Research advances on soil erosion and ecological restoration in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir
HE Xiubin, BAO Yuhai
Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 610041, Chengdu, China
Abstract：[Background] Compared to the riparian zones of unregulated rivers, the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) experiences relatively longer-duration artificial flooding and with high dynamic morphological changes. Reservoir riparian zone represents a hydrogeomorphological and biogeochemical ecotone between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and have been well recognized as a key area for maintaining ecosystem goods and services. However, this zone is ecologically fragile due to issues caused by frequent water level fluctuations. Little knowledge of successful management of environmental problems related to reservoirs riparian zone is currently available. Furthermore, there is lack of low-cost, high-benefit and easy-to-implement management technology.[Methods] Soil erosion intensities along 12 transects in the reservoir riparian zone were continuously measured between 2008 and 2016 using erosion pins. The factors mainly influencing soil erosion were assessed using hydrological data, survey data, and long-term in situ soil erosion observation data. Based on authors' sci-tech achievements, combined with literatures, various ecological restoration technologies and site-specific modes were summarized.[Results] Soil erosion modulus on riparian-zone slope was up to 94 887 t/(km2·a), 16 times on the counterpart of upland slope. Soil erosion intensity fortunately has been decreasing in recent years. The dominant driving force was wave erosion which was generated by wind and ship transportation, especially in mainstream riparian zone. The main measures for controlling soil erosion, stabilizing slope and restoring eco-system was to rebuild vegetation. Species selection for planting should be emphasized on the mechanisms attributing to adaptation of species to the extreme submergence stress, the growth recovery ability of species following release from submergence. In addition to focusing on improving the survival rate of plants and vegetation coverage, the effects of vegetation restoration on the bank stability, surface runoff regulation, sediment trapping, pollutant absorption, and plant diversity conservation should be considered. Six modes of ecological restoration at the TGR riparian zone were suggested:natural restoration, landscape vegetation ecological restoration, zonal soil consolidation and bank protection, ecological wetland, seasonal environment-friendly land utilization, and forage planting of ecological fishery.[Conclusions] The TGR riparian zone is a new geomorphological unit, and its structure and function are still unstable. Soil erosion, landscape changing and ecological degrading have been all remarkable during the study period. Long-term monitoring and studies are needed to figure out the landscape processes and the ecosystem evolution.
贺秀斌, 鲍玉海. 三峡水库消落带土壤侵蚀与生态重建研究进展[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2019, 17(4): 160-168.
HE Xiubin, BAO Yuhai. Research advances on soil erosion and ecological restoration in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. SSWC, 2019, 17(4): 160-168.
NEW T, XIE Zongqiang. Impacts of large dams on riparian vegetation:Applying global experience to the case of China's Three Gorges Dam[J]. Biodiversity Conservation, 2008,17(13):3149.
[2]
FU Bojie, WU Bingfang, LÜ Yihe, et al. Three Gorges Project:Efforts and challenges for the environment[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,2010,34(6):741.
[3]
SU Xiaolei, NILSSON C, PILOTTO F, et al. Soil erosion and deposition in the new shorelines of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Science of Total Environnent,2017(599/600):1485.
[4]
BAO Yuhai, GAO Peng, HE Xiubin,et al. The water-level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir:A unique geomorphological unit[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2015(150):14.
[5]
BAO Yuhai, HE Xiubin, WEN Anbang, et al. Dynamic changes of soil erosion in a typical disturbance zone of China's Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Catena,2018(169):132.
[6]
张虹.三峡库区消落带土地资源特征分析[J].水土保持通报,2008,28(1):47. ZHANG Hong. Characteristic analyses of the water-level-fluctuating zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008,28(1):47.
[7]
孙荣,袁兴中.三峡水库消落带湿地碳储量及空间格局特征[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2012,29(3):77. SUN Rong, YUAN Xingzhong. The distribution of carbon storage in drawdown area of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (Natural Science), 2012, 29(3):77.
[8]
周永娟,王效科,吴庆标,等.三峡库区消落带生态环境脆弱性与生态保护模式[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2010:36. ZHOU Yongjuan, WANG Xiaoke, WU Qingbiao, et al. Ecological vulnerability and protection in the drawdown area of the Three Gorges Reservoir[M]. Beijing:China Environmental Science Press, 2010:36.
