Hydraulic and thermal experiment of soil with gravel in the source region of Shule River
HE Yujie1,3, YI Shuhua2,3, CHEN Jianjun4, QIN Yu3
1. Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 100012, Beijing, China;
2. Nantong University, 226007, Nantong, Jiangsu, China;
3. Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000, Lanzhou, China;
4. College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, 541004, Guilin, China
Abstract：[Background] The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is sensitive to climate change and human disturbance. There is large amount of gravel in the soil of the QTP due to the weak chemical and biological processes. However, few attentions have been paid to the thermal and hydraulic properties of soil with gravel. Gravel in soil affects soil composition, water content, soil bulk density, soil thermal conductivity and other soil properties. The study on hydrothermal properties of gravel was few. The widely used parameterization schemes of soil water and thermal properties only considers the sandy, silt and clay soil, the understanding of the importance of gravel is not enough.[Methods] According to the different content of gravel in soil, three types of grassland were selected as the research object. In each type, three plots were selected, totally 9 plots. A 1.6 m deep soil profile was dug in each plot. Each profile was divided into four layers, namely:0-20, 20-40, 60-100, and 100-160 cm. Soil samples were taken from each soil layer and brought to the laboratory. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil samples was measured by constant-head permeameter and variable-head permeameter in the laboratory. The thermal conductivity of soil samples in the study area was analyzed by thermal characteristic analyzer (KD2Pro, DECAGON, USA). The relationship between saturated hydraulic conductivity, thermal conductivity and gravel content was analyzed by origin software. and the significance was tested by SPSS.[Results] The saturated hydraulic conductivity increases sharply when the content of gravel is more than 60%. The saturated hydraulic conductivity reaches 1.5 cm/s when the content of gravel reaches 80%. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of tillage and supplementary sowing land increases with the increase of gravel content. For all soil layers, the thermal conductivity is basically the same under two conditions when the soil moisture is zero. The thermal conductivity of frozen soil is lower than that of unfrozen soil. With the increase of soil moisture, the thermal conductivity of frozen soil is higher than that of unfrozen soil at about 10%-20%. In addition, when the moisture content of soil samples is approximately the same, the thermal conductivity of frozen and unfrozen soil samples with larger proportion of gravel is higher than that of soil samples with smaller proportion of gravel. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil, the unfrozen and frozen thermal conductivity of soil at saturation are positively correlated with soil density, the content of gravel with particle size larger than 2 mm, and negatively correlated with porosity and the content of non-gravel with particle size smaller than 2 mm.[Conclusions] The content of gravel has a significant effect on the saturated hydraulic conductivity and thermal conductivity, and future studies need to consider the effect of gravel on the soil water and heat properties.
何玉洁, 宜树华, 陈建军, 秦彧. 疏勒河源区含砂砾石土壤水热实验[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2019, 17(3): 48-56.
HE Yujie, YI Shuhua, CHEN Jianjun, QIN Yu. Hydraulic and thermal experiment of soil with gravel in the source region of Shule River. SSWC, 2019, 17(3): 48-56.
卞林根,陆龙骅,逯昌贵,等.1998年夏季青藏高原辐射平衡分量特征[J].大气科学,2001, 25(5):577. BIAN Lingen, LU Longhua, LU Changgui, et al. The characteristies of radiation balance components of the Tibetan Plateau in the summer of 1998[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences, 2001, 25(5):577.
[2]
马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌.土壤湿度与气候变化关系的研究进展与展望[J].地球科学进展, 1999, 14(3):300. MA Zhuguo, WEI Helin, FU Yubin. Progress in the research on the relationship between soil moisture and climate change[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 1999, 14(3):300.
[3]
潘永洁,吕世华,高艳红,等.砾石对青藏高原土壤水热特性影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象, 2015, 34(5):1224. PAN Yongjie, LU Shihua, GAO Yanhong, et al. simulation of influence of gravel on soil thermal and hydraulic properties on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2015, 34(5):1224.
[4]
罗斯琼,吕世华,张宇,等.CoLM模式对青藏高原中部BJ站陆面过程的数值模拟[J].高原气象, 2008, 27(2):262. LUO Siqiong, LU Shihua, ZHANG Yu, et al. Simulation analysis on land surface process of BJ site of central Tibetan Plateau using CoLM[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2008, 27(2):262.
