生态水保措施对中国典型区域水土流失的影响:Meta分析

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2023053

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摘要土壤侵蚀是世界上最严重的环境问题之一,造成水污染、水库淤积、土壤生产力下降,威胁农业系统,甚至影响全球气候。生态水土保持措施(ESWCM,如微流域耕作和等高线耕作)的优势已广为人知。与传统耕作相比,径流和土壤流失在一定程度上减少。综合49篇中国生态水土保持研究,通过计算对数响应比来估计影响大小,量化不同ESWCM的影响,并确定径流和沉积物减少量最大的坡度和降水量。由于气候、地形和土壤性质的差异,不同地区的水土保持效益各不相同:1)东北黑土区施用的ESWCMs对径流和土壤流失的减少效果最有效(径流和泥沙分别减少66.65%和75.83%),其次是西南紫土区的ESWCM(径流和泥沙分别减少39.98%和58.30%)和西北黄土区(径流和泥沙分别减少16.36%和32.44%)。2)微流域耕作(径流和泥沙分别减少71.79%和87.03%)、覆盖物免耕(径流和泥沙分别减少17.30%和32.51%)、集土形成免耕垄(径流和泥沙分别减少55.78%和71.36%)是控制东北黑土水蚀最有效的水土保持措施,分别为西北黄土和西南紫土区。3)坡度在0~3°、>3°~5°和>10°~15°(0~3°:97.09%;>3°~5°:74.62%;>10°~15°:39.41%),东北黑土区、西北黄土区和西南紫土区径流减少幅度最大。沉积物减少的影响在0~3°、>10°~15°和>20°~25°(0~3°:89.32%;>10°~15°:75.94%;>20°~25°:67.25%)最为明显。4)暴雨下ESWCMs的影响在东北黑土区最为明显。西南紫土区小雨下径流减少的影响最为明显,但未能通过泥沙减少量显著性检验。研究结果提供针对不同地区、不同坡度、不同降雨量的最优保护性耕作措施,为我国减少区域水土流失提供数据支持。

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关键词 ：生态水保措施, 径流, 泥沙, 水土保持区

Abstract：[Background] As one of the most serious environmental issues in the world, soil erosion causes water pollution, reservoir siltation, soil productivity decline, thus threatens agricultural systems and even affects global climate. The benefits of ecological soil and water conservation measures (ESWCMs, such as micro basins tillage and contour tillage) are widely understood, including runoff and soil loss reducing to a certain extent when compared with traditional tillage. While few studies have focused on China’s different soil types and erosion characteristics. [Methods] We reviewed literature from Web of Science, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure using terms like "Conservation practice" "Contour tillage" "Runoff" "Sediment" "Erosion" and "China" and retained literatures based on criteria such as natural or simulated precipitation, runoff or soil loss data, reported replications and statistics, recorded factors like location and slope, and at least two data pairs per group. Ultimately, 49 literatures were selected to quantify the impacts on different ESWCMs and identify the slope and precipitation for the greatest runoff and sediment reduction by calculating the log response ratio (LRR). [Results] The three regions’ soil and water conservation benefits varied due to the differences in climate, terrain, and soil properties: 1) ESWCMs applied in the black soil region of Northeast China were the most effective in reducing runoff and soil loss (66.65% runoff and 75.83% sediment), followed by those applied in the purple soil region of Southwest China (39.98% runoff and 58.30% sediment) and loess soil region of Northwest China (16.36% runoff and 32.44% sediment). 2) Micro basins tillage (MBT) (71.79% runoff and 87.03% sediment) no-tillage with mulch (NTM) (17.30% runoff and 32.51% sediment), collecting soil to form a ridge with no-till (CSNT) (55.78% runoff and 71.36% sediment reduction) were the most efficient soil and water conservation measures in controlling water erosion in the black soil of Northeast China, the loess soil region of Northwest China and the purple soil region of Southwest China, respectively. 3) The slope gradients ranged from 0-3°, >3°-5° and >10°-15° (0-3°: 97.09%; >3°-5°: 74.62%; and >10°-15°: 39.41%) caused the largest reduction of runoff in the black soil region of Northeast China, the loess soil region of Northwest China, and the purple soil region of Southwest China. Meanwhile, the effects of sediment reduction were the most obvious, ranging from 0-3°, >10°-15°, and >20°-25° (0-3°: 89.32%; >10°-15°: 75.94%; and >20°-25°: 67.25%). 4) The effect of ESWCMs under rainstorms was the most obvious in the black soil region of Northeast China. The effect on runoff reduction under light rain in the purple soil region of Southwest China was the most obvious, but it failed to pass the significance test in sediment reduction. [Conclusions] The results provided optimal conservation tillage measures for three regions, different slopes and different rainfalls, and provided data support for reducing regional soil and water loss in China.

Key words： ecological soil and water conservation measures runoff sediment water erosion region

收稿日期: 2023-02-23

PACS:

S157

基金资助:Science and Technology Major Project of Tibetan Autonomous Region of China(XZ202201ZD0005G02),National Natural Science Foundation of China (42277353) and Chengdu Science and Technology Project(2022-YF05-01162-SN)

通讯作者: ZHOU Ping(1981-),female,doctor of philosophy,associate professor.Main research interests:Soil erosion.E-mail:zp09@imde.ac.cn E-mail: zp09@imde.ac.cn

作者简介: LI Mingming(1998-),female,Master.Main research interests:Soil and water conservation.E-mail:limingming@imde.ac.cn

引用本文:

李明明, 徐光志, 杨凯成, 代富强, 周萍. 生态水保措施对中国典型区域水土流失的影响:Meta分析[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2024, 22(6): 163-175.
LI Mingming, XU Guangzhi, YANG Kaicheng, DAI Fuqiang, ZHOU Ping. Effects of ecological soil and water conservation measures on soil erosion control in China’s typical regions: A meta-analysis. SSWC, 2024, 22(6): 163-175.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/10.16843/j.sswc.2023053 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/Y2024/V22/I6/163

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