Trade-offs in forest ecosystem services: Cognition, approach and driving
OU Zhaorong1, SUN Yongyu2, DENG Zhihua3, FENG Defeng2
1. School of Geography and Ecotourism, Southwest Forestry University, 650024, Kunming, China; 2. Institute of Resources and Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry Sciences, 650216, Kunming, China; 3. School of Chemistry, Southwest Forestry University, 650024, Kunming, China
Abstract：[Background] Trade-off relationship among forest ecosystem services is one of the important factors causing regionally and globally ecological and environmental problems. Scientifically understanding trade-off relationships of forest ecosystem is significant to enhance human well-beings and achieve win-win situation of ecological protection and social and economic development. [Methods] On the basis of comprehending domestic and foreign research literatures, we expounded the connotation of forest ecosystem service trade-off, and clarified the basic characteristics and main steps of trade-off analysis of forest ecosystem services. Then we sorted the principles, techniques and main functions of trade-off analysis methods, as well as their scope of application, and analyzed the driving roles of natural and human factors in trade-off of forest ecosystem services.[Results] 1) Human choice preferences lead to trade-offs among forest ecosystem services. The trade-offs among forest ecosystem services are characterized by universality, reversibility, time-space scale, uncertainty and externality. Universality refers to the general existence of trade-offs between various forest ecosystem services,and reversibility indicates the resilience of damaged forest ecosystem services. Time-space scale shows the spatial and temporal scale characteristics of trade-off relationship, and uncertainty means that the trade-off relationship is not constant. Externality reveals the impact of trade-off management on ecosystem services in non-target areas. 2) The main research procedure of forest ecosystem trade-off includes evaluation index selection, data acquisition quantitative and evaluation trade-off analysis. The research methods mainly include eco-economic integration model method, statistical method, mapping of ecosystem services, scenario analysis and service liquidity analysis. The eco-economic integration model is suitable for analyzing trade-off relationship between the supply services and regulation services convenient for marketization, the statistical method for analyzing correlation relationship between various forest ecosystem services, and mapping of ecosystem services for revealing trade-off spatial heterogeneity. Scenario analysis holds for scenario analysis and finding the best optimization scheme, and service liquidity analysis method for analyzing trade-off occurrence mechanism and ecological process. 3) The driving factors for trade-offs among forest ecosystem services can be divided into natural factors and human factors. Natural factors containing ecological factors and environmental factors are the basis of trade-offs among forest ecosystem services, while human factors include human choice preference, human activity mode and human activity behavior are main ones for trade-offs among forest ecosystem services. [Conclusions] The trade-offs among forest ecosystem services are generated by co-driving or direct interaction of driving factors. The trade-offs among forest ecosystem services are insufficient in temporal scales terms of uncertainty of evaluation results, driving factors and spatial and temporal scaling effects of mechanisms. Forest ecosystem trade-offs assessment methods, quantitative models, spatiotemporal scaling effect of driving factors and their mechanisms will be the focus of future research in forest ecosystem services trade-offs.
DAILY G C. Natures Science: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems [M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997: 25.
[2]
COSTANZA R, D’ARGE R, DE GROOT R S, et al. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital[J]. Nature, 1997, 387(15): 253.
[3]
MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT.Ecosystem and human well-being[M].Washington DC: Island Press, 2005: 22.
[4]
WILLEMEN L, HEIN L, MENSVOORT M E F V, et al. Space for people, plants, and livestock? Quantifying interactions among multiple landscape functions in a Dutch rural region[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2010, 10(1):62.
[5]
RUIJS A, WOSSINK A, KORTELAINEN M, et al. Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services in eastern Europe [J]. Ecosystem Services, 2013(4):82.
[6]
朱颖,吕洁华. 国内森林生态系统服务价值评估方法与指标研究综述[J]. 林业经济, 2015(8):74. ZHU Yin, LÜ Jiehua. Review of the forest ecosystem services function evaluation in domestic [J].Forestry Economics, 2015(8):74.
[7]
孙清琳,李延森,郭继凯,等. 云和县森林生态系统水源涵养功能评估[J]. 北京大学学报:自然科学版, 2015,51(5):888. SUN Qinlin, LI Yansen, GUO Jikai, et al. Assessment of water conservation function of forest ecosystem in Yunhe county[J]. Acta Scientiarum Narturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2015,51(5):888.
