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2007 Vol.5 No.6
Published 2007-12-31
Articles
1
HU Jiong-Xin
Temporal variation of the coarse sediment yield in the Wudinghe River Basin and the cause of formation
Based on the data of suspended sediment yield,suspended sediment grain size,precipitation,sand-dust storms and areas of soil and water conservation measures,a study has been made on the relatively coarse(>0.05 mm) sediment yield(
Q
s
,>0.05) in the Wudinghe River.The
Q
s
,>0.05 shows a decreasing trend,which can be related with the decrease in annual precipitation(
P
m
) and number of sand-dust storm days(
P
ss
) and the increased area of soil and water conservation measures(
A
tfgc
).To assess the influence of precipitation and sand-dust storm on
Q
s
,>0.05,a number of two-variable regression equations has been established,which
Q
s
,>0.05 relates to
P
ss
and one of the four rainfall indices: annualprecipitation(
P
m
),high-flow season(June-September)(
P
6-9
),annually 1 day maximum(P1) and maximum 30 day(
P
30
) precipitations.It has been found that the multiple correlation coefficient of the equation involved
Q
s
,>0.05 and
P
ss
and
P
30
is the largest,and the contribution of
P
ss
and
P
30
to ln
Q
s
,>0.05 was estimated as 66.5% and 33.5%.A multiple regression equation between ln
Q
s
,>0.05 and three influencing ariables(
P
ss
,
P
30
and
A
tfgc
) has been established,which indicates that the >0.05 mm sediment yield increased with
P
ss
and
P
30
,but decreased with
A
tfgc
.Thus,the decrease in precipitation and sand-dust storms and the increase in the area of soil and water consrvation measures are the cause for the decreasing trend in the relatively coarse sediment yield.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 1-7 [
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1551
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8
DIAO Wen-Wu-；Shu-Jing-；Guo-Wen-Wen
Estimation of monthly rainfall erosivity based on rainfall amount and rainfall time: A case study in hilly and gully area of Loess Plateau in Northern Shaanxi
The simple algorithm of rainfall erosivity is important for USLE/RULSE to evaluate soil erosion in large scale.In this article,the models of monthly rainfall erosivity were built up based on rainfall amount and rainfall time and used to a case study in hilly and gully area of Loess Plateau in Northern Shannxi.The results indicates that the
R
2
of model decrease generally when independent variables changes from P9(monthly rainfall for days with daily rainfall greater than or equal to 9.0 mm) to
P
m
(monthly rainfall).The
R
2
of models with Σ
EI
10
as dependent variable are almost equal to that with Σ
EI
30
as dependent variable,and the fitting goodness of models with Σ
E
60
I
10
as dependent variable are little lower.Considered the scale effects,the
R
2
of models for flood season are lower than that for some month;and the
R
2
of models for a region are lower than that for some watershed.If these models are applied,the models with Σ
EI
30
as dependent variables should be chosen to evaluate soil erosion in the area.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 8-14 [
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1671
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15
PENG Jia-Yao-；Zhang-Jin-Che-；Lin-Jie-；Luo-Gong-Yan-；Su-Ji-Shen-；Fu-Jun
Relationship between plant system root and soil anti-scourability in the Shangshe catchment,Dabie mountains of Anhui Province
The distribution of root biomass was studied in different layers(0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,30-40 cm) of soil depth with the plot method in different types of plant in the Shangshe catchments in the Dabie Mountains of Anhui province.Samples of root system were taken to the lab to measure their quantity and length.In each plot,soil anti-scourability in corresponding soil layer was measured with a C.C.Suoboliev anti-scourability instrument.The results showed that: 1) the root system was mainly distributed in 0-40 cm layer of soil,and the root quantity was the biggest in surface layer of soil.The fine root less than 1 mm in diameter was absolutely predominant in root length.2) In the same section,the values of anti-scourability index of surface layer were larger than those of other layers in different types of plant.The tree root system,especially the fine root less than 1 mm in diameter had powerful function on soil loss control.The correlated coefficients between the length,quantity,density of fine root and anti-scourability index were 0.817 3,0.715 9 and 0.643 4 respectively.The length of fine root was a key factor to soil anti-scourability index.Anti-scourability index was closely correlated with noncapillary of each different type of soil,indicating that forest had a soil-stability function because their root system improved soil physical properties and finally created a bio-soil system with anti-scourability.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 15-20 [
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1647
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21
WANG Lin-；Chen-Xin-Wei
Runoff simulation with calibration and validation of three stations in Jinjiang River basin
Simulated with the distributed SWAT(soil and water assessment tool) model,annual water yield,monthly streamflow and baseflow of three gauging stations in Jinjiang River basin,which is located in the southeast coastal of China,were evaluated.The model was calibrated with the measured runoff data of 1972—1975,and six sensitive parameters were determined.The simulation results were evaluated by
E
ns
,
M
m
,
E
r and
R
2
