Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology

中华放射肿瘤学杂志

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Chinese Journal of Radiation Oncology

	2023 Vol.32 Issue.1 Published 2023-01-15

	Abdominal Tumors Thoracic Tumors Review Articles Physics·Technique·Biology Head and Neck Tumor

Head and Neck Tumor

	1	Clinical features and prognosis analysis of 31 cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck
		Wang Tian, Tian Shu, Ding Hao
		Objective To investigate the clinical features, treatment options and prognostic factors of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck. Methods Clinical data of 31 cases of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck treated in Eye Ear Nose and Throat Hospital of Fudan University from January 2005 to January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the involvement sites, the lesions were divided into the Waldeyer's ring involvement and non-involvement groups. The differences between two groups were compared by one-way ANOVA. The overall survival (OS) was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method. The OS rate and local recurrence free survival (LRFS) rate between two groups were compared by log-rank test. Results All 31 patients received radiotherapy. The median follow-up time was 98 months (7-192 months). Among them, 16 patients received radiotherapy and surgery, 10 patients received radiochemotherapy, and 2 patients received surgery and radiochemotherapy. Waldeyer's ring involvement was found in 15 patients, and Waldeyer's ring was not involved in 16 patients. The 10-year OS rate was 84.8%. Two cases showed local recurrence and 2 cases progressed to multiple myeloma. The 10-year OS rate in patients ≤55 years old was 100% vs. 67% in those >55 years old (P=0.039). The 10-year OS rates in patients with and without Waldeyer's ring involvement were 93.3% vs. 75.2% (P=0.031). The 10-year LRFS rate in patients with Waldeyer's ring involvement was 100% vs. 66.7% in those without Waldeyer's ring involvement (P=0.022). The 10-year OS rate was 95% and 35.7% for patients with longest diameter of tumor ≤5 cm and >5 cm before radiotherapy, respectively (P=0.02). Conclusions Extramedullary plasmacytoma of the head and neck patients with longest diameter of tumor ≤5 cm obtain higher 10-year OS rate. Those with Waldeyer's ring involvement have better 10-year OS and LRFS rates.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 1-7 [Abstract] ( 74 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

Thoracic Tumors

	8	The value of radiomics for individualized prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited-stage small cell lung cancer
		Hou Qing, Wei Lijuan, Yao Ningning, Sun Bochen, Liang Yu, Cao Xin, Tan Yan, Cao Jianzhong
		Objective To investigate the predictive value of enhanced CT-based radiomics for brain metastasis (BM) and selective use of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in limited-stage small cell lung cancer (LS-SCLC). Methods Clinical data of 97 patients diagnosed with LS-SCLC confirmed by pathological and imaging examination in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital from January 2012 to December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox and Spearman correlation tests were used to select the radiomics features significantly associated with the incidence of BM and calculate the radiomics score. The calibration curve, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), 5-fold cross-validation, decision curve analysis (DCA), and integrated Brier score (IBS) were employed to evaluate the predictive power and clinical benefits of the radiomics score. Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were adopted to draw survival curves and assess differences between two groups. Results A total of 1272 radiomics features were extracted from enhanced CT. After the LASSO Cox regression and Spearman correlation tests, 8 radiomics features associated with the incidence of BM were used to calculate the radiomics score. The AUCs of radiomics scores to predict 1-year and 2-year BM were 0.845 (95%CI=0.746-0.943) and 0.878 (95%CI=0.774-0.983), respectively. The 5-fold cross validation, calibration curve, DCA and IBS also demonstrated that the radiomics model yielded good predictive performance and net clinical benefit. Patients were divided into the high-risk and low-risk cohorts based on the radiomics score. For patients at high risk, the 1-year and 2-year cumulative incidence rates of BM were 0% and 18.2% in the PCI group, and 61.8% and 75.4% in the non-PCI group, respectively (P<0.001). In the PCI group, the 1-year and 2-year overall survival rates were 92.9% and 78.6%, and 85.3% and 36.8% in the non-PCI group, respectively (P=0.023). For patients at low risk, the 1-year and 2-year cumulative incidence rates of BM were 0% and 0% in the PCI group, and 10.0% and 20.2% in the non-PCI group, respectively (P=0.062). In the PCI group, the 1-year and 2-year overall survival rates were 100% and 77.0%, and 96.7% and 79.3% in the non-PCI group, respectively (P=0.670). Conclusion The radiomics model based on enhanced CT images yields excellent performance for predicting BM and individualized PCI.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 8-14 [Abstract] ( 67 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	15	Pathological evaluation of 30 cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after two neoadjuvant therapies
		Wu Yi'nan, Zhang Jingyuan, Jiang Ning, Zhao Lijun, Song Xue, Xu Qicen, Ren Binhui, Guo Zhen, Xu Xinyu, Jiang Ming, Zhu Xiangzhi
		Objective To explore the pathological differences of surgically resected specimens of advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) to different neoadjuvant therapies (neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and toripalimab combined with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy). Methods Thirty patients diagnosed with advanced ESCC who underwent surgical operation after neoadjuvant therapy in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital from October 2020 to September 2021 were included. Among them, 15 patients received neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy (radiochemotherapy group) and 15 patients were treated with toripalimab combined with radiochemotherapy (immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group). Surgically resected specimens were collected. The histopathological features of primary esophageal lesions and the responses of involved lymph nodes were analyzed and compared between two groups. Results The major pathological response (MPR) rate in the radiochemotherapy group was 10/15, and 14/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P=0.17). The pathological complete response (pCR) rate of the primary lesions in the radiochemotherapy group was 7/15, and 10/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P=0.46). In the radiochemotherapy group, the incidence rate of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) was 7/15, and 12/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P=0.02). The incidence rate of necrosis in the radiochemotherapy group was 6/15, and 1/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P=0.03). In addition, the incidence rate of foam cell infiltration in the radiochemotherapy group was 6/15, and 13/15 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P=0.01). Furthermore, the pCR rate of involved lymph nodes in the radiochemotherapy group was 7/33, and 11/12 in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group (P<0.001). Conclusion Compared with the radiochemotherapy group, the incidence of TLS and foam cell infiltration is higher, the incidence of necrosis is lower and clinical efficacy of involved lymph nodes is higher in the immunotherapy combined with radiochemotherapy group, prompting that toripalimab combined with neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy exert higher synergistic immune effect.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 15-21 [Abstract] ( 65 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

