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2011 Vol.9 No.1
Published 2011-02-28
Articles
1
LI Chuan-Zhe-； Wang-Gao-； Xu-Fu-Liang-； Yang-Ai-Min-； Yan-De-Hua
Impact of soil and water conservation on runoff and sediment in Yanhe River Basin
The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and the Pettitt test are used to identify evolution trends and change points in the runoff and sediment records.The Flow Duration Curve(FDC) is also used to assess the runoff and sediment response to soil and water conservation of the pre-change and post-change periods in the Yanhe River Basin in this study.The results show that the change points in sediment occurred in 1971 and 1996.The soil and water conservation measures can obviously decrease runoff and sediment,reduce the flood-season runoff and increase dry-season runoff.Compared to pre-change periods,runoff regime of Yanhe River Basin shows reduction in high flows.This paper provides a scientific basis for future water resources management and evaluation of soil and water conservation benefits for hilly and gully region of Loess Plateau.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 1-8 [
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9
ZHANG Shi-Jie-； Jiao-Ju-Yang
Soil loss tolerance in the Loess Plateau based on the healthy function of the lower reaches of the Yellow River
Based on previous researches on critical flow of different sediment concentration under equilibrium between scouring and deposition and pollutants concentration in the lower reaches of the Yellow River,using the daily flow and sediment yield of Huayuankou and Gaocun hydrologic station,we calculated the critical sediment discharge,which is 6.54×108 t in average year,8.83×108 t in high flow year and 3.95×108 t in dry year with an average of 6.44×108 t,when the lower reaches of Yellow River is in equilibrium between scouring and deposition.Taking ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus as indicators,we analyzed the non-point source pollution caused by water and soil loss in anmenxia,Huayuankou and Gaocun section,and got the critical sediment discharge,which is 7.93×108 t and 5.20×108 t in Sanmenxia to Gaocun interval averagely,when the lower reaches of Yellow River up to the standard of Ⅲ and Ⅱ water quality based on environment quality standards of surface water.Considering equilibrium between scouring and deposition and water quality criterion as the constraint conditions of the healthy function of he lower reaches of the Yellow River,and combining the reduced sediment discharge by water conservancy and soil and water conservation,average sediment discharge of Toudaoguai hydrologic station,sediment discharge ratio of the Loess Plateau,we obtained soil loss tolerance of Loess Plateau,which is 9.41×108 t or 8.41×108 t when water quality up to Ⅲ or Ⅱ standard with equilibrium between scouring and deposition as well in the Lower reaches of the Yellow River.It provides scientific basis for the soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 9-15 [
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1748
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16
LIU Zhi-Gong-； Guo-Wei-Ling-； Yang-Qi-Ke-； Guo-Yan-Fen-； Shu-Xiao-Xiang-； Li-Dui
Vegetation cover changes and their relationship with rainfall in different physiognomy type areas of Loess Plateau
Vegetation play a very important role in controlling the soil and water loss in Loess Plateau.Based on the NOAA/AVHRR month maximum value composite NDVI(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)data of in July from 1988—2005,the spatial and temporal distribution of NDVI in different physiognomy areas of Loess Plateau was analyzed and the vegetation changes between the pre-and-post phases of the Conversion from Farmland to Forest was compared.The correlation between NDVI and rainfall in the same term was established to analyze the rainfall impact on NDVI.And also the impact on NDVI from the policy of Conversion from Farmland to Forest was discussed roughly.The results show that the average NDVI is 0.29 in the whole Loess Plateau,between 0.30-0.40 in plain,stony mountain,low loess mountain and loess tableland,between 0.18-0.22 in Liang shape loess hill,Mao shape loess hill,and sand loess hill,and lower than 0.15 in other regions.The vegetation changes between the pre-and-post phases of the Conversion from Farmland to Forest are different and show a zonary distribution from north-east to south-west in different physiognomy areas with a gentle increase in whole Loess Plateau about 4%,a 10% increase in the principle part of Loess Plateau,a little decrease in wind erosion sandy hill and Mao shape loess hill region.Moreover,the NDVI in Wuqi County has a great increase with 40%,higher far than the average increase value 14% in same Liang shape loess hill region.They are positive correlations(R2>0.60) between the maximum NDVI in July and the cumulate rainfall from May to July in those physiognomy type areas except in the rocky mountainous region,low loess mountain region and plain region.Some conclusions have been obtained that rainfall plays a decisive role in the spatial distribution of NDVI,and also determine the NDVI increase and decrease in the principle part of Loess Plateau in different time phases.The policy of the Conversion from Farmland to Forest has exerted an active action on the increase of vegetation cover through the model demonstration of Wuqi County for its available fund,a suitable revegetation selection between grass and forest based on its terrain and rainfall condition,and a perfect protection measure.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 16-23 [
