Abstract：［Background］ Preferential flow is the movement of water through specific pathways in soil rather than a more uniform flow through the soil structure. Because of soil heterogeneity, such as fractures, root channels, or wormholes, these preferential flow pathways frequently form. This fractal pattern can make it challenging to understand and describe the behavior of preferred flow routes. For accurate water and solute transport, it is need of hour to comprehend and describe the growth and evolution of preferential flow routes. Improvement in conventional models will be needed to capture preferential flow's complicated and nonlinear behavior. ［Methods］ Four 120cm×120cm plots were chosen and a dye tracing experiment was carried out to confirm the solute and water's preferred flow patterns on four plots. Data was analyzed in Origin Lab to create 3D graphs and tables and Sketchup Pro-2021. The 50 litters solution of Brilliant Blue (5g/L) and water were given to each plot. Each plot contained three vertical soil profiles of 150cm deep, and the profile walls underwent extensive knife preparation. The Brilliant Blue was left on the surface for 24h for the penetration in soil surface. ［Results］The results demonstrate that preferential flow is most prominent in the areas with minimal compaction and a preserved continuity of macro-pores. Conversely, the impact of compaction leads to a decrease in micro-porosity and weaker preferential flow patterns in compacted regions. Brilliant Blue reaches a maximum depth of 15.5cm in the soil. The movement of flow connectivity patterns (FCP) depends on different factors like roots, pores, cracks, etc. The Brilliant Blue goes maximum depth where the roots are available. In this study, Brilliant Blue movement has been shown in three-dimensional way by using Sketch Pro software for a better understanding of it. Moreover, this study reveals how compaction and subsequent recovery processes influence soil's susceptibility to water flow and surface runoff. By presenting comprehensive 3D representations, this study offers a superior understanding of the creation and evolution of water flow channels. ［Conclusions］ According to the water flow patterns discovered in this study, preferred flow is the strongest at the higher site free of compaction, where macro-pores continuity is preserved. Due to the compaction impact, the micro-porosity decreases, and it grows weaker on the lower side. This study enhances knowledge of preferential flow and its role in nutrient and water cycling within natural and agricultural ecosystems. The insights gained from this study can inform the development of improved management strategies for agricultural lands, facilitating sustainable and efficient water resource management.
基金资助:Three-dimensional structure of preferential flow and its influencing factors in Agricultural area of Sheikhupura, Pakistan
通讯作者:
NIU Jianzhi (1974-), female, doctor，professor. Main research interest: Forestry ecology construction. E-mail: nexk@bjfu.edu.cn
E-mail: nexk@bjfu.edu.cn
作者简介: Muhammad Atif (1997-), male, master degree candidate. Main research interest: Forestry ecology construction. E-mail: atifzulfiqar123@bjfu.edu.cn
引用本文:
MUHAMMAD Atif, NIU Jianzhi, MUHAMMAD Haris, MALIK Zoha. 巴基斯坦谢胡普拉农业区优先流三维结构及其影响因素[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2024, 22(3): 20-27.
MUHAMMAD Atif, NIU Jianzhi, MUHAMMAD Haris, MALIK Zoha. Three-dimensional structure of preferential flow
and its influencing factors in the agricultural
area of Sheikhupura, Pakistan. SSWC, 2024, 22(3): 20-27.
ALAOUI A, LIPIEC J, GERKE H H. A review of the changes in the soil pore system due to deformation: A hydrodynamic perspective[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2011, 115/116:1.
[2]
ALLAIRE S E, STÉPHANIE R, CESSNA A J. Quantifying preferential flow in soils: A review of different techniques[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2009,378（1/2）：179.
[3]
ARVIDSSON J, HÅKANSSON I. Do effects of soil compaction persist after ploughing, Results from 21 long-term field experiments in Sweden[J]. Soil & Tillage Research,1996,39(3/4):175.
[4]
BAVEYE P, BOAST C W, OGAWA S, et al. Influence of image resolution and thresholding on the apparent mass fractal characteristics of preferential flow patterns in field soils[J]. Water Resources Research. 1998, 34(11):2783.
[5]
BENGOUGH A G, CAMPBELL D J, O'SULLIVAN M F. Soil and environmental analysis: Penetrometer techniques in relation to soil compaction and root growth[M]. St.Petersburg,USA: City of CRC Press: CRC Press, 2000:377.
[6]
BUTTLE J M, MCDONALD D J. Coupled vertical and lateral preferential flow on a forested slope[J]. Journal of Water Resources Research, 2002,38(5):1.
[7]
CÁSSARO F A M, BORKOWSKI A K, PIRES L F, et al. Characterization of a Brazilian clayey soil submitted to conventional and no-tillage management practices using pore size distribution analysis[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2011,111(2):175.
[8]
ETANA A, & HÅKANSSON I. Swedish experiments on the persistence of subsoil compaction caused by vehicles with high axle load[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 1994,29(2/3):167.
[9]
GHAFOOR A, JARVIS N J, STENSTRÖM J. Modelling pesticide sorption in the surface and subsurface soils of an agricultural catchment[J]. Pest Management Science, 2012,69(8):919.
[10]
IVERSEN B V, MOLDRUP P, SCHJONNING P, et al. Air and water permeability in differently textured soils at two measurement scales[J]. Journal of Soil Science, 2001,166(10):643.
[11]
LIPIEC J, HÅKANSSON I. Influences of degree of compactness and matric water tension on some important plant growth factors[J]. Soil & Tillage Research, 2000,53(2):87.
2024, Vol. 22 