.The model was further validated with the runoff of 1976—1979,which provided excellent results.It showed that the calibration and validation with three stations results in more realistic parameter values across both the hydrological processes and the geographic areas,and improved the simulation efficiency.SWAT model could be successfully used to simulate the runoff in the southeast coastal watershed.Better results can be obtained if the simulation with wet condition data(above average rainfall for the river basin) than with dry condition data(below average rainfall). In addition,during the low-flow period,the reservoir operation has a great affect to the simulation results.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 21-26 [
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1545
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27
LIU Yan-Hui-；Wei-Tian-Xin-；Zhang-Xiao-Juan-；Yin-Na-；Chen-Jia-Lan-；Tun-Xiang-Zheng
Surface random roughness of forestland in the Loess area of Shanxi Province
Based on the investigation of 13 plots of the Loess area in Shanxi Province,The changes of the surface random roughness with stand density and growth season were studied by the needle roughness instrument.The results show that the surface random roughness is significantly and positively correlated to stand density,y=0.001 5x+0.314 9,
R
2
=0.935 3.Every plot is different from surface random roughness.On the same area,surface random roughness of barren grass slope>shrubbery's.And The surface random roughness varied with growth season,August>April>October,and appear inverted "V" form.The change extent of surface random roughness under natural forest is smaller than the artificial forest.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 27-30 [
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1536
) [
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1173
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31
CHEN Hong-Yun-；Xiong-Kang-Ning-；Lan-An-Jun-；He-Xiang-；Chang-Li
Ecological effects of rocky desertification control in the Karst Gorge area A case study on the administration areas of the ecological integrated management for rocky desertification in Huajiang of Guizhou Province
The administration areas of the ecological integrated management for the Karst rocky desertification in Huajiang of Guizhou Province was selected as the study area.Based on the comparable analysis on soil physicochemistrical properties,microclimate effects,vegetation quantitative characteristics and surface condition of soil erosion between before and after the desertification control,the results indicate that the rocky desertification may be controlled,and the effects show that the Strong is best,which is better than the other three kinds;Latent is worst.At the same time the soil property,soil fertility,surface vegetation cover rate,the biodiversity and the regional local climate were improved.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 31-37 [
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1482
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1091
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38
YANG Qing-Quan
Formation causes of Karst collapse and its preventing measures in Guizhou Province
Guizhou Province is a region with Karst landform development.In recent years,with an increasing number of developments and construction and other human activities,the Karst region has been expanded seriously,which leads to a regional Karst collapse.In order to discuss the problem of Karst collapse in Guizhou,based on lots of case analysis,this paper studies the genesis of Karst collapse in Guizhou and the harm caused by Karst collapse.There are three environmental treatment measures summed up.This paper also discusses the method of exhaust pipe to treat the new karst collapse.All above mentioned is significant to study the Karst collapse in Guizhou Province.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 38-42 [
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1402
) [
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2525KB] (
1285
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43
FAN Hua-；Yang-Zhi-Guo-；Cong-Zhi-Jun-；Sun-Bao-Beng-；Li-Su-Yun
Effect of enclosure and shelter belt on soil physicochemical properties of desertified meadow
In this paper,soil physicochemical properties were compared between enclosed meadow in shelter belt and desertified meadow of Huang Yangtan Hebei Province,and the effect of enclosure and shelter belt on desertified meadow soil was investigated completely.The soil mechanical composition and soil nutrient can be ameliorated by enclosure and shelter belt,and the average percentage composition of fine sand,sand clay and physical clay have been increased respectively 4.26%,10.20% and 12.08% compared with the desertified meadow,the average percentage composition of total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,rapidly available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium have been increased to 203.65%.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 43-46 [
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1323
) [
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1279
)
47
HOU Long-Yu-；Liu-Yan-；Ma-Feng-Yun-；Song-Yu-Min-；Cui-Xiao-Dong-；Chen-Fu-Liang
Application of canonical correlation analysis to the research of wetland soil characters: A case study on natural wetland in Yellow River Delta