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2559
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24
LIANG Gai-Ge-； Gao-Jian-En-； Han-Gao-； Meng-Yan-； Nie-Ding-Wu-； Diao-Wen-Jun
Optimization of structure of slope-separated terrace based on crop water requirement and control of rainfall runoff
In order to solve the problems of drought and water shortage and soil erosion for crops on hilly area of Loess Plateau,this paper calculated the precipitation,runoff,erosion and sediment yield,infiltration,evaporation and soil water for the process of water requirement during
Zea mays
L.growth period for different terrace modes using WEPP model,basing on crop water demand and control of rainfall runoff.The results showed that the individual slope-separated terrace could not fully solve the dislocation problem in time between the
Zea mays
L.water requirement and natural runoff,and ordinarily the ratio of terrace width to interval slope length should to be 1∶6 to 1∶8 to collect the rainfall runoff,which seriously wasted the land resources;Combing the water cellar,not only a large number of land resources could be saved to meet the water requirement,but also the annual crop yield,water use efficiency and precipitation use efficiency on slope-separated terrace were higher by more than 50% than that on level terrace,which basically achieved the dual goals of increasing crop yield and reducing soil erosion;The given table of the ratio of terrace width to interval slope length on typical model could provide a reference for the design and planning of the slope-separated terrace on hilly area of Loess Plateau.This study showed that the combination of slope-separated terrace and water cellar was a pattern of control of rainfall runoff on slope suitable for promotion,for the reason that it could not only meet crop water demand during the whole growth period,but also could prevent water loss and soil erosion,and it had an actual meaning in guiding efficient utilization of land and water resources on slope land.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 24-32 [
Abstract
] (
1935
) [
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33
ZHOU Jing-； Zhang-Xu-Dong-； He-Dan-； Zhou-Jin-Xing-； Zhou-Xiao-Ling-； Wang-Zhong-Jian
Characteristics of runoff and sediment yield for rainfall events in Nverzhai small watershed of Wuling Mountain area
Taking Nverzhai small watershed in Wuling Mountain area as study area,the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield events based on 77 typical observed rainfall events in 2004—2008 were studied.The results showed that the rainfall amounts of 77 events were mainly between 25.0-49.9 mm and 50.0-100.0 mm,which held 67.53% in total rainfall.Rainfall intensity were mainly between 10-40 mm/h.Sediment yield of watershed mainly depends on several large rainstorms.Rainfall in flood season would determine the amount of runoff and sediment yield of watershed.It was showed that there was a comparatively obvious linear relationship between rainfall and runoff depth and sediment yield.Rainfall,runoff depth and rainfall erosivity had significant effects on sediment yield.Fitted linear regression equation of runoff depth and sediment yield were optimal,its regression coefficient were 0.684 7.Based on correlation analysis of 12 indexes about rainfall,runoff and sediment,multiple stepwise regression analysis about four main indexes of runoff depth,flood peak,sediment yield,rainfall erosivity were completed.The value of
R
2
of regression equation were all bigger than 0.85 and passed significance test.This showed that the fitted effect of regression equation were better.This equation can be used to calculate relevant indexes.This results can be used for monitoring and forecasting of soil and water loss as well as plan of soil and water conservation.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 33-38 [
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2013
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39
WANG Xu-Yan-； Wang-Zhi-Jiang-； Song-Wei-Nian-； Zhang-Guang-Hui-； Zhang-Mo-Jun
Relationship between depth of humus horizon and particle size composition in tillage horizon of the typical black soil in Northeastern China
Soil particle size distribution is one of the key physical factors regulating soil fertility.To quantify the relationship between the depth of humus horizon and particle size composition,this study made a field survey of the depth of humus horizon and measured soil particle size in tillage horizon on a typical slope farmland in the black soil region of Northeastern China.Depth of humus horizon increases from up slope to down slope,but this trend is often interrupted by local topographic changes.There are no consistent trends in particle size composition from upper slope to lower slope,except that the sand content is higher at top slope than in other slope positions.Soil particle size composition of tillage horizon is significantly related to the depth of humus horizon.Both clay and silt contents are exponentially increased with the depth of humus horizon,and the sand content is exponentially decreased with the depth of humus horizon.However,when the depth of humus horizon was thicker than 60 cm,the particle size composition did not change significantly with further increasing depth of humus horizon.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 39-44 [
