光温条件和土壤湿度对栓皮栎幼苗蒸腾潜热和叶温的影响

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2017.01.008

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摘要研究光温条件和土壤湿度对栓皮栎幼苗叶片蒸腾的影响程度，以及太阳辐射、蒸腾和对流换热对叶温形成的贡献。用盆栽遮雨和称量法，控制土壤干旱胁迫水平（体积含水量）为轻度（12.5%~14.5%）、中度（9.5%~11.5%）和重度（5.5%~7.5%），并分别在自然和人工气候箱（温度控制在25~43℃）的环境下测定蒸腾速率和气象因子；用热量分析方法，定量确定各因子对叶温差的贡献。结果表明：1）轻度干旱下，蒸腾速率与正常土壤水分下相近，重度干旱胁迫下蒸腾速率降到1.5 mmol/（m²·s）以下；2）晴天的蒸腾速率与太阳辐射关系密切，呈正相关，不同土壤水分胁迫下的斜率不同，表明太阳辐射是蒸腾的主导因子；3）多云天时，蒸腾速率与太阳辐射的线性关系明显下降，说明白天蒸腾一旦开始，蒸腾速率不因短时间的太阳辐射下降而降低；4）在3个土壤干旱水平下，气温都不是蒸腾的主导因子。人工气候箱试验条件下，蒸腾速率虽与气温线性关系明显，但蒸腾速率明显小于晴天自然条件下。同时也说明，轻度干旱不影响栓皮栎蒸腾；在静风条件下，太阳辐射是栓皮栎叶温变化的主导因子，可使叶温变化7℃左右，占叶温变化的50%~70%；蒸腾潜热和对流换热项可使叶温变化1~2℃左右，各占叶温变化的10%~20%。本研究为构建栓皮栎的WSI，以及用叶气温差诊断栓皮栎土壤水分提供理论依据。

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	陈景玲
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	刘琳奇
	王谦
	王旭
	杨喜田
	张劲松

关键词 ：栓皮栎, 辐射, 温度, 土壤水分, 蒸腾速率, 叶温

Abstract：[Background] Drought threats plants' survival and in the same time it causes variation of their leaf temperature (T_L), which provides people an efficient path to diagnose soil moisture. Many scholars have been using crop leaf-air temperature deficit (LATD) to calculate crop water stress index (CWSI). However, there are few studies on leaf-air temperature of Quercus variabilis, and no works on diagnose of soil moisture. The transpiration (T_r) of Q. variabilis is less than that of crops, and its LATD is larger than agricultural crop, thus the water stress index (WSI) of Q. variabilis should be different to CWSI. The key that uses LATD to evaluate water stress is to analyze the energy factors of leaf temperature. [Methods] Watering the pots then soil moisture decreased through natural evaporation, we controlled soil moisture in 3 levels: light drought, 12.5%-14.5% (W₁); moderate drought, 9.5%-11.5% (W₂), and severe drought, 5.5%-7.5% (W₃). Selecting clear and cloudy days, from 8:00 to 18:00, we measured T_r and T_L as well as air temperature (t) and solar radiation (R). We also measured T_r in artificial chamber controlling temperature at 25-43℃, at every 2℃interval of treating temperature. According to the ratio of net radiation ΔR, convection Φ_c, latent heat of transpiration LE, and leaf area density ρ, heat capacity C_p:ΔR/ρC_p,Φ_c/ρC_p,LE/ρC_p ,we calculated the contribution of each energy item to T_L. [Results] 1) The T_r of W₁ was close to of normal soil moisture, the maximum T_r was 2.5 mmol/(m²·s). The T_r of W₂ and W₃ reduced to be <1.5 mmol/(m²·s). 2) In clear day, T_r positively related to solar radiation, which indicated that solar radiation was main factor of T_r. The slopes of the regression line between T_r and solar radiation were different with different soil moistures, the dryer the soil was, and the greater the slope was. 3) In cloudy day, the relation coefficient between T_r and solar radiation decreased clearly, which meant T_r did not decline with short time interval of radiation reducing, once transpiration started in the morning. 4) On any case of soil moisture, air temperature was not main factor of T_r. Though in artificial chamber the linear relation of T_r and temperature was clear, T_r was lower than natural clear day. [Conclusions] 1) Light drought did not impact T_r of Q. variabilis. 2) When wind speed was zero, solar radiation was main factor of leaf temperature variation. Net radiation accounted for 50%-70% of energy budget, and provided approximately 7℃ of leaf temperature variation. 3) The latent heat of T_r and convection heat exchange had an equal effect on energy budget, which accounted for 10%-20% respectively. Each of two factors caused approximately 1-2℃ of leaf temperature variation respectively.

Key words： Quercus variabilis radiation temperature soil moisture transpiration leaf temperature

收稿日期: 2016-08-04

PACS:

S167

基金资助:国家自然科学基金"基于气候空间上限列线的栓皮栎幼苗高温叠加干旱胁迫机制研究"（31370621），"番茄叶片低温胁迫气象指标的气候空间列线研究"（31071321）

通讯作者: 王谦(1963—),男,教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向:农林气象和林业生态。E-mail:wangqianhau@163.com E-mail: wangqianhau@163.com

作者简介: 陈景玲(1964—),女,副教授,硕士生导师。主要研究方向:农林气象。E-mail:chenjingling5@163.com

引用本文:

陈景玲¹, 王佩舒¹, 刘琳奇¹, 王谦¹, 王旭¹, 杨喜田¹, 张劲松². 光温条件和土壤湿度对栓皮栎幼苗蒸腾潜热和叶温的影响[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(1): 62-70.
CHEN Jingling, WANG Peishu, LIU Linqi, WANG Qian, WANG Xu, YANG Xitian, ZHANG Jinsong. Impacts of radiation, temperature and soil moisture on hidden heat of transpiration and leaf temperature of Quercus variabilis seedlings. SSWC, 2017, 15(1): 62-70.

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