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| Fine-root morphological variation and below-ground competition of an apple-peanut intercropping system |
| SUN Yubo1, BI Huaxing1,2,3,4,5,6, DUAN Hangqi1, PENG Ruidong1, WANG Jingjing1 |
1. School of Water and Soil Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
2. Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
3. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
4. Forestry Ecological Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, 100083, Beijing, China;
5. Ji County Station, Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network, 100083, Beijing, China;
6. Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, 102206, Beijing, China |
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Abstract [Background] Apple-peanut intercropping system is one of the major agroforestry systems on the Loess Plateau of China. However, the extensive management practices for apple-peanut intercropping system leads to intense competition among species for below-ground resources, which results in low overall economic efficiency. To alleviate the interspecific below-ground competition of apple-peanut intercropping system, a scientific basis and technical support for management practices should be investigated.[Methods] A stratified excavation method was performed both to explore the variation of fine-root morphological variation and to quantify the interspecific below-ground competition status of apple-peanut intercropping system and monocropping systems. Among them, the apple trees were planted for 7 years, and the planting densities of apple trees and peanuts were 500 and 83 333 plants/hm2, respectively. Peanut was cultivated at a distance of 0.5 m from the apple tree row. The area within 0.5 m of the apple tree row was used for fine-root sampling (4.0 m×4.0 m) in both the apple-peanut intercropping system and monocropped apple treatments. Three sections (4.0 m×0.4 m) were randomly selected as the fine-root sampling area in the monocropped peanut treatment. Fine-root dry weight was measured by sampling, while fine-root biomass density, fine-root vertical barycenter and below-ground interspecific competition intensity index were calculated.[Results] 1) The fine roots of apple trees were mainly distributed within 1.7 m from the apple tree row. The farther the section was to the apple tree row, the less the fine-root mass density of the apple trees, while the more the fine-root mass density of the intercropped peanut. The fine-root mass density of both apple trees and intercropped peanut of the northern apple tree row was greater than that of the southern, and the fine-root biomass density of the intercropped apple trees and intercropped peanut were less than that of the monocropping systems. 2) The fine roots of apple trees concentrated mostly within the soil depths of 0-60 cm, and those of apple trees and peanut were distributed mostly within the 20-40 cm and 0-20 cm soil depth, respectively. Compared with that in the monocropping systems, the fine-root mass density of the intercropped apple trees and peanut decreased in each soil layer. 3) Compared with that of the monocropping systems, the fine-root vertical barycenter of the intercropped apple trees displaced deeper soil, and the fine-root vertical barycenter of the peanut displaced shallower soil; the fine-root vertical barycenter of both apple trees and peanut displaced deeper soil with distance from the apple tree row. 4) The components of the apple-peanut intercropping system competed for soil water and nutrients at distances 0.5-2.5 m from the apple tree row. The interspecific below-ground competition intensity was slightly greater in the south of a apple tree row than the north of a row. The interspecific below-ground competition index of the apple-peanut intercropping system in the 0.5-1.7 m area of apple trees was greater than 0.53, which was the main area of interspecific below-ground competition. And a relatively greater intensity of below-ground interspecific competition in the apple-peanut intercropping system for soil water and nutrients occurred within distances of 0.5-1.7 m from the apple tree row.[Conclusions] To effectively alleviate the below-ground interspecific competition in apple-peanut intercropping system and obtain more production, farmers should appropriately increase the distance between peanut and apple tree rows. Peanut should be planted in areas at distances of 1.7 m away from apple tree rows. Furthermore, farmers should also increase water and fertilizer input within the 0-20 cm soil layer in intercropping area. Irrigation and fertilization can be appropriately increased with the distance from the apple tree row; in addition, input in the south side of an apple tree row should be slightly greater than those in the north side of the row.
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Received: 06 August 2018
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