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2315
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45
YANG Han-Bei-； Wang-Zhao-Yi-； Gong-Tong-Liang-； Hu-Qiang-Fang
Relationship between vegetation and environmental factors in the middle reaches of the Yalutsangbu River
A quadratic sampling method was used to investigate plant species and their distribution within an elevation range of 3.5-4.5 km in the middle reaches of the Yalutsangbu River.And 5 typical samples were sampled to reveal the relationship between vegetation and environmental factors.Therefore,38 plant species were discovered in the 5 samples.And herbs as well as shrubs have the most species,with the precise numbers being 18 and 13 individuals.Regarding to families,Gramineae,with the largest number of any family has 7 species;composite which has 6 species.Furthermore,the analysis on the samples shows that the water availability is the dominate factor affecting vegetation distribution in this region.Specifically,while the elevation increasing,precipitation increases and temperature decreases,moreover,the vegetation coverage and mean thickness increase.In particular,vegetation coverage and mean thickness in the sand bar of river are much larger than those in other places with the same elevation,only because there is no water stress due to water supply from river.In addition,aeolian sand landform distributes widely in this region.It is feasible to increase water availability by conserving soil and water,which helps to promote vegetation coverage and stabilize sand.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 45-49 [
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1644
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50
ZHANG Jing-； Cha-Han-； Shen-Geng-Jiang
Spatial variability of soil organic matter content in a typical granite red soil region of Southern China
Geostatistics has proven to be useful for characterizing and mapping spatial variability of soil properties.In this paper,a geostatistics method,combined with Geographic Information System(GIS),was applied to analyze the spatial variability of soil organic matter(SOM) in topsoil in the typical granite red soil region of Southern China.The results showed that the mean of SOM was 2.73%,and the variance coefficients of that was 72.73%,which belongs to medium spatial variability.The theoretical semi-variogram model of SOM was spherical model.The
C
0
/(
C
0
+
C
) of SOM was 47.13%.It was also indicated that the SOM had obvious spatial self-relativity in this area,and the effective range was 21.48 km.The Kriging spatial interpolation showed that SOM decreased gradually from outside to central in the study area.There was the lowest value of SOM existing in the central area,and the highest value of SOM existing in the western area.The research findings can provide reference to ecological restoration and reconstruction in soil and water conservation region of the typical granite red soil region of Southern China.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 50-55 [
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56
YANG Chao-Bing-； Wang-Ke-Qi-； Chen-Zhi-Zhong-； Kang-Long
Effect of horizontal stage on vertical redistribution of the soil water N and P on the sloping land
Combined field observation and laboratory experiment,the Nitrogen and Phosphorus in the soil water of horizontal stage in water source area of Songhuaba reservoir in Kunming were analyzed.The results indicated that TN,NH+4-N,NO
-
3
-N and TP had significant difference in the soil water of two treatments in soil layer from 20 cm to 40 cm,TN and NH
+
4
-N had significant difference from 40 cm to 60 cm.The four nutrient mentioned of soil water hadn’t significant difference in two treatments,but hadn’t significant difference from 60 cm to 100 cm.In soil layer from 20 cm to 40 cm,the correlation coefficients of TN,NH+4-N concentration of soil water and TN content of soil were 0.94(
P
<0.05) and 0.97(
P
<0.01),and the correlation coefficients of TP concentration of soil water and TP,AP content of soil were 0.90(
P
<0.05) and 0.98(
P
<0.01).The correlation coefficient of TN concentration of soil water and TN content of soil was 0.92(
P
<0.05),and the correlation coefficient of TP concentration of soil water and AP content of soil was 0.96(
P
<0.01) in soil layer from 40 cm to 60 cm.The correlation coefficients of NO
-
3
-N concentration of soil water and TN,AN content of soil were 0.90(
P
<0.05) and 0.92(
P
<0.05),and the correlation coefficient of TP concentration of soil water and AP content of soil was 0.93(
P
<0.05) in soil layer from 60 cm to 80 cm.The correlation coefficient of NO
-
3
-N concentration of soil water and AN content of soil was 0.94(
P
<0.05) in soil layer from 80 cm to 100 cm.Results show that runoff of the sloping land could change effectively into subsurface flow by reverse-slope terrace,N and P concentration of soil water tended to increase in varying degrees in soil layer from 20 cm to 100 cm.Accumulation of N and P of soil were caused by the movement of N and P in soil layers.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 56-60 [
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1752
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61
CHEN Hua-Beng-； Zhang-Hong-Jiang-； Zhang-Xiang-； Jiang-Yu-Lin-； Li-Hai-Fen-； Cao-Chuan-Lin-； Wang-Jin-Juan
Plants screening for roadside slope protection by mixture seeding in Yichang—Changyang section of Shanghai—Chengdu freeway
