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| Potential effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics driven by farmland abandonment on soil erosion |
| ZHANG Guanghui1,2 |
1. State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China;
2. Faculty of Geographic Science, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China |
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Abstract [Background] The Loess Plateau is one of the most erodible regions in China, even over the world. The erosion intensity and properties of spatial and temporal distribution are significantly affected by near soil surface characteristics. The effective implementation of the "Grain-for-Green" project certainly causes the great changes in near soil surface characteristics, i.e. soil physiochemical properties, vegetation stem, litter, biological soil crust, and root system, which will lead to great influences on hydraulics of overland flow and soil erosion processes. [Methods] We collected 74 references from relevant studies in the past several decades, and comprehensively analyzed them. We presented the review results by 1) the changes in near soil surface characteristics driven by "Grain-for-Green"; 2) the effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics on hydraulics of overland flow; 3) the potential effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics on soil erosion processes (soil detachment, sediment transport, and sediment deposition) and their mechanisms; 4) the responses of regional soil erosion to "Grain-for-Green"; and 5) research prospects in this field. [Results] 1) There were great changes in near soil surface characteristics, i.e. soil physiochemical properties, vegetation stem, litter, biological soil crust, and root system. 2) The effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics on hydraulics of overland flow after "Grain-for-Green" project were related to plant flexibility, density and arrangement, types of litter, coverage and thickness, type of biological crusts, a variety of factors, community structure and coverage etc. 3) Soil detachment was decreasing with the years of "Grain-for-Green" increasing, also fluctuating due to many factor, and finally reached stable. Vegetation from "Grain-for-Green" decreased the sediment transport in the runoff duo to the existence of vegetation stems and bio-crust though the mechanisms were extremely complex. Moreover, grass after "Grain-for-Green" significantly retained sediment. 4) In general, the changes in near soil surface characteristics enhanced the soil resistance to both of overland flow and soil erosion, though the mechanisms have not been fully understood yet.5) Thus more studies are needed in the future a) the effects of changes of near surface characteristics driven by "Grain-for-Green" on the hydraulic characteristics of runoff on slope and its mechanism; b) the separation capacity model on farmland under the condition of "Grain-for-Green", especially the functional relationship between rill erodibility, critical shear stress and near surface characteristics; c) the overland flow sediment transport capacity equation under the condition of vegetation restoration; d) and sediment deposition process and simulation on vegetation covered hillslopes. [Conclusions] This review is conducive to understand soil erosion processes and their dynamic mechanism, to develop process-based soil erosion models, and to evaluate soil and water conservation benefits for vegetation covered hill-slopes.
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Received: 28 September 2016
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