[5]
MILLER F T, GUTHRIE R L. Classification and distribution of soils containing rock fragments in the United States[J]. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1984, 13:1.
[6]
MEHUYS G R, STOLZY L H, LETEY J, et al. Effect of stones on the hydraulic conductivity of relatively dry desert soils[J]. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc, 1975, 39L:37.
[7]
马琴,刘新,李伟平,等.青藏高原夏季土壤有机质及砾石影响水热传输特性的数值模拟[J].大气科学, 2014, 38(2):337. MA Qin, LIU Xin, LI Weiping, et al. Simulation of thermal and hydraulic properties affected by organic and gravel soil over the Tibetan Plateau during summer[J]. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2014, 38(2):337.
[8]
王根绪,李元首,吴青柏,等.青藏高原冻土区冻土与植被的关系及其对高寒生态系统的影响[J].中国科学:D辑, 2006, 36(8):743. WANG Genxu, LI Yuanshou, WU Qingbai, et al. Relationship between frozen soil and vegetation in the frozen soil region of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its impact on alpine ecosystems[J]. Science in China:D, 2006, 36(8):743.
[9]
杨梅学,姚檀栋.青藏高原雪盖对亚洲季风影响进展[J].冰川冻土, 1998, 20(2):14. YANG Meixue, YAO Tandong. A review of the study on n the impact of snow cover in the Tibetan Plateau on Asian Monsoon[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1998, 20(2):14.
[10]
吴青柏,沈永平,施斌.青藏高原冻土及水热过程与寒区生态环境的关系[J].冰川冻土, 2003, 25(3):250. WU Qingbai, SHEN Yongping, SHI Bin. Relationship between frozen soil together with its water-heat process and ecological environment in the Tibet Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2003, 25(3):250.
[11]
雷志栋,杨诗秀,谢森传.土壤水动力学[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1988:77. LEI Zhidong, YANG Shixiu, XIE Senchuan. Soil Hydrodynamics[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 1988:77.
[12]
姚淑霞,赵传成,张铜会.科尔沁不同沙地土壤饱和导水率比较研究[J].土壤学报, 2013, 50(3):469. YAO Shuxia, ZHAO Chuancheng, ZHANG Tonghui. A Comparison of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in different Horqin sandy land[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2013, 50(3):469.
[13]
梁向锋,赵世伟,张扬,等.子午岭植被恢复对土壤饱和导水率的影响[J].土壤学报, 2009, 29(2):636. LIANG Xiangfeng, ZHAO Shiwei, ZHANG Yang, et al. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil saturated hydraulic conductivity in Ziwuling forest area[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2009, 29(2):636.
[14]
王双,李小春,王少泉,等.碎石土级配特征对渗透系数的影响研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2015, 34(2):4395. WANG Shuang, LI Xiaochun, WANG Shaoquan, et al. Study of gravel-soil characteristics influence on the permeability coefficient[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2015, 34(2):4395.
[15]
王俊杰,卢孝志,邱珍锋,等.粗粒土渗透系数影响因素试验研究[J].水利水运工程学报, 2013, 12(6):16. WANG Junjie, LU Xiaozhi, QIU Zhenfeng, et al. Experimental studies on influence factors of permeability coefficients of coarse-grained soil[J]. Journal of Water Resources and Engineering, 2013, 12(6):16.
[16]
王慧芳,邵明安,王明玉.小碎石与细土混合介质的导水特性[J].土壤学报, 2010, 47(6):1086. WANG Huifang, SHAO Mingan, WANG Mingyu. Hydraulic conductivity of mixtures of rock frangments and fine earth[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2010, 47(6):1086.
[17]
李毅,邵明安.热脉冲法测定土壤热性质的研究进展[J].土壤学报, 2005, 42(1):134. LI Yi, SHAO Mingan. Latest advance of thermo-pulse method for measuring soil thermal properties[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2005, 42(1):134.
[18]
NIKIFOROVA T, SAVYTSKYI M, LIMAM K, et al. Methods and results of experimental researches of thermal conductivity of soils[J]. Energy Procedia, 2013, 42:775.