Three indices including early growth ability,stress resistance,growth potential were used to evaluate 19 tree plants and 8 herbaceous plants based upon introduce and observation of the experiment plants in Yichang—Changyang section of Shanghai—Chengdu freeway in Hubei Province.Value of subjection was calculated based on classifying analysis,ranking series and comprehensive assessment.Results show that the
Indigofera pseudotinctoria
have the best performance,
Solanum eflexicarpum
,
Desmodium sinuatum
,
Cynodon dactylon
,
Melia azedarach
,
Robinia pseudoacacia
,
Lespedeza cunecta
,
Vitex negundo
,
Paspalum notatum rank the second
,
Festuca arundinacea
,
Eragrostis curvula
,
Cudrania tricuspidata
,
Rhus chinensis
,
Dodonaea viscosa
,
Senna obtusifolia
,
Rhamnus utilis
,
Ailanthus altissima rank the third
,
Lotus corniculatus
,
Pterocarya kunth
,
Kummerrowia stipulacea
,
Sapiu sebiferum
,
Eremochloa ophiuroides
,
Trifolium repens rank the forth
,
Pinus massoniana rank the poorest
;
Cajanus cajan
,
Tephrosia candid and Crotaria assamica
grew fast in the seeding year,but nearly all failed survive the winter.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 61-67 [
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1745
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1482
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68
TUN Yong-Gong-； Hu-Jian-Zhong-； Yan-Xiao-Ling-； Liu-Xiao-Jing-； Zuo-Chao-Ming
Reduction effects of flood and sediment yield of
Hippophae rhamnoide
s Linn forest in soft sandstone area
Hippophae rhamnoide
s Linn afforestation has been used as a major water and soil conservation measure in soft sandstone area from experiment on spot to promotion in large scale more than 40 years.The project of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn afforestation in Shanxi,Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia soft sandstone area that has been implemented since 1998,has made sea buckthorn afforestation area increased to a new level.Through the implementation of the project,the environment and vegetation cover have been greatly improved;soil erosion amount reduces year by year.In order to evaluate the reduction effects of flood and sediment yield by
Hippophae rhamnoide
s Linn forest.Based on soil conservation method,the effects of flood and sediment yield reduction were calculated,and the role of sediment reduction to the tributaries that directly flow into the Yellow River was analyzed.The result showed that the area proportion of sea buckthorn forest accounts for the total forest in the watershed of the project area increased year by year,flood and sediment yield reduction has also increased yearly.In the years 2002—2008,the average annual total flood and sediment yield reduction of Huangpu river,Gushan river,Kuye river,that reduced by
Hippophae rhamnoide
s Linn forest is 4 808 400 m3and 3 026 500 t respectively.The results has an important role in guiding the configuration of soil and water conservation measures in soft sandstone area.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 68-73 [
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1674
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74
FANG An-Ling-； Tun-Bin-； Zhang-Yu-Qing-； Tun-Xiu-Qin
Human factors analysis of land use/cover change in Yanchi County
Taking Yanchi County located in western China as the study area,based on landuse change survey and socio-economic statistical data,the human factors index system of land use/cover changes(LUCC) was established.Using multiple linear regression analysis and gray correlation analysis,Yanchi County’s population,wealth status,socio-economic,technique,policy and cultural values of factors were analyzed,as well as the leading human indicators for the LUCC.The results showed that: 1) land use in Yanchi County was mainly farmland,forestland,grassland,in 1998—2007,farmland and grassland significantly reduced,but forest land proportion increased,the remaining types of land use/cover changed very little.2) the human factors drived the LUCC,but their importance is different,the influence of demographic,cultural attitudes is larger,policy,socio-economic is medium,rich or poor condition and the skilled is lower.3) The leading impact indicators of farmland and grassland is similar,that is mainly the sex ratio,ethnic minority population,in rural areas the proportion of workers of the entire working population of the community,the proportion of output value of tertiary industry,agriculture population density,and so on,The leading impact indicators of forestland is quite different,that is mainly the proportion of effective irrigated area,agricultural service ratio,output of meat,eggs and milk,per capita GDP,the proportion of dependable crop area.We should increase agricultural technical support to ease the shortage of human and animal water use and agricultural water use status quo,to develop feeding livestock breeding economy;guide the rural population engaged in tertiary industry,increase revenue,reduce the pressure of population on agricultural land,at the same time to control the desertification of abandoned farmland.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 74-81 [
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2677
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1421
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82
ZHANG Ji-Zhao-； Liu-Jia-Hui-； Tian-Zhong-Beng-； Liao-Yun-Hai-； Li-Hua-Yu
Analysis on charactertics of soil salts in original habitat soil of Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.