Abdominal Tumors

	22	Efficacy and safety of intraoperative radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis
		Cao Lei, Yang Daxiong, Zeng Lu, Lin Lili, Wang Huixia, Duan Xiaoyu, Li Xuxia, Cai Hongyi
		Objective To compare and analyze the efficacy and safety of intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) combined with conventional therapy (surgery combined with radiochemotherapy) and conventional therapy alone for pancreatic cancer. Methods Literature review was conducted from PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, Chongqing VIP, CNKI, Wanfang Data and China Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed). The literatures that met the inclusion criteria were screened and the data were extracted. Meta-analysis was carried out by RevMan 5.4 software. Results A total of 11 studies consisting of 813 patients were included. According to the combined results, compared with conventional therapy, IORT combined with conventional therapy could improve the overall survival rate of pancreatic cancer (HR=0.66, 95%CI=0.54-0.81, Z=4.03, P<0.001), and did not increase the treatment-related side effects (OR=1.00, 95%CI=0.69-1.46,Z=0.01, P=0.99), but failed to bring benefit to the local control rate (HR=0.56, 95%CI=0.31-1.01,Z=1.93, P=0.05). Conclusions The overall survival rate in the IORT combined with conventional therapy group is significantly better than that in the conventional therapy group. No significant difference is found in the treatment-related adverse reactions between two groups. IORT combined with conventional therapy is worthy of clinical application.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 22-27 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	28	Prediction of survival of patients with cervical cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy based on clinical and imaging parameters
		Zhang Yu, Su Rixin, Zhang Kaiyue, Bo Juan, Jia Haodong, Qian Liting, Dong Jiangning
		Objective To investigate the value of nomograms based on clinical parameters, apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and MRI-derived radiomics in predicting survival of patients with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC) after concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Methods Clinical data of 423 patients with IB-IVA cervical cancer treated with CCRT at Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University from March 2014 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed and randomly divided into the training and validation groups at a ratio of 2∶1 using the simple randomization method. The values of ADC_min, ADC_mean, ADC_max and 3D texture parameters of diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), T₂WI, T₂WI-fat suppression of pre-treatment primary lesions in all patients were measured. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) algorithm and logistic regression analysis were used to screen the texture features and calculate radiomics score (Rad-score). Cox regression analysis was employed to construct nomogram models for predicting overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CS) of patients with LACC after CCRT, which were subject to internal and external validation. Results Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC-Ag), external beam radiotherapy dose, ADCmin and Rad-score were the independent prognostic factors for OS and CS of LACC patients after CCRT and constituted predictive models for OS and CS. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of two models in predicting 1-year, 3-year, 5-year OS and CS was 0.906, 0.917, 0.916 and 0.911, 0.918, 0.920, with internally validated consistency indexes (C-indexes) of 0.897 and 0.900. Then, models were brought into the validation group for external validation with AUC of 0.986, 0.942, 0.932 and 0.986, 0.933, 0.926 in predicting 1-year, 3-year, 5-year OS and CS. Conclusion The nomograms based on clinical parameters, ADC values and MRI-derived radiomics are of high clinical value in predicting OS and CS of patients with LACC after CCRT, which can be used as prognostic markers for patients with cervical cancer to certain extent.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 28-35 [Abstract] ( 78 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

