period, the soil moisture content were measured with MPM-160B portable soil moisture meter, the net photosynthetic rate (
P
n
), transpiration rate (
T
r
), stomatal conductance (
G
s
), intercellular CO
2
concentration (
C
i
) were measured with plant photosynthetic system Li-6400P, the leaf water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated, the chlorophyll content was measured by spectrophotometry method and the survival time of plants was measured. After the experiment, the whole plant was harvested, the dry weight of aboveground parts and roots were weighed, and biomass and root shoot ratio were calculated. The soil was sampled and organic matter as well as nutrient content was measured.
[Results]
The growth of plants with SAP was better than the contrast, the survival time prolonged by 6.16%-35.05%, and the maximum appeared at A2 and A3. The application of SAP effectively improved the soil moisture and nutrient status, the soil moisture content increased with the increase of the concentration of SAP, the effect of A2, A3 and A4 treatment on soil nutrient improvement was better and the improvement of available nutrients were better than total nutrients. Compared with the contrast, the moisture content of soil increased 1.04%-8.78%, the total N, total P and total K increased by 13.40%-35.54%, 2.61%~18.93% and 8.53%-15.89%, and the available N, available P and available K increased by 5.88%-47.02%, 17.88%-101.73% and 12.5%-31.55%, respectively. The application of SAP improved the photosynthetic capacity of the plants, and the maximum value of each index appeared in the A2 treatment and decreased with the increase of the concentration of the SAP.
P
n
,
T
r
,
G
s
,
C
i
, and WUE increased by 8.94%-96.96%, 5.64%-61.12%, 14.17%-135.05%, 14.85%-49.71% and 1.08%-16.48%, respectively, the chlorophyll content increased by 9.48%-30.29%. The biomass increased by 17.01%-61.96%,the maximum one occurred at A2 treatment, and decreased with the increase of the concentration of SAP.
[Conclusions]
The implementation of SAP may increase soil moisture content and preserve soil nutrient, enhance photosynthesis efficiency and water use efficiency of
M. sativa
, reduce decomposition of chlorophyll, increase biomass and prolong survival time. Considering the improvement effect of SAP on each index, the concentration of 0.30%-0.45% is the optimal concentration for
M. sativa
planting on mining wasteland.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 124-131 [
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372
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362
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132
ZHAO Yang, GAO Guanglei, DING Guodong, ZHOU Jinxing, JIANG Xingui
Optimization of protection system against wind-sand disasters in Nanshankou section along Qinghai-Tibet railway
[Background]
The Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR) runs 1956 km from Xining to Lhasa. It is the longest altiplano railway in the world and at the highest altitude. It is also a central project in the strategy of "Western Development" in China. However, the QTR has been under constant threat from aeolian sand since its opening, and the Nanshankou section is one of the worst areas along the railway line. In order to build a scientific and efficient protection system against wind-sand disaster in Nanshankou, we conducted field investigation and wind tunnel experiment to reveal the mechanism of wind sand disasters.
[Methods]
The allocation model of protection system and volume of sand sediment around railway line was measured through the field investigation. Taking the roadbed and control measures as prototypes, scaled models were made for wind tunnel simulation. The speed of inflow in wind tunnel was kept at 15 m/s,which was highest frequency during the local windy season. And the KIMO hotwire anemometer was used to measure the wind speed in the working section of wind tunnel. The simulation research was made up of three parts:We firstly observed the flow field around the simulated roadbed to explore the vulnerability of the roadbed to windblown sand. Then, the simulated control measures was disposed around the roadbed to reveal the influence of current protection system on flow field. Finally, the efficiency and defects of current protection system were analyzed based on the modification simulation and distribution of sand sediment.
[Results]
The results indicate that:1) Roadbed was an obviously obstacle in Nanshankou. The low-speed area occurred at the foot of windward slope, and the high-speed area occurred at the shoulder of windward side and the top of roadbed. These two areas were respectively responsible for sand deposition and wind erosion, harming the safety of the QTR. 2) In the current protection system, the distance between PE fences were 19 m and 20 m, respectively. It is too far for sediment precipitation. Hence, the sand sediment proportion blocked by the second and third PE fence was only 2.42% and 0.24%, respectively. 3) The wind tunnel experiment recommended that, the distance between each PE fence should be reduced to increase the efficiency. More sleeper typed fences should be added to the west side of current protection system to increase the width of protection distance and block the sand at outer space as much as possible.
[Conclusions]
This study reveal the characteristics of windblown sand near the railway, we put forward and discussed the possible improvement program. These improved information are essential to provide a firm basis for desertification control along the QTR, and the results of this paper may also be used in other areas where experience threats from windblown sand.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 132-137 [
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138
GUO Zihao, GAO Jianen, WU Lina, LOU Xianyong, ZHANG Yuanxing
A measurement method for shallow gully erosion amount based on Google Earth
[Background]
Shallow gully erosion is a very common and important type of erosion in the Loess Plateau, and the amount of shallow gully accounts for a large proportion of the total erosion on the slope. Shallow gully erosion is not only the main source of sand production, but also the main cause of low agricultural output and land degradation. Shallow gully is widely distributed, but the measure of it is inefficient. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a quick and easy way to complete this work.
