英国公共档案馆馆制考(1838-1910)

doi:10.16065/j.cnki.issn1002-1620.2017.01.20

档案学研究

2017, Vol. 31

Issue (1): 99-110 DOI: 10.16065/j.cnki.issn1002-1620.2017.01.20

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英国公共档案馆馆制考(1838-1910)

陈磊

江苏省南京大学邮编：210046

The Establishment of the Public Record Office in Britain (1838-1910)

Lei CHEN

Nanjing university, Nanjing 210046

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摘要:

1838年公共档案馆的建立,结束了英国档案缺乏中央管理机构所导致的档案分散,管理混乱局面。公共档案馆作为政府机构,经过数代档案人的艰巨努力,构建了较为完备的现代档案管理与运作体系。从分支机构设立到职能部门的搭建,从档案管理与出版规章制度的制定到人才选拔与晋升制度的完善,逐步融入英国文官制度体系。不仅为档案编纂与出版奠定了制度基础,也为英国专业史学的兴起提供了史料和人才储备的保障。

Abstract：

The founding of the Public Record Office ended a situation of scattered records and disordered management in Britain due to the absence of a centre institution. After huge efforts of archivists in several generations, the Public Record Office had constructed a complete system of modern record management and operation. From founding branch institutions to functional department, from making various rules or regulations of record supervision and publication to perfecting the system of selection and promotion, the Office integrated into the English Civil Service system gradually. It was not only the foundation on which the record edition and publication could be based, but also a storeroom of historical resources and researchers which were the cornerstone of the rise of the English academic history.

出版日期: 2017-12-26

基金资助:本文受南京大学优秀博士研究生创新能力提升计划（B）项目资助

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引用本文:

陈磊. 英国公共档案馆馆制考(1838-1910)[J]. 档案学研究, 2017, 31(1): 99-110.
Lei CHEN. The Establishment of the Public Record Office in Britain (1838-1910). Archives Science Study, 2017, 31(1): 99-110.

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http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_dax/CN/10.16065/j.cnki.issn1002-1620.2017.01.20 或 http://journal12.magtechjournal.com/Jwk_dax/CN/Y2017/V31/I1/99