Physics·Technique·Biology

	36	Effect of rotational errors on dose of positive lymph nodes in cervical cancer VMAT plan and its coping strategies
		Xu Peng, Cao Lu, Deng Qiao, Peng Bigeng, Li Suping, Li Xianfu
		Objective To evaluate the effect of rotational errors (antero-posterior) on dosimetric parameters of positive lymph nodes in the long target volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) plan for advanced cervical cancer and investigate its coping strategies. Methods Clinical data of patients with cervical cancer complicated with para-aortic or inguinal lymph node metastasis admitted to Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College were randomly selected and retrospectively analyzed. The target areas of the lymph nodes at different distances from the center of the plan were outlined according to the requirements. After designing the VMAT plan on the CT images of each case, the rotational errors (antero-posterior) were introduced by changing the parameters of the treatment couch, and the dose distribution was reconstructed by dose calculation with other parameters unchanged. Then, the external boundary of the original lymph node target was added according to d=2πr(α/360) (r is the distance from the center of the lymph node to the plan center), re-planned, and the changes of dosimetric parameters in the target area of the original lymph node were analyzed after the corresponding rotational errors were introduced. Results When the distance between the lymph node target area and the plan center was 6 cm with an error of 3°, the distance was 9 cm and 12 cm with an error of 2.5°, the distance was 15 cm with an error of 2°, and the distance was 18 cm with an error of 1.5°, the mean change of D_95% was more than 5%. When the rotational errors were ≤1°, the mean change of D_95% in lymph node target area was less than 5%, and when the lymph node was 18 cm away from the treatment plan center, the mean change was more than 3%, reaching 3.75%. When the rotational errors were 0.5° and the distance from the plan center was 18 cm (0.5°, 18 cm), the dose change of lymph node target was more than 5%, reaching 5.58%. At (1°, 15 cm), the V_100% change reached 8.96%, and at (1°, 18 cm), the V_100% change was 14.5%. The D_95% and V_100% parameters of the original lymph node target were changed by less than 1% after adding the external boundary of the original lymph node target and introducing corresponding rotational errors. Conclusions In the long target area radiotherapy of cervical cancer, the variation of dosimetric parameters of lymph node target was increased with the increase of rotational errors and with the increase of distance from the plan center. It is recommended to increase the efferent boundary of lymph nodes in different positions to avoid underdose by d=2πr(α/360).
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 36-41 [Abstract] ( 71 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	42	A deep learning method for generating pseudo-CT by cone beam CT in radiotherapy
		Liu Yuxiang, Yang Bining, Wei Ran, Liu Yueping, Chen Xinyuan, Xiong Rui, Men Kuo, Quan Hong, Dai Jianrong
		Objective To investigate the pseudo-CT generation from cone beam CT (CBCT) by a deep learning method for the clinical need of adaptive radiotherapy. Methods CBCT data from 74 prostate cancer patients collected by Varian On-Board Imager and their simulated positioning CT images were used for this study. The deformable registration was implemented by MIM software. And the data were randomly divided into the training set (n=59) and test set (n=15). U-net, Pix2PixGAN and CycleGAN were employed to learn the mapping from CBCT to simulated positioning CT. The evaluation indexes included mean absolute error (MAE), structural similarity index (SSIM) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), with the deformed CT chosen as the reference. In addition, the quality of image was analyzed separately, including soft tissue resolution, image noise and artifacts, etc. Results The MAE of images generated by U-net, Pix2PixGAN and CycleGAN were (29.4±16.1) HU, (37.1±14.4) HU and (34.3±17.3) HU, respectively. In terms of image quality, the images generated by U-net and Pix2PixGAN had excessive blur, resulting in image distortion; while the images generated by CycleGAN retained the CBCT image structure and improved the image quality. Conclusion CycleGAN is able to effectively improve the quality of CBCT images, and has potential to be used in adaptive radiotherapy.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 42-47 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	48	Effects of HMGB1 on clinical prognosis of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma patients after chemoradiotherapy and the radiosensitivity of xenograft in nude mice
		Zhang Xueyuan, Yang Xingxiao, Zou Naiyi, Li Shuguang, Shen Wenbin, Zhu Shuchai
		Objective To evaluate the effects of high mobility group protein box 1 (HMGB1) on clinical prognosis of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients treated with chemoradiotherapy and the radiosensitivity of xenograft in nude mice. Methods A total of 90 endoscopic biopsy specimens were obtained from ESCC patients treated with chemoradiotherapy. The expression level of HMGB1 was determined by immunohistochemical staining. High expression level was defined when staining was observed on ≥50% of the tumor cells. All patients were divided into the high expression group (n=48) and low expression group (n=42), and their survival information was retrospectively analyzed. Cell transfection was performed with the plasmid carrying human HMGB1-shRNA to knockdown HMGB1 expression in ECA109 cells and xenograft mouse models were established. The tumor volume and mass were calculated after irradiation with a dose of 15 Gy. The cell apoptosis in xenograft tissues were detected. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate prognostic analysis was conducted by log-rank test. Intergroup comparison was performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results The expression level of HMGB1 was significantly associated with gross tumor volume, longest diameter of tumor, T staging and distant metastasis (χ²=9.663, 5.625, 4.068, 7.146, all P<0.05). In the low expression group, the overall survival (OS) (χ²=4.826, P=0.028), progression-free survival (PFS) (χ²=4.390, P=0.036) were longer compared with that in the high expression group. Further analysis of HMGB1-high expression patients showed that the radiation dose and the combination of chemoradiotherapy did not significantly affect the OS or PFS of ESCC patients. We observed that knockdown of HMGB1 slowed the growth rate of xenograft, decreased the tumor volume and increased the apoptosis rate after irradiation. Conclusions ESCC patients with high expression level of HMGB1 obtain poor prognosis after chemoradiotherapy, which can be enhanced by increasing the sensitivity to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. HMGB1 knockdown can effectively increase the radiosensitivity of xenograft in ESCC nude mice.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 48-54 [Abstract] ( 88 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