[8]
修珍珍,王斌,杨校生,等. 庙山坞自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能评估[J]. 南京林业大学学报(自然科学版), 2015,39(4):81. XIU Zhenzhen, WANG Bin, YANG Xiaosheng, et al. Assement on forest ecosystem in Miaoshanwu nature reserve of Zhejiang province [J]. Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Science Edition), 2015,39(4):81.
[9]
戴尔阜,王晓莉, 朱建佳,等.生态系统服务权衡/协同研究进展与趋势展望[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(11):1250. DAI Erfu,WANG Xiaoli, ZHU Jianjia,et al. Progress and perspective on ecosystem services trade-offs[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2015,30(11):1250.
[10]
麻泽龙, 宫渊波, 胡庭兴,等. 森林覆盖率与水土保持关系研究进展[J]. 四川农业大学学报, 2003,21(1):54. MA Zelong, GONG Yuanbo, HU Tingxing,et al. Summary of the studies on relation between forest coverage and water and soil conservation[J]. Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University, 2003,21(1):54.
[11]
李双成,张才玉,刘金龙,等. 生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展及地理学研究议题[J]. 地理研究, 2013, 32(8):1379. LI Shuangcheng, ZHANG Caiyu, LIU Jinlong, et al. The tradeoffs and synergies of ecosystem services: Research progress,development trend,and themes of geography[J].Geographical Research, 2013, 32(8):1379.
[12]
林泉,吴秀芹. 生态系统服务冲突及权衡的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术, 2012, 35(6):100. LIN Quan, WU Xiuqin. Progress on trade-offs in ecosystem services [J].Environment Science & Techonology, 2012, 35(6):100.
[13]
GABRIELL E, EROESCH-MCNALLY G E, RABOTYAGOV S S. Paying for forest ecosystem services: Voluntary versus mandatory payments [J]. Environmental Management, 2016, 57(3):585.
[14]
彭建,胡晓旭,赵明月,等. 生态系统服务权衡研究进展:从认知到决策[J].地理学报, 2017,72(6):960. PENG Jian, HU Xiaoxu, ZHAO Mingyue, et al. A view on the tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem services[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(6):960.
[15]
CRAIG M D, STOKES V L, HARDY G E S, et al. Edge effects across boundaries between natural and restored Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forests in south-western Australia[J]. Austral Ecology, 2015, 40(2):186.
[16]
LU N, FU B J, JIN T T, et al. Trade-off analyses of multiple ecosystem services by plantations along a precipitation gradient across Loess Plateau landscapes[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(10):1697.
[17]
AILLERY M, SHOEMAKER R, CASWELL M. Agriculture and ecosystem restoration in South Florida: Assessing trade-offs from water-retention development in the Everglades agricultural area[J]. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2001, 83(1):183.
[18]
CHISHOLM R A. Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot[J]. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69(10):1973.
[19]
EAK R, RIK T, GARY L. Trade-offs and synergies between carbon, forest diversity and forest products in Nepal community forests [J]. Environmental Conservation, 2016, 44(1):5.
[20]
欧朝蓉,朱清科, 孙永玉. 元谋干热河谷旱季植被覆盖度的时空异质性[J].林业科学, 2017, 53(11):20. OU Zhaorong, ZHU Qingke, SUN Yongyu. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the vegetation coverage in the dry season in Yuanmou dry-hot valleys[J]. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2017, 53(11):20.
[21]
CARPENTER S R, DEFRIES R, DIETZ T, et al. Ecology. Millennium ecosystem assessment: Research needs[J]. Science, 2006, 314(5797):257.
[22]
MCNALLY C G, UCHIDA E, GOLD A J. The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2011, 108(34):13945.
[23]
郑丽凤,周媛,周新年,等. 山地森林采伐后生态服务功能恢复动态[J]. 林业经济问题, 2015, 35(1):1. ZHENG Lifeng, ZHOU Yuan, ZHOU Xinnian,et al. Dynamic restoration of eco-service function after mountain forest cutting [J].Forestry Economic Issues, 2015, 35(1): 1.
[24]
PHELPS J, FRIESS D A, WEBB E L. Win-win REDD+approaches belie carbon-biodiversity trade-offs [J]. Biological Conservation, 2012, 154(7):53.
[25]
BAI Y, ZHUANG C, OUYANG Z Y, et al. Spatial characteristics between biodiversity and ecosystem services in a human-dominated watershed[J].Ecological Complexity, 2011(8):177.