[9]
汪涛.三峡库区土壤侵蚀遥感监测及其尺度效应[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011:1. WANG Tao. Remote sensing monitoring and scale effect of soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir area[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University, 2011:1.
[10]
重庆市水利局.重庆市水土保持公报:2016年[R/OL]. (2017-12-05)[2018-10-28]. http://www.cqwater.gov.cn/slsj/stbcgb/Pages/Default.aspx. Chongqing Water Resources Bureau. Chongqing municipal bulletin of soil and water conservation:2016[R/OL]. (2017-12-05)[2018-10-28]. http://www.cqwater.gov.cn/slsj/stbcgb/Pages/Default.aspx.
[11]
SHI Zhonglin,WEN Anbang,ZHANG Xinbao, et al. Comparison of the soil losses from 7Be measurements and the monitoring data by erosion pins and runoff plots in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China[J]. Applied Radiation and Isotopes,2011,69(10):1347.
[12]
BAO Yuhai, HE Xiubin, WEI Jie, et al. Soil erosion under different land uses in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China[C]//COLLINS A L, GOLOSOV V, HOROWITZ A J, et al. Erosion and sediment yields in the changing environment. Oxfordshire:IAHS Press, 2012:200.
[13]
BAO Yuhai, TANG Qiang, HE Xiubin, et al. Soil erosion in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China[J]. Hydrology Research,2015,46(2):218.
[14]
谭淑端,王勇,张全发.三峡水库消落带生态环境问题及综合防治[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008,17(增刊1):101. TAN Shurui, WANG Yong, ZHANG Quanfa. Environmental challenges and countermeasures of the water-level-fluctuation zone (WLFZ) of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2008, 17(Supp.1):101.
[15]
张爱英,熊高明,樊大勇,等.三峡水库蓄水对长江干流河岸植物组成的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2018, 27(1):145. ZHANG Aiying, XIONG Gaoming, FAN Dayong, et al. Effects of three gorges dam on riparian vascular plants of the main stream of Yangtze river[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018, 27(1):145.
[16]
卢志军,李连发,黄汉东,等.三峡水库蓄水对消涨带植被的初步影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2010,28(3):303. LU Zhijun, LI Lianfa, HUANG Handong, et al. Preliminary effects of impounding on vegetation in drawdown zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir region[J]. Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2010,28(3):303.
[17]
李鹏.黄土区草地植被水土保持作用机理试验研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2003:95. LI Peng. Experimental studies on the functional mechanics of soil and water conservation of grassland vegetation in loess area[D]. Yangling, Shaanxi:Northwest Sci-Tech University of Agriculture and Forestry, 2003:95.
[18]
常超,谢宗强,熊高明,等.三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤理化性质的影响[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(7):1236. CHANG Chao, XIE Zongqiang, XIONG Gaoming, et al. The effect of flooding on soil physical and chemical properties of riparian zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(7):1236.
[19]
吕发友,鲍玉海,贺秀斌,等.三峡水库消落带淹水:落干交替下紫色土力学特性变化模拟[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(3):79. LV Fayou, BAO Yuhai, HE Xiubin, et al. Simulation of the changes in purple soil mechanical properties in response to alternate submergence and exposure in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):79.
[20]
NILSON C, JANSSON R, ZINKO U. Long-term responses of river-margin vegetation to water-level regulation[J]. Science, 1997(276):798.
[21]
鲍玉海,贺秀斌,钟荣华,等.三峡水库消落带植被重建途径及其固土护岸效应[J].水土保持研究,2014, 21(6):173. BAO Yuhai, HE Xiubin, ZHONG Ronghua, et al. Revegetation and its effects on soil reinforcement in the riparian zone of Three-Gorge Reservoir[J]. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 21(6):173.
[22]
潘晓洁,万成炎,张志永,等.三峡水库消落区的保护与生态修复[J].人民长江,2015,46(19):90. PAN Xiaojie, WAN Chengyan, ZHANG Zhiyong, et al. Protection and ecological restoration of water-lever-fluctuating zone in Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Yangtze River,2015,46(19):90.