Review Articles

	55	Recent advances in hippocampal sparing whole brain radiotherapy
		Gui Zhongxuan, Han Tingting, Wang Fan
		Whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) is the standard radiotherapy regimen of preventive radiation for patients diagnosed with brain metastases and non-small cell lung cancer, which can improve intracranial control and prolong overall survival. However, neurocognitive functions (NCF) decline due to impaired hippocampal might occur thereafter. Recent studies have shown that hippocampal sparing WBRT (HS-WBRT) is capable of protecting neurocognitive function and improving quality of life (QOL). In this review, the authors described the methods and significance of hippocampal sparing, summarized the research progress on clinical trials related to HS-WBRT in combination with the development of radiotherapy technology and experimental drugs, and discussed the existing controversies and problems, aiming to provide reference for clinical work.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 55-59 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	60	Application of MR-guided radiotherapy for brain metastases
		Zhao Jingjing, Bi Nan, Xiao Jianping
		Radiotherapy (RT) is the primary local treatment modality for brain metastases, which are common secondary malignancies. Image-guidance system such as cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) may be not applicable to adaptive radiotherapy (ART), as well as hypofractionated RT in brain metastases, because it cannot clearly show the shrinkage and deformation of intracranial tumors, and the peritumoral edema changes in a real-time manner. Magnetic resonance (MR) image has high spatial resolution and soft tissue contrast and no radiation dose burden compared with CBCT. MR-guided adaptive radiotherapy (MR-gART) allows real-time tracking of deformation and position changes of the intracranial tumors, and enables online planning reconstruction during the treatment process. MR-gART could deliver high dose irradiation to the tumors while reducing the radiation dose of important organs at risk around, which contributes to achieving precision RT. In this work, the application of MR-gART in brain metastases was reviewed.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 60-64 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	65	Exploration of feasible total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
		Wen Jingyuan, Shen Wenbin, Zhu Shuchai
		Neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy combined with surgery is the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer, which has been widely applied in clinical practice. Clinical efficacy has also been recognized by clinicians. However, even after the completion of neoadjuvant radiotherapy and subsequent surgical treatment, some patients still have local regional recurrence or distant metastasis in a short period of time. Among them, distant metastasis has become the main failure mode of patients undergoing surgery after neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, indicating that this treatment remains to be further improved. Based on the experience of patients with rectal cancer benefiting from total neoadjuvant therapy, the feasibility and implementation of total neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced esophageal cancer were discussed in this article.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 65-69 [Abstract] ( 64 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	70	Research progress on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy combined with immunotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer
		Wang Yaqi, Xia Fan, Zhang Zhen
		For locally advanced (T_3-4/N₊M₀) rectal cancer (LARC), neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by total mesorectal excision (TME) is the standard treatment, which have been demonstrated to decrease the local recurrence rate and increase the tumor response grade. However, the distant metastasis remains an unresolved issue. Radiotherapy and immunotherapy can supplement each other and the combination of the two treatments has a good theoretical basis. Recently, multiple clinical trials are ongoing in terms of the combination of nCRT and immunotherapy in LARC. These trials have achieved promising short-term efficacy in both microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and microsatellite stable (MSS) rectal cancers, which could further improve the rate of tumor response and rate of pathological complete response, increase the possibility of organ preservation and "watch and wait" approach. Large-scale clinical trials need to be performed in the future to demonstrate these findings and to improve long-term prognosis.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 70-74 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	75	Research progress on recombinant human endostatin combined with radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer
		Li Xin, Hu Lijun, Yu Jingping
		Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide. Locally advanced cervical cancer is mainly treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but there are problems such as high recurrence rate and low survival rate. Bevacizumab, an angiogenic inhibitor that acts on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), has been recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines for the first-line treatment of recurrent / metastatic advanced cervical cancer in 2013. In recent years, the development of new targeted drugs for angiogenesis inhibitors, such as endostatin, has further optimized the new targeted therapy strategy for patients with locally advanced and advanced cervical cancer. Recombinant human endostatin (endostar) is a novel anti-angiogenesis drug independently developed by Chinese scientists. Although it has been applied in the treatment of cervical cancer, it needs to be further confirmed by high level evidence based medical evidence whether it can become a new option for targeted treatment of cervical cancer. In this article, clinical research progress on the treatment of cervical cancer by endostar combined with radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the optimization of cervical cancer treatment strategy.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 75-80 [Abstract] ( 81 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	81	Treatment and prevention of acute radiation-induced vaginal injury in cervical cancer
		Qu Xinyue, Liu Shuhua, Yang Zhu, Lin Anping
		Concurrent chemoradiotherapy is the main treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer, and the incidence of vaginal injury is inevitable after radiotherapy. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the treatment and prevention of acute radiation-induced vaginal injury. Therefore, the mechanism, treatment and prevention of acute vaginal side effects after radiotherapy in cervical cancer were reviewed in this article, aiming to reduce the incidence of vaginal injury, complete the course of radiotherapy and improve the quality of life.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 81-85 [Abstract] ( 70 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

	86	Research progress on image standard database of artificial intelligence-assisted radiotherapy for lung cancer
		Han Ziming, Zhang Tao, Men Kuo, Bi Nan
		Lung cancer is the malignant tumor with the highest mortality rate in the world. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the comprehensive treatment of lung cancer. With the continuous advancement of radiotherapy technology and equipment, it has become one of the effective therapeutic options for lung cancer. In recent years, artificial intelligence technology has developed rapidly and has been widely applied in clinical practice, especially in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer imaging. The image database can be obtained by sorting and summarizing the images, which can be used in clinical work and scientific research. In this article, the application of artificial intelligence in lung cancer radiotherapy imaging and lung cancer imaging database was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the construction of artificial intelligence radiotherapy imaging database for lung cancer.
		2023 Vol. 32 (1): 86-90 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 0 )

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