As an important official document for local senior officials to report government affairs in the Qing Dynasty, the paper-using regulations for Tiben document have a detailed hierarchy. Studying the paper characteristics of existing precious documents can also reflect the multiple values and characteristics of documents. The paper-making raw materials, paper-making technology, and aging characteristics of the selected document are analyzed through a variety of scientific and technological analysis and testing methods. The results show that this document is made of Pleioblastus amarus, and its thickness, pulp beating degree and fineness of paper-making bamboo mold are not as good as the paper used in the court of the Qing Dynasty, and the processes of retting and cooking are not sufficient. The document is in poor condition, with the diseases of discoloration, incompleteness, embrittlement, mildew, and acidification. Besides, micro-components are degraded, especially at the mildew spot of the document. Finally, the reasons for its aging are explored. The lignin and hemicellulose content in bamboo fiber is high, and the paper-making process makes some lignin remain. Acidic substances and molds further deteriorate the original composition paper structure as well as accelerate the aging of paper. The above research is expected to provide a reference for the long-term storage of the document.