黄土高原生物结皮的风化成土效应

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2023.06.001

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摘要生物结皮是干旱和半干旱地区广泛发育的先锋类群,具有重要的风化成土效应和多种生态功能。为探明黄土高原初育土生物结皮的风化成土效应,以进一步认识其作为先锋类群的原始成土作用,以黄绵土和风沙土上发育约30 a的生物结皮为对象,研究结皮层土壤的常量元素地球化学特征,量化表征成土过程的不同风化发育指标,并分析诸指标的相关关系和解释程度。结果表明:1)生物结皮层土壤中K₂O、Na₂O、CaO和MgO质量分数显著低于无结皮土壤,而Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃则相对富集;2)生物结皮层土壤的硅铝铁率、硅铝率、淋溶指数、风化淋溶系数和退碱系数相比无结皮土壤平均降低40.0%,而风化指数、残积系数、斜长石蚀变指数和铁镁质蚀变指数则平均为无结皮土壤的1.6倍,表明生物结皮层土壤的盐基淋溶作用更强,其原生矿物向次生黏土矿物蚀变演化的程度更高;3)风化趋势图显示,生物结皮促进土壤矿物风化,其化学蚀变指数平均为48.5,表明其处于初等化学风化向中等化学风化过渡的阶段;4)相关分析和因子分析表明,化学蚀变指数和斜长石蚀变指数可作为表征土壤风化发育的典型性和代表性指标。综上,生物结皮形成显著促进黄绵土和风沙土这2种初育土的风化成土过程,具有增强盐基淋溶作用,并能提升土壤风化强度和发育程度,对黄土高原脆弱生态区的土壤发育和生态恢复具有积极意义。

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	曹尤淞
	肖波
	江子昊

关键词 ：土壤发生, 黏土矿物, 元素地球化学, 化学蚀变指数, 黄土高原

Abstract：[Background] As the pioneer groups extensively developed in arid and semiarid areas, biocrusts have a variety of ecological functions including essential weathering and pedogenic effects on the surface soil. These biocrust effects on soil weathering and formation are of great importance but still have not yet been intensively investigated, especially for the primitive soil such as loess soil and aeolian sandy soil. [Methods] In the northern Chinese Loess Plateau, the biocrusts developed on loess and aeolian sandy soils for about 30 years were sampled by field investigation. The major elements geochemical characteristics of the soil within biocrust layer were explored by laboratory analysis, and the different weathering and pedogenic indicators that indicated pedogenic processes were quantified by formula calculation. The correlations among the weathering and pedogenic indicators and their interpretations were also revealed by correlation and factors analyses. [Results] 1) The contents of K₂O, Na₂O, CaO, and MgO in the soil within biocrust layer were significantly lower than those in un-crusted soil, while Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ were comparatively enriched in biocrust layer. 2) The silica-alumina-iron ratio, silica-alumina ratio, leaching index, weathering and leaching coefficient, and de-alkalization coefficient of the soil within biocrust layer were averagely 40.0% lower than those of un-crusted soil, whereas the weathering index, residual index, plagioclase alteration index, and mafic alteration index were averagely 1.6 times higher than those of un-crusted soil. These results indicated that biocrusts greatly promoted the leaching process of soil base cations as compared with un-crusted soil, and the degree of alternation from primary minerals to secondary clay minerals in the soil within biocrust layer was higher than that in un-crusted soil. 3) In comparison to un-crusted soil, biocrusts promoted weathering process of soil minerals. More specifically, the chemical alteration index of soil within biocrust layer was 48.5 on average, indicating that it was transitioning from the primary to the moderate weathering stage. 4) According to the results of correlations and factors analyses, the chemical alteration index and plagioclase alteration index can be utilized as typical and representative indexes to indicate weathering and pedogenic processes of soil. [Conclusions] All the above findings indicated that biocrusts made a significant contribution to the weathering and pedogenic processes of primitive soils(loess and aeolian sandy soils). The development of biocrusts greatly promoted the base leaching, as well as the weathering and pedogenic degree of surface soil, which is of positive significance to soil formation and ecological restoration of the fragile ecological area in the Loess Plateau. It is, therefore, essential to pay high attention to biocrust effects on weathering and pedogenesis of soil in drylands.

Key words： soil genesis clay mineral element geochemistry chemical alteration index Loess Plateau

收稿日期: 2021-12-27

PACS:

S151.1

基金资助:国家自然科学基金“黄土高原生物结皮土壤中水汽运动过程与驱动机制”(42077010); 中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养引进计划项目“黄土高原生物结皮土壤水热耦合机制与水汽运动过程”(2019)

通讯作者: 肖波(1981-),男,博士,教授。主要研究方向:土壤物理与水土保持。E-mail:xiaobo@cau.edu.cn E-mail: xiaobo@cau.edu.cn

作者简介: 曹尤淞(1998-),男,硕士研究生。主要研究方向:生物结皮的环境生态效应。E-mail:S20203213021@cau.edu.cn

引用本文:

曹尤淞, 肖波, 江子昊. 黄土高原生物结皮的风化成土效应[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2023, 21(6): 1-12.
CAO Yousong, XIAO Bo, JIANG Zihao. Soil weathering and pedogenesis effect of biocrusts in the Chinese Loess Plateau. SSWC, 2023, 21(6): 1-12.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/10.16843/j.sswc.2023.06.001 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jweb_stbc/CN/Y2023/V21/I6/1

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