[1]	英美学界对公共档案馆的研究除了若干介绍性的档案手册外,目前较为专门的研究性著作为:John D. Cantwell, The Public Record Office, 1838-1958, London: HMSO, 1991. 不过该著按照编年叙述,其重点并非该馆的制度运作.国内的相关研究更少,只有极为简略的介绍.参见:陈玉、张坤,“英国档案工作概况”,《档案学通讯》,1982年第5期.
[2]	Hubert Hall, Studies in English Official Historical Documents, Cambridge: At the University Press, 1908, p. 15.
[3]	V. H. Galbraith, An Introduction to the Use of the Public Records, Oxford University Press, 1934, p. 3.
[4]	The House of Commons, Reports from the Select Committee Appointed to Inquire into the State of the Public Records of the Kingdom, 4th July, 1800, P. 4. 实际上18世纪下议院出台了关于各类型档案的一些列报告,参阅: Record Commission, Reports from the Commissioners Appointed by His Majesty Respecting the Public Records of the Kingdom, 5th June, 1812, pp. 109-112.
[5]	该委员会呈递的两份报告主要分为三部分:一是全国所有公共储藏室的清单,以一般储藏室、议会、文书室、法庭、天主教堂和大学、律师会馆、公共图书馆为标题分类以及苏格兰的相关档案;二是各档案室馆员对委员会的五十个针对性问卷的反馈,其内容涉及档案内容及其性质,档案设施的安全,编目与索引的状况,馆员的职责和收入等;三是对反馈进行的实用性分类和分析,以利于公众使用档案.参见:The House of Commons, Reports from the Select Committee Appointed to Inquire into the State of the Public Records of the Kingdom, First and Second Report, 4th July, 1800.
[6]	由于没有统一编制,各档案室的薪水迥异.如文书房的主管年薪400磅,而一二级保管员为150和100磅;兰开斯特公爵档案保管员则长期无薪水;AKMS学院的13位保管员的年薪总和约242磅.这种情况下,各馆只能靠提高收费来补足.参见:The House of Commons, Reports from the Select Committee Appointed to Inquire into the State of the Public Records of the Kingdom, First and Second Report 4th July,1800, p. 43. 80. 82 及该报告第二部分的反馈.
[7]	Record Commission, Reports from the Commissioners Appointed by His Majesty Respecting the Public Records of the Kingdom, 5th June, 1812, pp. 3-6. 这一时期档案管理的进展情况请参阅各报告的附录部分.
[8]	国王的手谕任命书参见:George the Third, Commission for Executing the Measures Recommended by the House of Commons Respecting the Public Records of the Kingdom, 19th July, 1800.
[9]	Record Commission, Abstract of Annual Reports, 23 March, 1801. 从历年报告看,秘书确实享有很大权力,1836年的特别委员会甚至认为秘书“掌管了所有事务”正是档案管理各种弊端的原因之一,对此,档案委员会予以了澄清,参见:Record Commission, A Copy of Observations upon the Report from the Select Committee of the House of Commons, Appointed to Inquire into the Management and Affairs of the Record Commission, and the Present State of the Records of the United Kingdom, February, 1837, PP. 17-20.
[10]	议会分别于1800、1806、1817、1821、1825和1831年任命了六届委员会,委员人数分别为12、15、16、24、24和25人,其中大多数是贵族朝臣,详细名单参见当年的委员会报告.
[11]	但从王室债务官(King’s Remembrancer)档案室的条规可对当时的档案管理状况略窥一二,该室的管理规则有:除非存包人, 1819, p. 178.
[12]	Sir Harris Nicolas, A Letter to the Right Hon. Lord Brougham and Vaux, on the Constitution and Proceedings of the Commission for the Public Records, London: William Pickering, 25th July, 1832, pp. 4-6.
[13]	The House of Commons, Report from the Select Committee on Record Commission, 11th July, 1836, pp. XXXVII-XXXIX. 从特别委员会报告看其成员具有较强的史学意识.他们指出档案委员会在花钱很大的情况下编目、存档环境、编纂文献等方面存在的严重问题,且欠债近24000磅,具体参见1000余页的报告.
[14]	该法案于1877年被议会通过的修正案正式命名为《1838年公共档案馆法案》(“Public Record Office Act”).
[15]	Commons, An Act for Keeping Safely the Public Records, 23th , July, 1838, pp. 2-5.
[16]	John D.Cantwell, The Public Record Office, 1838-1958, London: HMSO, 1991, p. 136.
[17]	在英国文官制度尚未建立之前,官员任命中荫庇、人治因素广泛存在.兰代尔希望与自己私交好的哈代获得这一职位,政府的选择令哈代大失所望.加上此前在档案管理中哈代和帕尔格雷夫一直有矛盾,这种不良关系一直延续到后者退休为止.后人评论双方都具有不错的职业精神,而政府的选择也是明智的.
[18]	Royal Commission on Records, First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(partⅠ), London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912, p. 33.
[19]	Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, AppendixⅠNo.14. 15, 1841.
[20]	Royal Commission on Records, First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅠ), London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912, pp. 33-34.
[21]	Commons, An Act for Keeping Safely the Public Records, 23th , July, 1838, p. 5.
[22]	Sixteenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, June, 1855, p. 25.
[23]	Tenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, March, 1849, p. 11.
[24]	John D.Cantwell, The Public Record Office, 1838-1958, London: HMSO, 1991, p. 159.
[25]	Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 114.
[26]	1880-1905年的委员会名单参阅:Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 41.
[27]	由于中世纪英国国家管理主要以司法形式为主,因此行政与法律档案是混杂一起的,存放在威斯敏斯特和伦敦塔等地;伊丽莎白时期在白厅建立了国家公文馆来存放以“国家公文”(Papers of State)命名的新机构产生的档案,但它依然混杂着不少无关的法律等档案.参阅:Hubert Hall, A Repertory of British Archives, PartⅠ. England, London: Offices of the Society,1920, pp. Xii-Xiii.