[26]
ONAINDIA M, DE MANEL B F, MADARIAGA I, et al. Co-benefits and trade-offs between biodiversity, carbon storage and water flow regulation [J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2013(289):l.
[27]
PAIVA A O, SILVA L C R, HARIDASAN M. Productivity-efficiency tradeoffs in tropical gallery forest-savanna transitions: Linking plant and soil processes through litter input and composition[J]. Plant Ecology, 2015, 216(6):775.
[28]
BARBIER E B, KOCH E W, SILLIMAN B R, et al. Coastal ecosystem-based management with nonlinear ecological functions and values[J]. Science, 2008, 319(5861):321.
[29]
MAES J, LIQUETE C, TELLER A, et al. An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU biodiversity strategy to 2020[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2016(17):14.
[30]
SACCHELLI S, MEO I D, PALETTO A. Bioenergy production and forest multi-functionality: A trade-off analysis using multiscale GIS model in a case study in Italy [J]. Applied Energy, 2013, 104(2):10.
[31]
SCHNEIBEL A, STELLMES M, RÖDER A, et al. Evaluating the trade-off between food and timber resulting from the conversion of Miombo forests to agricultural land in Angola using multi-temporal Landsat data[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016(548/549):390.
[32]
陈登帅,李晶,杨晓楠,等. 渭河流域生态系统服务权衡优化研究[J].生态学报, 2018,38(9): 3260. CHENG Dengshuai, LI Jing, YANG Xiaonan, et al. Trade-offs and optimization among ecosystem services in the Weihe River basin[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018, 38(9):3260.
[33]
杨雯. 森林生态系统服务权衡的研究方法[J]. 绿色科技, 2018(7):14. YANG Wen. Research methods on trade-offs among forest ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Green Science and Technology, 2018(7):14.
[34]
COSTANZ R. Ecosystem services: Multiple classification systems are needed [J]. Biological Conservation, 2008(141):350.
[35]
COSTANZA R, DE GROOT R, SUTTON P, et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2014(26): 152.
[36]
欧阳志云,王效科, 苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究[J].生态学报,1999,19(5):19. OUYANG Zhiyun, WANG Xiaoke, MIAO Hong. A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and ecological-economic value[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 1999,19(5):19.
[37]
DE GROOT R S, WILSON M A, BOUMANS R M. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem functions, goods and services [J]. Ecological Economics, 2002,41(3):393.
[38]
CHISHOLM R A. Trade-offs between ecosystem services: Water and carbon in a biodiversity hotspot[J]. Ecological Economics, 2010, 69(10):1973.
[39]
HUSSAIN A M T, TSCHIRHART J. Economic/ecological tradeoffs among ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation[J]. Ecological Economics, 2013,93(9): l16.
[40]
曹祺文,卫晓梅,吴健生. 生态系统服务权衡与协同研究进展[J]. 生态学杂志, 2016, 35(11):3102. CAO Qiwen, WEI Xiaomei, WU Jiansheng.A review on the tradeoffs and synergies among ecosystem services[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2016, 35(11): 3102.
[41]
郝梦雅,任志远, 孙艺杰,等. 关中盆地生态系统服务的权衡与协同关系动态分析[J].地理研究,2017,36(3):592. HAO Mengya, REN Zhiyuan, SUN Yijie, et al. The dynamic analysis of trade-off and synergy of ecosystem services in the Guanzhong Basin[J]. Geographical Research, 2017, 36(3):592.
[42]
潘竟虎, 李真.干旱内陆河流域生态系统服务空间权衡与协同作用分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(17):280. PAN Jinghu, LI Zhen. Analysis on trade-offs and synergies of ecosystem services in arid inland river basin [J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2017, 33(17): 280.
[43]
BRADFORD J B, D'AMATO A W. Recognizing trade-offs in multi-objective land management[J]. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2012, 10(4):210.
[44]
CADEMUS R, ESCOBEDO F J, MCLAUGHLIN D, et al. Analyzing trade-offs, synergies, and drivers among timber production, carbon sequestration, and water yield in Pinus ellotii forests in southeastern USA[J]. Forests, 2014, 5(6):1409.
[45]
HÄYHÄ T, FRANZESE P P, PALETTO A, et al. Assessing, valuing, and mapping ecosystem services in Alpine forests[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2015, 14(4):12.
