Changes and driving factors of runoff and sediment of Tao River watershed in the upper reach of Gan River
DONG Ling, LIU Huiying, TIAN Langyu
1. School of Hydraulic and Ecological Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, 330099, Nanchang, China; 2. Jiangxi Provincial Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Water Engineering in Poyang Lake Basin, 330099, Nanchang, China
Abstract：[Background] The river system is an important and very active natural system on the earth, and the change of water and sediment is the direct response of the river system to climate change and human activities. The sediment load dramatically decreased at Tao River watershed, the upper Ganjiang River of China, due to natural and human factors. The objective of this study is to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of runoff and sediment load in the typical watershed in upper reaches of Ganjiang River and their potential causes. Better understanding the dynamic of hydrological processes may provide good reference for soil and water conservation, water resources planning and Ganjiang River basin management.[Methods] the Mann-Kendall test and Pettitt test were employed to investigate the temporal trends and abrupt changes of the annual runoff and sediment load at Julongtan gauging station of Tao River watershed from 1958 to 2018. Then the accumulation slope change rates were applied to analyze the relationship of rainfall-sediment during different periods and quantify the drivers of variation of runoff and sediment load.[Results] 1) The average annual precipitation, runoff and sediment transport in Tao River watershed were 1 565.5 mm, 6.036 billion m3 and 1.125 million t respectively. 2) The annual distribution of runoff and sediment was basically stable, mainly concentrated in April-June. 3) There was no significant change trend and abrupt change point in rainfall and runoff in the watershedof 61a, but rainfall and runoff fluctuated significantly in 1972 and 1985. The annual sediment discharge had no significant change trend before the 1990s, but has decreased significantly since the 1990s(α<0.01), and an abrupt change occurred in 2002(P<0.001). 4) According to the relative change point, the whole period was divided into four connected parts of 1958-1972 (stage A), 1973-1985 (stage B), 1986-2002 (stage C), 2003-2018 (stage D).When the period of 1958-1972 (stage A) with weak human activities was taken as a fundamental baseline, the contribution rate of the human intervention to sediment load in stage B, C and D was 79.14%, 92.05% and 100%. As time went on, human activities causeda greater and greater impact on sediment transport in Tao River watershed. 5) The construction of large-scale water conservancy facilities such as reservoirs and large-scale soil and water conservation measures are the driving factors for the reduction of sediment transport in Tao River watershed.[Conclusions] Integrating all these results, this work confirmed clearly that human activities are the main driving factor of variation of runoff and sediment load in the upper reaches of the Ganjiang River basin. The study has important practical significance for accurately evaluating the role of human activities such as hydraulic projects and the sustainable development of watersheds.
董凌, 刘惠英, 田浪屿. 赣江上游桃江流域水沙变化及驱动因素[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2023, 21(4): 36-45.
DONG Ling, LIU Huiying, TIAN Langyu. Changes and driving factors of runoff and sediment of Tao River watershed in the upper reach of Gan River. SSWC, 2023, 21(4): 36-45.
HANSEN J, SATO M, RUEDY R, et al. Global temperature change[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2006, 103(39):14288.
[2]
PIAO S, FRIEDLINGSTEIN P, CIAIS P, et al. Changes in climate and land use have a larger direct impact than rising CO2 on global river runoff trends[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2007, 104(39):15242.
[3]
LABAT D. Evidence for global runoff increase related to climate warming[J]. Advances in Water Resources, 2004, 27(6):631.
[4]
聂小飞, 郑海金,涂安国,等. 南方红壤区长期水土流失综合治理显著减少河流输沙:以鄱阳湖流域赣江上游平江为例[J]. 湖泊科学, 2021, 33(3):935. NIE Xiaofei, ZHENG Haijin, TU Anguo, et al. Long-term soil and water conservation in red soil region of southern China significantly reduced riverine sediment load:A case study of Pingjiang River in the upper reaches of Ganjiang River, Lake Poyang Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2021,33(3):935.
[5]
胡强, 王姣, 刘颖, 等. 水库建设对赣江流域水沙情势的影响[J]. 人民长江, 2021, 52(4):1. HU Qiang, WANG Jiao, LIU Ying, et al. Effect of reservoir construction on runoff and sediment characteristics in Ganjiang River[J]. Yangtze River, 2021, 52(4):1.
[6]
刘晓燕, 高云飞, 田勇, 等. 黄河潼关以上坝库拦沙作用及流域百年产沙情势反演[J]. 人民黄河, 2021, 43(7):19. LIU Xiaoyan, GAO Yunfei, TIAN Yong, et al. Sediment intercepted by dams and the sediment production situation restoration of the last 100 years in the Yellow River Basin[J]. Yellow River, 2021,43(7):19.
[7]
刘洁, 杨胜发, 沈颖. 长江上游水沙变化对三峡水库泥沙淤积的影响[J]. 泥沙研究, 2019, 44(6):36. LIU Jie, YANG Shengfa, SHEN Ying,et al.Impact of runoff and sediment from the Upper Yangtze River on deposition in the Three Gorges Reservoir[J]. Journal of Sediment Research, 2019, 44(6):36.
[8]
韩沙沙, 谈广鸣, 赵连军, 等. 黄河入海水沙情势变化分析[J]. 中国农村水利水电,2022(2):1. HAN Shasha, TAN Guangming, ZHAO Lianjun, et al. Analysis on the latest variations of incoming water and sediment in the Yellow River Delta[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2022(2):1.