[19]
KOMLE N I, BING H, FENG W J, et al. Thermal conductivity measurements of road materials in frozen and unfrozen state construction[J]. Acta Geotechnica, 2007, 2(2):127.
[20]
邓友生,何平,周成林.含盐土导热系数的实验研究[J].冰川冻土, 2004, 26(3):319. DENG Yousheng, HE Ping, ZHOU Chenglin. An experimental research on thermal conductivity coefficient of saline soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2004, 26(3):319.
[21]
李毅,邵明安,王文焰,等.质地对土壤热性质的影响研究[J].农业工程学报, 2003, 19(4):2. LI Yi, SHAO Ming'an, WANG Wenyan, et al. Influence of soil textures on the thermal properties[J]. Transactions of the CSAE, 2003, 19(4):2.
[22]
任图生,邵明安.利用热脉冲-时域反射技术测定土壤水热动态和物理参数[J].土壤学报, 2004, 41(2):225. REN Tusheng, SHAO Mingan. Measurement of soil physical properties with thermo-time domain reflectometry I. Theory[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2004, 41(2):225.
[23]
王澄海,师锐.青藏高原西部陆面过程特征的模拟分析[J].冰川冻土, 2007, 29(1):76. WANG Chenghai, SHI Rui.Simulation of land surface process characteristics in the western Tibetan Plateau in summer[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2007, 29(1):76.
[24]
YI Shuhua, CHEN Jianjun, WU Qinbai. Simulating the role of gravel on the dynamics of permafrost on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J], The Crysphere Discuss, 2013, 7:4703.
[25]
王杰,叶柏生,张世强,等.祁连山疏勒河上游高寒草甸CO2通量变化特征[J].冰川冻土, 2011, 33(3):646. WANG Jie, YE Baisheng, ZHANG Shiqiang, et al. Changing features of CO2 fluxes in alpine meadow in the upper reaches of Shule River, Qilianshan[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(3):646.
[26]
周兆叶,宜树华,叶柏生,等.疏勒河上游冻土区高寒草地NDVI分布特征及制约因素分析[J].草业科学, 2012, 29(5):671. ZHOU Zhaoye, YI Shuhua, YE Baisheng, et al. Analysis of NDVI distribution and limiting factors of alpine grassland in permafrost area of the upper Shule River[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2012, 29(5):671.
[27]
陈建军,宜树华,秦彧,等.疏勒河源区高寒草地景观对地形因子和冻土类型的响应[J].应用生态学报, 2014, 25(6):1599. CHEN Jianjun, YI Shuhua, QIN Yu, et al. Response of alpine grassland in the source region of Shule River basin to topographical and frozen ground types[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(6):1599.
[28]
樊军,邵明安,王全九.田间测定土壤导水率的方法研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学, 2006, 4(2):114. FAN Jun, SHAO Mingan, WANG Quanjiu. Development about methods of soil hydraulic conductivity determination in fields[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(2):114.
[29]
FAROUKI O T. The thermal properties of soil in cold regions[J].Cold Regions and Technology, 1981, 5(1):67.
[30]
李韧,赵林,丁永建,等.青藏高原北部不同下垫面土壤热力特性研究[J].太阳能学报, 2013, 34(6):1076. LI Ren, ZHAO Lin, DING Yongjian, et al. Study on soil thermodynamic characteristics at different underlying surface in northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2013, 34(6):1076.
[31]
INABA H. Experimental study on the thermal properties of frozen soils[J]. Cold Regions and Technology, 1983, 8(2):181.
[32]
GANGADHARA RAO M V B B, KOLAY P K, SINGH D N. Thermal characteristics of a class F fly ash[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998, 28(6):841.
[33]
徐敩祖,王家澄,张立新.冻土物理学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010:77. XU Xiaozu, WANG Jiacheng, ZHANG Lixin. Physics of frozen soil[M]. Beijing:Science Press, 2010:102.
[34]
张湘潭,曾辰,张凡,等.藏东南典型小流域土壤饱和导水率和土壤容重空间分布[J].水土保持学报, 2014, 28(1):69. ZHANG Xiangtan, ZENG Chen, ZHANG Fan, et al. Spatial distribution of soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil bulk density in a typical catchment in southeast Tibet[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 28(1):69.
2019, Vol. 17 
