生物炭对植烟土壤氮素形态迁移及微生物量氮的影响

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2017.03.004

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摘要为了在植烟土壤中施加生物炭，以及在不同氮素水平下验证生物炭对土壤氮素的淋洗及迁移的影响。采用大田试验，设计5个处理，在磷肥和钾肥施用量相同的基础上，除对照（CK）处理不施生物炭与氮肥外，其余4个处理都添加1 600 kg/hm²的生物炭，施氮量分别为（N0）0、（N1）37.5、（N2）52.5和（N3）67.5 kg/hm²，对植烟土壤氮素在0~20、20~40和40~60 cm土层施加生物炭，研究全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数的影响及其迁移规律，以及0~20 cm土层微生物量氮的变化特征。结果表明：植烟土壤施用生物炭降低了0~20 cm以下土壤氮素质量分数，提高了植烟土壤对氮素的固定能力。与CK相比，增施生物炭的N0在0~20 cm以下土层，土壤全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量分数降低率最高达到11.21%、49.07%、42.29%和31.35%。而施氮量对植烟土壤全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮的影响，主要集中在0~20 cm土层，且土壤氮素质量分数随施氮量的增加而增加，以N3处理各氮素指标质量分数相对最高，其全氮、碱解氮和铵态氮质量分数最高分别为2.10g/kg、261.86 mg/kg和49.80 mg/kg。土壤硝态氮质量分数随土层加深而下降，在0~20 cm土层，以N3处理最高，达264.90mg/kg；但不同氮水平下，硝态氮质量分数在20~40 cm土层差异较其他土层更显著。施用氮肥对植烟土壤氮素的影响主要表现在烟草移栽后前30 d。增施生物炭可以提高烟草移栽后60d时土壤微生物量氮；而施氮量对微生物量氮熵的影响主要表现在烟草移栽30 d之后。施氮量对植烟土壤氮素的影响主要表现在0~20 cm土层，且在烟草生育前期效果显著。生物炭可以明显抑制植烟土壤本身及低量氮肥施用下氮素淋失迁移，但在高量氮肥施用下的抑制作用不明显。在豫中烟区，以生物炭配施氮肥67.5 kg/hm²施肥措施，最利于植烟土壤氮素提高。

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	姜桂英

关键词 ：植烟土壤, 氮素, 生物炭, 施氮量, 迁移

Abstract：[Background] This paper studies the effect of applied biochar on the nitrogen (N) transformation under different N levels in the tobacco-planting soil, because the C/N ratio in the soil for continuous planting tobacco in Henan province is not balanced, resulting in the tobacco quality reduced. [Methods] The field experiment was carried out with different N levels under the biochar application; it is located in Daguo town of Linying County, Henan province (E113°81', N33°79'). Five treatments were set as:1) no N no biochar (CK); the other four applied with 1 600 kg/hm² biochar, with four N levels:2) 0 kg/hm² (N0); 3) 37.5 kg/hm² (N1); 4) 52.5 kg/hm²(N2); 5) 67.5 kg/hm²(N3). Based on the five sample points, the total N (TN), available N (AN), nitrate N (NO₃^--N) and ammonium N (NH₄⁺-N) in three soil layers (i.e. 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm) as well as the soil microorganism biomass N (SMBN) in 0-20 cm soil layer were measured and analyzed. [Results] The biochar application reduced the N content in the deep layer, which indicated that it elevated N sequestration in top soil layer. Compared with the CK, the decrement of TN, AN, NO₃^--N, and NH₄⁺-N content was 11.21%, 49.07%, 42.29% and 31.35%, respectively under the no treatment. The AN, NO₃^--N, and NH₄⁺-N content mainly existed in 0-20 cm soil layer, and all of them increased with N application rate. The highest content of TN, AN, NH₄⁺-N occurred under N3 treatment, which was 2.10 g/kg, 261.86 g/kg, 264.90 mg/kg, and 49.80 mg/kg, respectively. While the NO₃^--N content reduced with the soil layer increased, and it concentrated in 0-20 cm layer with the highest level as 264.90 mg/kg in N3 treatment. Moreover, the NO₃^--N content in 20-40 cm soil layer was significantly different from that of other soil layer under different N level. The effect of N application rate on its transformation presented before 30 d after the tobacco transplanted. The biochar application increased the SMBN after tobacco transplanted 60 d, while the effect of the amount of N fertilizer on the microbial biomass nitrogen entropy was mainly reflected after tobacco transplanted 30 d. [Conclusions] The effect of N application rate on soil N content mainly in 0-20 cm soil layer, and it was significantly affected during the early stage of tobacco growth. The biochar restrained the N transformation in soil with lower N application rate, but with little effect under higher N application rate. It is suggested that the biochar combined with 67.5 kg/km² N application is the optimal practice to improve soil N content in central area of Henan province.

Key words： tobacco-planted soil nitrogen biochar nitrogen application rate transformation

收稿日期: 2016-12-20

PACS:

S158

基金资助:河南省烟草公司重大面上项目"不同生物炭对植烟土壤碳氮比和紧实度调节机制研究及应用"（LYKJ201504），"烟田有机废弃物高效生物发酵资源化利用与技术集成" （HYKJ201215）

通讯作者: 刘世亮(1970-),男,教授,博士。主要研究方向:土壤肥力与烤烟营养调控。E-mail:shlliu70@163.com;姜桂英(1983-),女,讲师,博士。主要研究方向:土壤肥力及其调控。E-mail:jgy9090@126.com E-mail: shlliu70@163.com;jgy9090@126.com

作者简介: 张弘(1992-),男,硕士研究生。主要研究方向:烟草营养调控。E-mail:1402785590@qq.com

引用本文:

张弘¹, 李影¹, 张玉军¹, 朱金峰², 刘世亮¹, 刘芳¹, 姜桂英¹. 生物炭对植烟土壤氮素形态迁移及微生物量氮的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(3): 26-35.
ZHANG Hong, LI Ying, ZHANG Yujun, ZHU Jinfeng, LIU Shiliang, LIU Fang, JIANG Guiying. Effects of biochar on nitrogen transformation and the microbial biomass nitrogen under different nitrogen application rates. SSWC, 2017, 15(3): 26-35.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/10.16843/j.sswc.2017.03.004 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/Y2017/V15/I3/26

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