In order to evaluate and manage wetland,characteristics of soil nutrient elements and enzyme activities of nature wetland were studied in Yellow River Delta.Canonical correlation analysis was applied to the research of relation between soil nutrient element and soil enzyme activity.The results show that soil nutrient elements changed regular along far away from the coastline.The soil enzyme activities of urease and catalase in wetland soil were almost in the same order,while the activity of soil peroxidase was on the contrary.The soil property was analysed and assessed by the "integral soil enzyme factor","integral soil nutrient factor" and their ordination.The biggest canonical correlation coefficient was 0.998 8,whose eigenvalue ratio reached 99.36%.It was significant at 0.01 level.Its ordination of the first pair of canonical variable had the better linear characteristic.So the biggest canonical coefficient can be used to evaluate the nature wetland as a indicator.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 47-52 [
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1545
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3098KB] (
1422
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53
LIU Jian-Zhong-；Han-De-Jun-；Gu-Zai-Ke-；Zhang-Ke-Li
Analysis of the resources superiority and ecological environment problem in the Karst areas of Guizhou
Guizhou is a typical Karst area in the Southwest of China,there are rich of biological and mineral resources,water and tourism resources.However,due to prominent human-land contradiction,tender ecological environment,disadvantageous weather and laggard production habits,the sustainable development was seriously restricted.Author analyzed thoroughly the resources superiority and the restrict factors of the Karst area in Guizhou Province,then,proposed the increasing of the eco-environment construction,adjusting of industrial structure,speeding technical innovation step,and so on,for the sustainable development of Karst area in Guizhou Province.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 53-57 [
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1624
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58
LI Shao-Ning-；Wang-Bing-；Guo-Gao-；Qu-Hui-；Li-Ban-Ban-；Zhang-Li-Rong
Assessment of forest ecosystem services value in Dagangshan
A series of assessment index system suitable for Dagangshan forest ecosystem services value was set up.We assessed the economic value of forest ecosystem services of Dagangshan on the basis of the data of Dagangshan long-term observation,the forest resource of Dagangshan,and the data of social commonality.The results show that the total value of the Dagangshan's forest ecosystem services is 184.95 million yuan per year in the period of ninth five years.The value of forest ecosystem services is 789 hundred yuan/(hm
2
·a).The total value of tenth five years is 191.80 million yuan per year,and 809 hundred yuan/(hm
2
·a).The value went up 3.70% and 2.63% respectively.In the seven types of services,the value order is water retention,carbon fixed and oxygen released biodiversity conservation,air environmental purification,soil conservation,forest nutrition storage,forest tourism and ecological culture.The value order of forest type is
Phyllostachys edulis
,
Cunninghamia lanceolata
,hard broadleaved forest,soft broadleaved forest,mixed forest of conifer and broadleaf,shrub,Pinus massoniana.The value order of tree species is hard broadleaved forest,soft broadleaved forest,
Phyllostachys edulis
,shrub,Pinus massoniana,mixed forest of conifer and roadleaf,
Cunninghamia lanceolata
.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 58-64 [
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] (
1668
) [
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3626KB] (
1645
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65
LI Rui-；Liu-Yun-Fang-；Zhang-Ke-Bin-；Chen-Pan-；Lei-Xiao-Jie
Analysis on plant α-diversity of wetland in semi-arid region: A case study in Yanci County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
The vegetable
α
-diversity in wetland-dry grassland was studied in Siertan wetland,Yanchi County,Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region.Taking the importance value as basic data,this paper use richness index,diversity index and abundances index to analyze the change of plant
α
-diversity between three strips and three lines in wetland-dry grassland ecosystem and explain main environmental factors. The results showed as follows.Affected by soil moisture content,organic matter,soil salt content,diversity index in ecotone was the biggest,the one in arid grassland strip was in the next place,while that of wetland strip,the smallest.Richness index and evenness index had the same trend as diversity index.Human activity and different landforms had brought the differences between lines.Richness index in the south line was the biggest,the next was in northwest,and the one in west line was the smallest.Diversity index had the same trend as evenness index.They were bigger in the northwest line than in the west line,while the south line had smaller ones than the west line.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 65-69 [
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1573
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70
LI Hua-；Cheng-Hou-Cai-；Wu-Xiu-Juan-；Di-Xue-Ying-；Ca-Ben-Jiu
Hydrochemical analysis of characteristics of stream flow in Liangshui National Nature Reserve
The effects of forest types on hydrochemical characteristics of streams in Liangshui National Nature Reserve were studied by the comparison experiment of watersheds.The results show that the stream flow of each watershed in reserve is weak acidic or neutral.Ca
2+
is the most abundant cation followed by Na
+
in these streams.In the case of anions,HCO
-
3
presents the highest concentration and followed by SO
2-
4