[23]
樊大勇,熊高明,张爱英,等.三峡库区水位调度对消落带生态修复中物种筛选实践的影响[J].植物生态学报,2015,39(4):416. FAN Dayong, XIONG Gaoming, ZHANG Aiying, et al. Effect of water-lever regulation on species selection for ecological restoration practice in the water-level fluctuation zone of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,2015,39(4):416.
[24]
王海锋,曾波,乔普,等.长期水淹条件下香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)和空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)的存活及生长响应[J].生态学报,2008,28(6):2571. WANG Haifeng, ZENG Bo, QIAO Pu, et al. Survival and growth response of Vetiveria zizanioides, Acorus calamus and Alternanthera philoxeroides to long-term submergence[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(6):2571.
[25]
张晔,李昌晓.水淹与干旱交替胁迫对湿地松幼苗光合与生长的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(12):158. ZHANG Ye, LI Changxiao. Effects of submergence and drought alternation on photosynthesis and growth of Pinus elliottii seedlings[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2011,47(12):158.
[26]
罗芳丽,曾波,陈婷,等.三峡库区岸生植物秋华柳对水淹的光合和生长响应[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(5):910. LUO Fangli, ZENG Bo, CHEN Ting, et al. Response to simulated flooding of photosynthesis and growth of riparian plant Salix variegata in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China[J]. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007,31(5):910.
[27]
薛艳红,陈芳清,樊大勇,等.宜昌黄杨对夏季淹水的生理生态学响应[J].生物多样性,2007,15(5):542. XUE Yanhong, CHEN Fangqing, FAN Dayong, et al. Ecophysiological responses of Buxus ichangensis to summer waterlogging[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2007,15(5):542.
[28]
郭泉水,洪明,裴顺祥,等.香根草形态性状和光合特性对三峡库区消落带水陆生境变化的响应[J].西北植物学报,2012,32(11):2328. GUO Quanshui, HONG Ming, PEI Shunxiang, et al. Form traits and photosynthesis characteristics of Vetiveria zizanioides response to flooding-drying habitat changes in the hydro-fluctuation belts of the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 2012, 32(11):2328.
[29]
刘泽彬,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.淹水对三峡库区消落带香附子生长及光合特性的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(8):2015. LIU Zebin, CHENG Ruimei, XIAO Wenfa, et al. Effects of submergence on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Rhizoma cyperi in hydro-fluctuation belt of Three Gorges Reservoir area, Southwest China[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(8):2015.
[30]
刘云峰,刘正学.三峡水库消落区极限条件下狗牙根适生性试验[J].西南大学学报(自然科学版),2005,27(5):661. LIU Yunfeng, LIU Zhengxue. Adaptability test of Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. in the ebb and flow zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir under extreme conditions[J].Journal of Southwest University(Natural Science), 2005, 27(5):661.
[31]
鲍玉海,唐强,高银超.水库消落带消浪植生型生态护坡技术应用[J].中国水土保持,2010(10):37. BAO Yuhai, TANG Qiang, GAO Yinchao. Application and study on technique of ecological slope-protection with eliminating waves and planting vegetation construction member[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2010(10):37.
[32]
袁兴中,熊森,李波,等.三峡水库消落带湿地生态友好型利用探讨[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2011,28(4):23. YUAN Xingzhong, XIONG Sen, LI Bo, et al. On the eco-friendly utilization of Littoral Wetland of Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Journal of Chongqing Normal University (Natural Science), 2011, 28(4):23.
[33]
黄世友,马立辉,方文,等.三峡库区消落带植被重建与生态修复技术研究[J].西南林业大学学报,2013,33(3):78. HUANG Shiyou, MA Lihui, FANG Wen, et al. Study on the reconstruction and ecological restoration techniques of vegetation in hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorge Reservoir[J]. Journal of Southwest Forestry University, 2013, 33(3):78.
[34]
LIU Yun, WILLISON J H, WAN Pan, et al. Mulberry trees conserved soil and protected water quality in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(6):5288.
[35]
陈昌齐,叶元土,刘方贵,等.三峡水库重庆库区消落带渔业利用初步研究[J].国土与自然资源研究,2000(1):53. CHEN Changqi, YE Yuantu, LIU Fanggui, et al. Fisheries of fluctuation zone in the Three-Gorge Reservoir[J]. Territory and Natural Resources Study, 2000(1):53.
2019, Vol. 17 
