土壤侵蚀模型在水土保持实践中的应用

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2018.01.004

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摘要土壤侵蚀模型是土壤侵蚀理论研究的成果，也是指导水土保持实践的重要工具。本文回顾了美国经验模型USLE、中国经验模型CSLE、美国机理模型WEPP和几个代表性应用模型的发展历程，介绍了土壤侵蚀模型的应用案例，提出几方面启示：土壤侵蚀模型已经成功地应用于区域土壤侵蚀调查与水土保持措施效益评价，还会继续在水土保持措施设计与规划、径流泥沙输移与面源污染、大暴雨事件和重大工程的水土保持效益等生态与环境监测与评估方面发挥更大作用；长期高质量监测与试验是土壤侵蚀模型建立的基础；顶层设计并以管理用户需求为导向建立模型，是实现模型应用的前提；多学科交叉合作和长期坚持，不断与新技术和研究成果融合更新模型，是保持模型有长期生命力的条件。

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	谢云
	岳天雨

关键词 ：土壤侵蚀模型, 水土保持, USLE, CSLE, WEPP

Abstract：[Backgroud] Soil erosion models, achievements of theoretical researches on soil erosion, have already been studied for nearly 80 years, and have become more and more important in soil conservation. Although in China, both monitoring and model researching have started almost simultaneously with the United States, the gap has widened. To review and summarize the researching and application history of soil erosion models are of great significance for the researches of soil erosion models in China.[Methods] This paper reviewed the development of USLE(Universal Soil Loss Equation), Chinese empirical models such as CSLE(Chinese Soil Loss Equation), some physically-based models such as WEPP(Water Erosion Prediction Project), EUROSEM(European Soil Erosion Model), and also several representative application models such as EPIC(Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator), CREAMS(Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems). It also introduced s application cases and from which enlightenment were given. Furthermore, it put forward points or issues in the application of USLE in China, and compared different models in their application and their merit and demerit.[Results] As for USLE, runoff plot monitoring plays a vital role in the model's building. For the factors affecting erosion have interaction between each other, it's critical to choose independent index in the models for calculating soil loss. The parameters in USLE must be calibrated before applying to other countries. USLE uses US Units, to which the great attentions should be drawn. The unit plot is not the standard for plot construction, but the tool to calculate the soil erodibility, steepness and slope length factors. When building steepness or slope length models, the researched plots must be built as the same size as the unit plot, which has the steepness of 9%, and the slope length of 22.13 m, or the results cannot be compared to others. As for the physically-based models, they are still under research and have not been applied widely. The application models are mainly for the effect caused by soil erosion of the loss of productivity on-site, and the pollution and sedimentation downstream off-site. They are usually based on the empirical or physically-based soil erosion models mentioned above.[Conclusions] Soil erosion models have been successfully applied in regional soil erosion survey as well as the assessment of effects of soil conservation practices, and will continue to play a more significant role in ecological and environmental monitoring and assessment, including designing and planning of soil conservation practices, predicting sediment delivery and non-point source pollution, evaluating the effects of soil conservation practices on heavy rainstorm events or major projects. Long-term high quality monitoring and experiment are the foundation of building soil erosion model. The top level design and building the user-oriented model are the premises of application of soil erosion model. Multidisciplinary cooperation, long-term adherence and constantly updating with new technology and researches, are also necessary for maintaining vitality of the models.

Key words： soil erosion model soil and water conservation USLE CSLE WEPP

收稿日期: 2017-12-01

PACS:

S157.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金"东北黑土区土壤侵蚀对作'物产量-土壤水分响应关系’的影响"（41371271）；水利部公益性行业科研专项经费"典型黑土区坡耕地土壤侵蚀危险程度研究"（201501012）；国家自然科学基金"地表过程模型与模拟创新研究群体科学基金"（41321001）

作者简介: 谢云(1964-),女,教授。主要研究方向:土壤侵蚀及其影响评价。E-mail:xieyun@bnu.edu.cn

引用本文:

谢云, 岳天雨. 土壤侵蚀模型在水土保持实践中的应用[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2018, 16(1): 25-37.
XIE Yun, YUE Tianyu. Application of soil erosion models for soil and water conservation. SSWC, 2018, 16(1): 25-37.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/10.16843/j.sswc.2018.01.004 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/Y2018/V16/I1/25

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