[28]	“Order in Council Placing Certain Records in the Custody of the Master of the Rolls”, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 8.
[29]	1838年法案在关乎权限的“custody” 和“charge and superintendence”用词上并未以区分.副馆长在第37份年度报告中指出卷宗主管的保管(custody)地位存疑;乔治·杰塞尔(George Jessel)对着两个词语作出区分,认为保管地位是享有全权地位,而负责与监督则否;对此皇家档案委员肯定了实际运作中的区别.参阅:Royal Commission on Records, First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(partⅠ), London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912, p. 5.
[30]	Commons, An Act for Keeping Safely the Public Records, 23th , July, 1838, pp. 2-3.
[31]	Treasury Chambers, “Report of Treasury Officers on Old Treasury Records”, 13th June, 1846, In Eighth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 12th May, 1847.
[32]	British Public Record Office: History, Description, Record Groups, Finding Aids,Materials for American History with Special Reference to Virginia, Richmond: The Virginia State Library, 1960, p. 19.
[33]	The Fifty-seven Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1896, p. 36.
[34]	The House of Commons, An Act to Amend the Public Record Office Act, 1838, 4th June, 1877.
[35]	档案馆还规定甄别委员会须每年制定并向卷宗主管提交处置明细表.详见: “Rules for the Disposal of Valueless Documents”, 25th July, 1882, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, pp. 37-38
[36]	Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 41.
[37]	Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 15th May, 1841, p. 14.
[38]	“Rules and Regulations made by the Masters of the Rolls for the Management of the Public Record Office”, In Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 15th May, 1841, p. 14.
[39]	The Seventy-First Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1910, pp. 14-16.
[40]	“Regulations Relating to the Inspection of Department Archives”, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 58.
[41]	各部门档案开放的进展情况参阅:“Dates to Which Department Records Were Open to the Public or to Readers Furnished with Permits before the Regulations of 1903”, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol. of 1903”, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 60-61.
[42]	详见:“Rules and Regulations Made by the Masters of the Rolls for the Management of the Public Record Office”, In Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 15th May, 1841, p. 15.
[43]	Thirteenth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, June, 1852, p. 40.
[44]	The Seventy-First Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1910, p. 16.
[45]	Fourth Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1843, p. 20. 25.
[46]	Mr. Braidwood’s Second Report on Dangers to Record Offices from Fire, 18th June, 1845, in Seventh Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1846.
[47]	Sixteen Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, June, 1855, p. 28.
[48]	The Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 22th February, 1862, pp. 25-26.
[49]	The Twenty-Third Annual Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 22th February, 1862, pp. 27-28.
[50]	具体名单参阅: “Establishment of the Public Record Department”, In Second Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, AppendixⅠ, 15th May, 1841.
[51]	“Memorandum on the Staff of the Public Record Office and on the Training of the Staff”, In Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, p. 109.
[52]	“Memorandum on the Staff of the Public Record Office and on the Training of the Staff”, p. 111.
[53]	Royal Commission on Records, First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(partⅠ), p. 34.
[54]	Treasury Chambers, “Letter from the Treasury to Lord Langdale as to the Appointment, Number,Salaries of the Officers of the Record Establishment”, In First Report of the Deputy Keeper of the Public Records, 1840, P. 76.
[55]	该时期档案出版的数量及分类状况参阅:Royal Commission on Records, Appendices to the First Report of the Royal Commission on Public Records Appointed to inquire into and Report on the State of the Public Records and Local Records of A Public Nature of England and Wales, Vol.Ⅰ(PartⅡ), 1912, pp. 75-91.

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