[Methods]
Google Earth can provide information such as path length, elevation and area for public, so the erosion amount of a shallow gully can be measured by it without GIS software or other tools for secondary processing. As for channel volume measurement, the "Triangular prism method" is feasible, means that the erosion gully can be simplified into a triangular prism whose bottom surface is a triangle with a vertex facing down, the volume of "triangular prism" is the volume of the gully roughly, the resulting value is the amount of erosion. Specifically, the erosion gully surface on the digital map can be divided into rectangular blocks by using terrain tools of Google Earth. We can view each rectangular block as the base of a "triangular prism", then base on the traditional "Triangular prism method" erosion measurement method and use the relevant parameters the Google Earth provides for public, the volume of each "triangular prism" is measured. Finally, superimpose every volume of "triangular prism" all, the total amount of shallow gully erosion can be measured quickly and accurately.
[Results]
Although Google Earth is deviant in eroded region, but this error can be regarded as a systematic error which can be eliminated mathematically, as for the minuteness error values that still exist after the elimination can be ignored. And the random error of this study is mainly derived from the slight differences in the operation of shadow analysis under Google Earth, for the nature of random error, it can be corrected through repeated calculations. The following is the actual test validation, after the extreme rainfall in Yan'an, 2013, a representative shallow gully erosion in terraces occurred in the Majiagou basin. The relative error of elevation is 23.2%, the relative error of area is 2.7%, the relative error of gully depth is 14.8% and the relative error of shallow gully erosion amount is 4.8% compared with the measured. It shows the accuracy of shallow gully erosion amount measurement method based on Google Earth is meets the requirements of erosion amount measurements in soil and water conservation.
[Conclusions]
Shallow gully erosion amount measurement method based on Google Earth is a new method of shallow trench erosion measurement, which can provide a technical reference for the investigation and control of soil erosion on slope surface in the Loess Plateau.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 138-143 [
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518
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578
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144
CAO Wei, WANG Yilin, HU Yongge, XU Enkai, YANG Hang, TIAN Guohang
Coupling degree between plantation vegetation community diversity and soil properties: Xinyang-Nanyang highway as an example
[Background]
The important study of highway are plantation vegetation community and soil, but most of these researches were focused on the beginning period. The research method of the relationship between vegetation and soil during the restoration process are singleness.
[Methods]
In this study, 8 typical vegetation communities were chosen in Xinyang-Nanyang highway which belong to Hushan highway. They were
Vitex negundo
+
Amorpha fruticosa
vegetation community,
Broussonetia papyrifera
+
A. fruticosa
vegetation community,
A. fruticosa
+
Imperata cylindrical
vegetation community,
A. fruticosa
+
Festuca elata
vegetation community,
Amorpha fruticosa
+
Duchesnea indica
vegetation community,
A. fruticosa
+
Heteropappus hispidus
+
Cynodon dactylon
vegetation community,
V.negundo
+
I. cylindrical
+
C. dactylon
vegetation community and
F. elata
+
Vicia sepium
vegetation community. Quadrat method was used in the vegetation community investigation, density, coverage, height of every plant were recorded and Shannon-Wiener index, Pilou index and Richness index were calculated in this study. Eleven soil indexes were measured, such as soil bulk density, saturated water capacity, water moisture, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter and pH value. Grey relational degree modeling was used to analysis the degree of coupling and interaction between vegetation community diversity and soil properties. 14 factors were involved in the grey relational degree modeling, three of them were species diversity indexes and 12 of them were soil indexes.
[Results]
The result showed that
F. elata
+
Vicia sepium
vegetation community had the highest Shannon-Wiener index and Richness index, the
V. negundo
+
I. cylindrical
+
C. dactylon
vegetation community had the highest Pielou index. The nutrient of 0-10 cm layer were higher than 10-20 cm layer, but the water content were lower than 10-20 cm layer. The result of grey relational degree modeling indicated that the vegetation communities in shady slope have good coupling degree than sunny slope. There were two vegetation communities had superior coordination in the 8 different vegetation communities, they were
A. fruticosa
+
F. elata
community in shady slope and
A. fruticosa
+
D. indica
community in sunny slope. Two of these vegetation communities were favorable coordination, three of them were middle coordination and one of them was light coordination.
[Conclusions]
The water moisture, total potassium, soil bulk density, total nitrogen, pH, total phosphorus, available potassium factor had a great influence to the diversity index of vegetation community, people could carry on the improvement target-oriented to the slope. It is suggested that this plant furnishing could be promoted which contain different life style of
Leguminosae
and perennial herb that based on the analysis of the vegetation communities which had superior coordination.
2018 Vol. 16 (4): 144-150 [
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504
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331
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