黄河径流与输沙关系演变及其相关科学问题

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2020.04.001

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摘要近年来黄河水沙发生急剧变化,对黄河治理开发的决策与实践带来重大影响,成为水科学、环境科学等多领域研究的热点,研究径流与输沙关系演变特征对于揭示水沙变化机理具有重要意义。通过对近百年黄河降雨、径流和泥沙定位观测资料统计,结合实地调查,揭示了黄河径流泥沙关系变化特征与规律,并提出了深化认识黄河水沙变化机理所面临的科学问题。研究表明:自20世纪60年代以来,黄河水沙变化经历一个由渐变到"剧变"的过程;径流量、泥沙量大幅减少且多数支流降雨-天然径流关系发生变化,而实测径流-泥沙关系却没有明显变化,即不少支流存在着径流泥沙减少的"量"变和径流与输沙关系"质"变的不协同现象;径流、泥沙变化在时间尺度上不具有完全的同步性,水沙变化并没有改变黄河水沙关系不协调的特性。径流与输沙关系演变是一个非线性复杂过程,需要对人类活动强烈干扰下流域系统水沙情势预测理论与方法、水沙变化对水土保持的响应机理、黄河输沙量减少的约束度量、黄土高原产流机制变化及其临界等科学问题开展深化研究。

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	姚文艺
	高亚军
	张晓华

关键词 ：水沙关系, 差异度指标, 水沙变化, 产流机制, 黄河流域

Abstract：[Background] The rapid variation of runoff and sediment in the Yellow River have caused a major impact on the decision-making and practice of the Yellow River management, which have become a focus in the field of water science and environmental science. Due to the variations of runoff and sediment changes with time, state and process, the research of the evolution characteristics of the relationship between runoff and sediment transport is of great significance for revealing the mechanism of water and sediment variation. [Methods] Combined with field investigation, the rainfall, runoff and sediment location observation data of the Yellow River in the past 100 years were statistically analyzed. The variation trend degrees of runoff and sediment were calculated based on long sequence and each period, and the diversity indicators were obtained as well. Furthermore, the erosion momenta of rainfalls in the typical tributary fields were calculated, and reduction benefits of water and soil conservation measures were computed by means of soil and water conservation analysis and evaluation. [Results] 1) The change of the runoff and sediment in the Yellow River experienced a process from gradual to sharp change. Before the mid-1980s, the trend degree of runoff and sediment was close to zero. The trend degree of runoff and sediment turned into -0.281 1 and -0.297 0 during the period of 1987—1999, and changed to -0.384 5 and -0.790 1 since 2000. 2) By the great reduction of the runoff and sediment, the relationships between rainfall and natural runoff in the most tributaries have changed, while those between measured runoff and sediment have not been noticeably changed. Thus, the quantitative reduction of the runoff and sediment was uncoordinated with the qualitative change of correlativity between runoff and sediment transport. 3) The variations of runoff and sediment did not have complete synchronization on the time scale. The decrease in sediment transport was greater than the decrease in runoff by nearly 38% in Tongguan hydrological station, and changes in water and sediment did not alter the uncoordinated feature of the relationship between water. 4) It can be seen that under the strong interference of human activities, lots of triggered problems should be further explored in depth, such as prediction theory and method of runoff and sediment situation in complex basin system, response mechanism of water and sediment changes to conservation of soil and water, the threshold while the reduction of the sediment transport, and the changes of runoff generation mechanism in the Loess Plateau. [Conclusions] This research systematically reveals the variation characteristics of the relationship between the runoff and sediment in the Yellow River, and the scientific issues are proposed, which can help to deepen the knowledge of the mechanism of the change of the water and sediment in the Yellow River.

Key words： relationship between runoff and sediment diversity indicator runoff and sediment change runoff generation mechanism the Yellow River basin

收稿日期: 2019-03-15

PACS:

S157

基金资助:国家重点研发计划项目"黄河流域水沙变化机理与趋势预测"（2016YFC0402402）， "鄂尔多斯高原砒砂岩区生态综合治理技术" （2017YFC0504500）；河南省创新型科技人才队伍建设工程项目"黄丘区降雨—植被—侵蚀响应临界及模拟"（162101510004）

作者简介: 姚文艺(1957-),男,教授级高工。主要研究方向:土壤侵蚀与水土保持,河床演变与河道整治。E-mail:964144518@qq.com

引用本文:

姚文艺, 高亚军, 张晓华. 黄河径流与输沙关系演变及其相关科学问题[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2020, 18(4): 1-11.
YAO Wenyi, GAO Yajun, ZHANG Xiaohua. Relationship evolution between runoff and sediment transport in the Yellow River and related scientific issues. SSWC, 2020, 18(4): 1-11.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/10.16843/j.sswc.2020.04.001 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/Y2020/V18/I4/1

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