[46]
邹淑燕,马正亮,马彩虹,等. 生态系统服务对土地利用转移流的响应及权衡分析:以渭南市为例[J]. 西北师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 53(3):116. ZOU Shuyan, MA Zhengliang, MA Caihong, et al. Response and trade-offs analysis of ecosystem services on land use change flow:A case study in Weinan city [J]. Journal of Northwest Normal University(Natural Science), 2017, 53(3):116.
[47]
SOPHIE C, ELISE F, TANYA H I, et al. Trade-offs between timber production, carbon stocking and habitat quality when managing woodlots for multiple ecosystem services[J]. Environmental Conservation, 2016, 44(1): 14.
[48]
MARCILIOSILVA V, MARQUES M, CAVENDERBARES J. Land-use trade-offs between tree biodiversity and crop production in the Atlantic Forest [J]. Conservation Biology, 2018,32(5):1074.
[49]
BAGSTAD K J, JOHNSON G W, VOIGT B, et al. Spatial dynamics of ecosystem service flows: A comprehensive approach to quantifying actual services[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2013(4):117.
[50]
LOCATELLI B, IMBACH P, WUNDER S. Synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services in Costa Rica[J]. Environmental Conservation, 2014, 41(1):27.
[51]
BASKENTE Z, KELES S, YOLASIGMAZ H A. Comparing multipurpose forest management with timber management, incorporating timber, carbon and oxygen values: A case study[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 2008, 23(2):105.
[52]
戎建涛,雷相东,张会儒,等. 兼顾碳贮量和木材生产目标的森林经营规划研究[J].西北林学院学报, 2012, 27(2):155. RONG Jiantao, LEI Xiangdong, ZHANG Huiru, et al.Forest management planning incorporating values of timber and carbon[J]. Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2012, 27(2):155.
[53]
FOTAKIS D G,SIDIROPOULOS E,MYRONIDIS D,et al. Spatial genetic algorithm for multiobjective forest planning[J]. Forest Policy and Economics, 2012, 21(8):12.
[54]
PEH K S H, BALMFORD A, BRADBURY R B, et al. TESSA: A toolkit for rapid assessment of ecosystem services at sites of biodiversity conservation importance[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2013(5):51.
[55]
NAN L, FU B, JIN T, et al. Trade-off analyses of multiple ecosystem services by plantations along a precipitation gradient across Loess Plateau landscapes[J]. Landscape Ecology, 2014, 29(10):1697.
[56]
VAUHKONEN J, RUOTSALAINEN R. Assessing the provisioning potential of ecosystem services in a Scandinavian boreal forest: Suitability and tradeoff analyses on grid-based wall-to-wall forest inventory data[J]. Forest Ecology and Management, 2017, 389(4):272.
[57]
刘国华,傅伯杰. 全球气候变化对森林生态系统的影响[J]. 自然资源学报, 2001, 1(1):71. LIU Guohua, FU Bojie. Impact of global climate change on forest ecosystems [J].Journal of Natural Resources, 2001, 1(1): 71.
[58]
张迪. 黄土高原典型人工林水碳权衡及主要影响因素研究[D]. 兰州:兰州大学, 2016:31. ZHANG Di. Research of artificial forest carbon and water tradeoff and influencing factors in Loess Plateau[D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2016:31.
[59]
RESIDE A E, VANDERWAL J, MORAN C. Trade-offs in carbon storage and biodiversity conservation under climate change reveal risk to endemic species[J]. Biological Conservation, 2017(207):9.
[60]
勾蒙蒙. 亚热带次生林生态系统服务权衡与协同分析[D]. 长沙:中南林业科技大学, 2017:35. GOU Mengmeng. Balance and synergistic analysis of ecosystem services in subtropical secondary forests[D].Changsha: Central South University of Forestry Science and Technology, 2017:35.
[61]
MARTÍN-LOPEZ B, INIESTA-ARANDIA I, GARCÍA-LlORENTE M, et al. Uncovering ecosystem service bundles through social preferences[J]. PLoS ONE, 2012, 7(6):e38970.
[62]
FICHINO B S, PIVELLO V R, SANTOS R F. Trade-offs among ecosystem services under different pinion harvesting intensities in Brazilian Araucaria Forests[J]. International Journal of Biodiversity Science Ecosystem Services & Management, 2017, 13(1):139.
[63]
杨晓楠,李晶,秦克玉,等. 关中—天水经济区生态系统服务的权衡关系[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(11):1762. YANG Xiaonan,LI Jing,QIN Keyu, et al. Trade-offs between ecosystem services in Guangzhong-Tianshui economic region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(11):1762.
2020, Vol. 18 