.The monthly mean concentrations of TP in stream flow present from 0.031-0.077 mg/L,and that of TN vary from 0.682-0.942 mg/L.The concentration of NO
-3
-N is higher than that of NH
+
4
-N.The monthly mean concentrations of Fe and Mn are 0.030-0.037 mg/L and 0.010-0.012 mg/L,respectively.The seasonal variation of hydrochemical characteristics of streams indicate the relatively high ion concentrations during snowmelt period(April and May) except for HCO
-
3
,SO
2-
4
,Ca
2+
,Fe and Mn.Apart from TN,TP,Fe and Mn,the concentrations of other major elements in September are higher than that in rainy season.The streams flowing through the watershed of primitive Pinus koraiensis and broad-leaved climax forest show the best water quality.The expansion of manmade forest and secondary forest in other researched watersheds result in the increase of the soluble matter in the stream flow,however,there are no significant differences except for TP and SO
2-
4
(
p
<0.05).This results indicate that the influences of artificial disturbances(e.g.forest harvesting or reforestation) on the water quality of the stream flow in Liangshui National Nature Reserve are not significant.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 70-75 [
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1485
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1050
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76
JIA Jian-Guo-；Hu-Cui-；Liu-Yun-；Tun-De-Yong
Economic loss of soil erosion and optimal model of input-output for the soil erosion control: A case study of Meng Mountain in Mingshan County
Based on the principles and methods of environmental economics,the economic losses of soil erosion of Meng Mountain was analysed and estimated.The results showed that the direct economic losses of soil erosion was 169.01 million yuan,it was 50.01% of the industrial GDP.Among different land use types,the economic losses of soil erosion in forestland and sloping farmland were most serious in the studied area,accounting for 48.91% and 27.20% of total direct economic loss of soil erosion,respectively.Then,in this paper,the dynamic difference equation of macro-total of income and waste material and harmful results, in the course of soil erosion control was built up,and the optimal model,based on the structure of input-output chart of the environment-economy system and input-output chart of the soil erosion control was derived.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 76-81 [
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1444
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1190
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82
DUAN Wen-Biao-；Li-Yan-；Chen-Li-Xin
Microenvironmental heterogeneity of near surface layer illumination in the broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest gap
The microenvironmental heterogeneity of near surface layer illumination of the broad-leaved Pinus koraiensis forest gap in Xiao Xing'an Mountains was analyzed by geographical statistics' method.The results show that near surface layer illumination demonstrated single peak changing tendency in the months,and the mean value was higher in June,but the maximum occurred in July.The variation of near surface layer illumination belonged to medium variation in the all observed months,and the greater variation was found in June,and the weaker variation was found in May.The differences of spatial heterogeneity of surface layer illumination were shown between different months and demonstrated single peak changing tendency.The spatial heterogeneity of autocorrelation was the main part of the total in other months except May,and showed greater variation.The light flecks were located in east of the gap,but complexities and patch grades of distribution of near surface layer illumination were different between experimental months.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 82-86 [
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1293
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1125
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87
WANG Chi-Guo
On the characters and position of the soil and water conservation science: A thought for soil and water conservation of Changjiang River basin
This paper analyzed the characters of small watershed management in south-west China by investigating small watershed management on upriver of Changjiang River basin in south of Shaanxi and east of Sichuan.This investigating reports show that the first task of small watershed management is changing slope-field into terrace so that decrease soil loss and increase crop yield because the south-west of China is severely impacted by soilerosion and the crop field per capita is much less.The second is increasing farmer's income by planting fresh and dry fruits,oil crops,spiceberry and so on.The third is increasing the area of irrigable land by holding up and conserving runoff to enhance the yield of crops and fruits.Meanwhile,the road and drainage system of rural and field should be constructed.In fact,soil loss can be controlled effectively and eco-system and environment can be ameliorated through human efforts.What's more,the study shows that soil and water conservation must be endowed with its connotation which is controlling erosion,holding up sediment,improving agricultural productive capacity,developing rural economy,reforming rural infrastructure and advancing living quality of farmer by small watershed management at present.Meanwhile, it also should be extended its denotation including soil erosion controlling of mine,construction site,city and town,and natural eco-restoration.Therefore,the science of soil and water conservation is different from environment protection and