[9]
郭文献, 李越, 张陵, 等. 近60年长江中游宜昌站水沙变化与驱动因素分析[J]. 水文, 2019, 39(6):69. GUO Wenxian, LI Yue, ZHANG Ling, et al. Analysis of annual runoff and sediment variation and driving factors at Yichang Station in Yangtze River over 60 years[J]. Journal of China Hydrology, 2019, 39(6):69.
[10]
ZHANG W, XU Y, HOITINK A, et al. Morphological change in the Pearl River Delta, China[J]. Marine Geology, 2015, 363:202.
[11]
WU C, JI C, SHI B, et al. The impact of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment load in the Pearl River basin[J]. International Journal of Sediment Research, 2019,34(4):307.
[12]
SUN P, WU Y, WEI X, et al. Quantifying the contributions of climate variation, land use change, and engineering measures for dramatic reduction in streamflow and sediment in a typical loess watershed, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2020,142:105611.
[13]
QIU L, WU Y, WANG L, et al. Spatiotemporal response of the water cycle to land use conversions in a typical hilly-gully basin on the Loess Plateau, China[J]. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences, 2017, 21(12):1.
[14]
刘星根, 李昌彦, 吴敦银. 近60年赣江水沙变化特征及影响因素分析[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2015, 24(11):1920. LIU Xinggen,LI Changyan,WU Dunyin.Changing characteristic and its impact factor analysis of streamflow and sediment of Ganjiang River Basin during past 60 years[J]. Resources and Enviroment in the Yangtze Basin, 2015, 24(11):1920.
[15]
刘惠英, 白桦. 赣江上游章水流域水沙变化的驱动力分析[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2018, 27(3):615. LIU Huiying,BAI Hua. Contribution rate analysis of driving factors on the rainfall-sediment relationship of Zhang river Watershed in the upper region of Ganjiang Watershed[J]. Resources and Enviroment in the Yangtze Basin, 2018,27(3):615.
[16]
高鹏, 穆兴民, 王飞. 近60年赣江水沙变化及其驱动因素分析[J]. 中国农村水利水电, 2012, 1(1):56. GAO Peng, MU Xingmin, WANG Fei. An analysis of streamflow and sediment discharge in Ganjiang River trend and driving force[J]. China Rural Water and Hydropower,2012,1(1):56.
[17]
刘同宦, 安智伟, 柴朝晖, 等. 鄱阳湖五河入湖水沙通量及典型断面形态变化特性分析[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2020, 37(11):8. LIU Tonghuan, AN Zhiwei, CHAI Chaohui, et al. Changes of water and sediment flux and typical sectional shape of five rivers flowing into the Poyang Lake[J]. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2020,37(11):8.
[18]
江辉, 刘瑶, 陈晓玲, 等. 1965-2011年赣江中上游年输沙量变化及影响因素[J]. 人民长江, 2017, 48(24):66. JIANG Hui, LIU Yao, CHEN Xiaoling, et al. Variation characteristics of annual sediment discharge and its influential factors in middle-upper Ganjiang River during 1965-2011[J]. Yangtze River, 2017, 48(24):66.
[19]
郭强, 叶许春, 刘佳, 等. 土地利用变化对流域水文过程时空分异的影响:以赣江流域为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2020, 29(12):13. GUO Qiang, YE Xuchun, LIU Jia, et al.Impact of land use change on spatio-temporal differentiation of watershed hydrological processes:A case study of Ganjiang River basin[J]. Resources and Enviroment in the Yangtze Basin, 2020,29(12):13.
[20]
范宏翔, 何菡丹, 徐力刚, 等. 基于长短记忆模型的鄱阳湖流域径流模拟及其演变的归因分析[J]. 湖泊科学, 2021, 33(3):866. FAN Hongxiang, HE Handan, XU Ligang, et al. Simulation and attribution analysis based on the long-short-term-memory network for detecting the dominant cause of runoff variation in the Lake Poyang Basin[J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2021, 33(3):866.
[21]
孙鹏, 张强, 陈晓宏, 等. 鄱阳湖流域水沙时空演变特征及其机理[J]. 地理学报, 2010,65(7):828. SUN Peng, ZHANG Qiang, CHEN Xiaohong, et al. Spatio-temporal patterns of sediment and runoff changes in the Poyng Lake Basin and underlying causes[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010,65(7):828.
[22]
江西省水利厅. 江西河湖大典[M]. 武汉:长江出版社, 2010:53. Jiangxi Provincial Department of Water Resources. Encyclopedia of rivers and lakes in Jiangxi[M].Wuhan:Changjiang Publishing Press, 2010:53.
YE X, ZHANG Q, LIU J, et al. Distinguishing the relative impacts of climate change and human activities on variation of streamflow in the Poyang Lake catchment, China[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 494:83.
[25]
PETTITT A N. A non-parametric approach to the change-point problem[J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1979, 28(2):126.
[26]
王随继, 闫云霞, 颜明, 等. 皇甫川流域降水和人类活动对径流量变化的贡献率分析:累积量斜率变化率比较方法的提出及应用[J]. 地理学报, 2012,67(3):388. WANG Suiji, YAN Yunxia, YAN Ming, et al. Contribution of precipitation and human activities to the runoff change of the Huangfuchuan Drainage Basin:Application of comparative method of the slope changing ratio of cumulative quantity, 2012,67(3):388.
[27]
唐永森. 预防为主综合防治:赣州水土保持的成功之路[J]. 中国水土保持, 2003(12):16. TANG Yongsen. Prevention first and comprehensive control:A successful way of soil and water conservation in Ganzhou[J]. Soil and Water Conservation in China, 2003(12):16.
2023, Vol. 21 