The characteristics of soil salts in original habitat soil of Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat.were studied by means of field investigation and soil sample analysis.The results showed that soil salts in all layers of soil were generally high and salt accumulation at the surface layer was significant.The average value of total salts in surface soil(0-10 cm) was 32.08 g/kg,which indicated that the soils was highly salt-affected.Anions component of salts in soil were mainly Cl
-
,SO
2+
4
,HCO
-
3
.Cations component of salts were mainly Ca
2+
,Na
+
,Mg
2+
,but there was no CO
2-
3
.There were four soil salts factors,including Ca
2+
,Cl
-
,SO
2-
4
,Na
+
.Therefore,the salt-affected soils belonged to sulfate-chloride type.The bicarbonate was a subordinate constituent of salt-affected soils.The Ca
2+
was abundance in the whole vertical section,so this soil belonged to the typical calcic soil.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 82-86 [
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1562
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1167
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87
YANG Xin-； Ca-Yin-Ying
Calculation of the compensation criteria for ecological environment conservation of farmland in Wuhan City
In this paper,with contingent valuation method(CVM),an empirical study on farmers and urban residents in Wuhan was carried out and their willingness to accept and pay for farmland ecosystem service under different limits on pesticides and fertilizers application were revealed.Based on the result of statistical analysis of 366 questionnaires,it was showed that the most residents in Wuhan have recognized the importance of field ecological environment conservation. Under the different hypotheses,about 82.12% of citizens have a positive willingness to preserve the field ecoligical environment,while the farmers’ acceptation rate is 74.45%.Under the different hypotheses,the citizens’ willingness to pay(WTP) are between 3 351.53-7 277.25 yuan(RMB)/hm
2
,while the farmers’ willingness to accept(WTA) are between 3 866.55-7 624.43 yuan(RMB)/hm
2
.Both the WTP and WTA have a positive relationship with the pesticides and fertilizers application’ limitation extend.What’s more,the citizens’ WTP are obviously affected by their sex,education,marriage and engel coefficient.The farmers’sex,age,farming time and whether they do part-time job or not affect their WTA.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 87-93 [
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1772
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1651
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94
KUANG Jian-Jun-； Kuang-Bai-Gen-； Bang-Zhen-Bao-； Xie-Zhen-Hua-； Liu-Ling-； Yuan-Zheng-Ke-； Wang-Hai-Yun
Species diversity of natural evergreen broadleaf forest community in Danxia landform area of Langshan Mountain
Using the sampling method to collect data,the important values for measure indicators,and using richness the index
D
2
,Simpsom index
D
1
,Shannon-Wiener index
H
′
,Sheldon evenness index
J
SW
and Pielou evenness index
E
as the measurement index,the community species diversity of 14 natural evergreen broad-leaved forest in Danxia landform area of Langshan Mountain were studied.The results showed that: 1) In similar habitat,along with the syngenesis to the subclimax stage,the change tendency of species diversity is increasable.In the climax community,the change tendency of species diversity of shrubs and herbs was increasable,but arbor have no obvious change.2) Community species diversity was changed with elevation change,besides general common change pattern,but also presents one kind of bimodal curve pattern.3)
H
′
and
E
have higher sensitivity than
D
1
and
J
SW
.There is a significant similar function among with descries species diversity of arbors,shrubs,and herbs with
D
1
and
H
′
,and descries species diversity of arbors with
H
′
and E,
D
1
,and E,
J
SW
and E,and descries species diversity of herb with
J
SW
and E.It was concluded that elevation,habitat and succession affect community species diversity in Danxia landform,
H
′
、
D
1
、
J
SW
and
E
can individually express Danxia landform community pecies diversity.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 94-98 [
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2254
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8866KB] (
1325
)
99
TUN Bing-； Shu-Yuan-Jun-； Shao-Meng-An
Flow velocity and processes of runoff and sediment generation on soils containing gravels