ecology.Summarizing the theory and technique of soil and water conservation,this paper shows that taking small watershed as a unit carries out reasonable development and wise use of land and water resources by comprehensive planning of hill,a streamlet,cropland,grassland,orchard,forestland,countryroad,irrigation ditch,drainage dike and so on.The theory and technique system of small watershed management,which takes scientific,systematic,productive and the social public welfare as special features,is formed by long-term production practice and scientific research of soil and water conservation in 1944—2005,and has a core position in science of soil and water conservation in China.It can be said that having no small watershed management,there would be no academics system of the soil and water conservation as Chinese special features.Soil and water conservation could not only solve the problem of eco-rehabilitation but also production and economy in China.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 87-92 [
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1461
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3623KB] (
1327
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93
GAO Xu-Biao-；Huang-Cheng-Zhi-；Liu-Chao-Hui
Soil and water conservation models of developing and construction projects
By analyzing the characteristic of the soil and water loss caused by developing and construction projects,on the base of the existing achievement of soil and water conservation and the measure system,according to the regularity of soil and water loss,this paper divides the conservation region of developing and construction projects to excavation disturbance control region and muck control region.Then the corresponding leading control measure and the models of soil and water conservation are put forward.There is something that we can make use of and consult with in soil and water conservation work.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 93-97 [
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1378
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2572KB] (
1452
)
98
YANG Ai-Min
Affecting mechanism of soil and water conservation measures controlling nonpoint source pollution
Nonpoint source pollutants entering into soil or water body were generally divided into chemical fertilizers,pesticides and heavy metals,which were transported and transformed in soil or water body by way of plant absorption,soil colloid adsorption,microbe decomposition,runoff carry and volatilization etc.The promoting and restraining affects of soil and water conservation biological measures,engineering measures and agricultural technical measures on various moving and transforming ways of chemical fertilizers,pesticides and heavy metals were systematically opened out in order to provide scientific basis for rationally allocating soil and water conservation measures and effectively controlling nonpoint source contamination.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 98-101 [
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1376
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2256KB] (
1152
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102
XUE Yan-Ni-；Xu-Xiang-Zhou-；Wang-Dan-Dan-；Cheng-Fei
Principle and method to simulate rainfall with the similar kinetic energy
It is important to offer the kinetic energy equal to that of the natural rainfall in the rainfall simulation.This study analyzes the elements of the rainfall energy including the raindrop diameter,the raindrop impact velocity,and the uniformity of rainfall distribution,and then presents a method to realize the energy similarity by adjusting the rainfall intensity.Nevertheless,the raindrops from pressurised rainfall simulators could attain the terminal velocity over short fall distances less than 10 m if the pressure of the supplied water were high enough.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 102-105 [
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1551
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2337KB] (
1113
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106
LIU Li-Xia-；Zhang-Yu-Qing-；Tun-Bin
Review on the influences of biological soil crusts on soil and vegetation in desertified areas
Biological soil crusts are important measures for controlling erosion in desertified areas.This paper reviews the advances research on the influences of biological soil crusts on physicochemical properties of the soil and vegetation in desertified areas.The influences of biological soil crusts on the underneath soil mainly include soil particle composition,soil salinity,soil nutrients and so on.Biological soil crusts enhanced clay content,accumulated nutrients and salinity in the soil,which are important for the development of the soil.The increase of clay content of soil crusts and underneath soil can increase hygroscopicity and water holding capacity of the soil,but its influences on rainfall infiltration are still not very clear so for.There are some different viewpoints on the development process of soil crusts,the relationship between biological soil crusts and the colonization and propagation of vascular plants.The study of biological soil crusts is still an important research field for soil conservation. Its influence on soil and vegetation are still under debate.The further research of formation mechanism,biological components,succession rules and impact on successive habited plants are required.
2007 Vol. 5 (6): 106-112 [
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1439
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3954KB] (
1433
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