In this study,the flow velocity and the processes of runoff and sediment generations along the slopes for five soils(gravel mass contents were 0,10%,20%,30%,and 40% respectively) were investigated under rainfall simulation experiments in order to understand the soil and water loss process on the soil containing gravels.The results indicated that the flow velocity for soil containing gravels was larger than the soil without gravels.During the initial 0-10 min of the rainfall,sediment yields on the soils with gravels increased sharply with time and the peak period of sediment generations appeared around 10 min.Then,sediment yields decreased gradually.At the later stage of the rainfall(30-60 min),the sediment yields for the soils with gravels increased again especially for the soils with 30% and 40% gravel contents their sediment yields enhanced significantly and fluctuated with time.In the experiments,the total sediments yield was positively linked to the gravel content in the soil and the sediment concentration was positively linearly related to the sediment yield.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 99-103 [
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] (
1850
) [
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3067KB] (
1509
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104
HU Jian-Zhong
On greening,beautification,purification and industrialization in eco-clean watershed conservation
The work for eco-clean watershed(CEW) conservation should be paid more attention for sustainable development,especially to the four aspects as greening,beautification,purification and industrialization.Greening is the basis for supporting the conservation objective,and beautification can promote the level of the work,as well as purification plays a key role in the(CEW),and industrialization relates to the success as its reasonable economic benefit.Only the four aspects put together,can the work of eco-clean watershed be done successfully in China.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 104-107 [
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1832
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1394
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108
XIE Chun-Beng-； Fang-Pan-； Fang-Tan-Meng
Analysis on the tree stratum niche characteristics of
Quercus phillyraeoides
communities
Based on the using importance value as one index of resource state,tree stratus niche characteristics of Quercus phillyraeoides communities distributed in Fujian Jiangshi,Zhejing Kaihua,Guangdong Renhua,Hunan Yuanling,and Guizhou Libo were calculated and analyzed with Levins,Hurtlbert,Pianka and Schoener formulas.The results showed that: 1) As the edificator in the communities,the niche breadth value of Quercus phillyraeoides was larger than other species,with Levins(Bi) and Hurlberts’(Ba) values being 0.678,0.690,0.693,0.682,0.694 and 0.879,0.950,0.967,0.908,0.972 respectively.2) For more than 70% species pair,values of niche overlap were less than 0.6,which indicated that species in the communities were partial to special resource and there were niche differentiation among them;what’s more,niche overlap between the species did not mean the competition,which should happen when the communities went short of resources.3) the distribution proportion of Schoener value(
C
ih
>0.4) was 44.76%,24.09%,33.33%,39.08% and 43.69% respectively in Jiangshi,Kaihua,Renhua,Yuanling,and Libo,which means they were highly similar in the requirement of resource,and we can judge the niche differentiation by the niche similarity.4) Quercus phillyraeoides communities belonged to the stable climax,so the niche of each species in the communities was chosen by the nature for a long term;Quercus phillyraeoides would keep the dominant state unless the human disturb occurrs.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 108-114 [
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1743
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115
WANG Xiao-Yan-； Li-Chao-Xia-； Xu-Qi-Hua-； Ca-Chong-Fa
Review of effects of rock fragment cover on soil water erosion processes
This paper reviewed the researches about the effect of rock fragment cover on soil erosion processes.The existing findings indicated that rock fragment cover has significant effect on splash erosion,interrill erosion and rill erosion.The relationship between rock fragment cover and the amount of sediment detached by raindrop is negative.However,the relationship between rock fragment cover and interrill sediment yield is complex which depends on top soil structure,the position and size of rock fragments.The relationship of that is positive when the rock fragments are embedded in crusting soil and is negative while the rock fragments are embedded in a top layer with structural porosity or if rock fragments rest on surface soil.The effectiveness of rock fragment cover on interrill sediment yield is negatively related to the size of rock fragments.The sediment yield of soil covered by resting rock fragments is always smaller than that of soil covered by embedded rock fragments.Rock fragments can inhibit the formation of rill,and reduce the runoff rate and erosion rate of concentration.Given that rock fragments have important influence on water erosion process,soil erosion models such as RUSLE,WEPP,and EUORSEM all proposed formula to predict the erosion process of soils containing rock fragments.
2011 Vol. 9 (1): 115-120 [
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