寒区侵蚀产沙过程及模型算法研究进展

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2024094

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摘要寒区侵蚀产沙过程受到冰川消融、融雪及土壤冻融的影响。气候变化下该过程存在极大不确定性。完善现有分布式水沙模型以量化冰冻圈要素的影响是解析该过程的重要方向。基于广泛的文献调研,总结这3类要素如何影响侵蚀产沙过程及相关模型算法,并比较多个模型在寒区的适用性。发现:1)冰川主要通过冰川径流(其计算包括冰川动态算法、冰川融水量的计算及不同分配方式)和基岩侵蚀(其计算可采用经验方法得到冰川区总输沙量后与水沙模型耦合)2方面影响侵蚀产沙过程;2)融雪过程增加地表产流,因此融雪量常被视为动能为0的降雨参与侵蚀计算;3)土壤冻融作用包括冻融深度影响产流量、冻融循环增加土壤可蚀性以及冻融深度对土壤可侵蚀范围的限制;4)现有模型对冰冻圈径流过程的考虑较完善,但对冰川消融和土壤冻融影响下的侵蚀产沙考虑不足。为此,建议在现有模型基础上补充相关算法完善模型结构,从而提高模型在寒区的适用性,以期采用改进后的模型量化冰冻圈要素对侵蚀产沙过程的影响,帮助明确寒区侵蚀产沙过程机制及未来变化规律。

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	许杏
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关键词 ：水沙模型, 冰川, 融雪, 土壤冻融, 综述

Abstract：[Background] Erosion and sediment generation processes not only respond to climate and land use changes, but also further affect regional ecological environment and sustainable development, which is one of the most important land surface processes. The erosion and sediment generation in cold regions are affected by cryospheric processes such as glacier melting, snowmelt, and soil freeze-thaw. Under the influence of climate change, these processes and sediment flux change have great uncertainty. To analyze the mechanism and future changes of the erosion and sediment generation in cold regions, it is very important to improve the existing hydrological model to quantify the influence of cryospheric elements. [Methods] We conducted a large number of literature reviews based on Web of Science and CNKI databases, summarized the influences of glacier melt, snowmelt and soil freeze-thaw on the erosion and sediment generation and related model algorithms, then compares the applicability of existing distributed hydrological models in cold regions. [Results] 1) Glaciers mainly affect erosion and sediment generation through glacier runoff and glacier bedrock erosion. The calculation of glacier meltwater includes energy balance algorithm, temperature index algorithm and their improved versions, and then glacier runoff is calculated combining with different glacier dynamic algorithm and distribution methods of glacier meltwater in different hydrological models; the impact of bedrock erosion can be obtained by taking the glacier area as a whole to calculate the sediment flux and then coupling it with hydrological model. 2) The snowmelt process mainly affects erosion by increasing surface runoff. Snowmelt is also calculated by energy balance algorithm, temperature index algorithm or its improved versions and then usually treated as rainfall with zero kinetic energy to calculate erosion and sediment flux. 3) The impact of soil freeze-thaw includes freeze-thaw depth affecting runoff, freeze-thaw cycle increasing soil erodibility and freeze-thaw depth limiting the contributing erosion extent, which are mostly calculated by conceptual or empirical methods. 4) The existing hydrological models are relatively complete in calculating runoff under the influences of glacier melt, snowmelt, and soil freeze-thaw, but they do not adequately consider the effects of glacier melt and soil freeze-thaw on erosion and sediment generation. [Conclusions] Based on the above summary, it is suggested that the existing model should add relevant algorithms to refine their model structure, then to enhance the applicability of existing models in cold regions. And in future studies, we can quantify the influence of cryosphere elements on erosion and sediment generation with the improved hydrological model, which will contribute to a better understanding of these processes and their future changes in cold regions.

Key words： runoff-sediment model glacier snowmelt soil freeze-thaw review

收稿日期: 2024-07-01

PACS:

P333

基金资助:国家自然科学基金"青藏高原水沙及水环境过程与格局"(42125104)

通讯作者: 张凡(1976—),女,博士,研究员。主要研究方向:青藏高原水沙及水环境。E-mail:zhangfan@itpcas.ac.cn E-mail: zhangfan@itpcas.ac.cn

作者简介: 许杏(1999—),女,博士研究生。主要研究方向:高寒流域水沙模拟。E-mail:xuxing@itpcas.ac.cn

引用本文:

许杏, 张凡, 曾辰, 郭蓓蓓, 向宇轩, 刘超. 寒区侵蚀产沙过程及模型算法研究进展[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2024, 22(4): 1-13.
XU Xing, ZHANG Fan, ZENG Chen, GUO Beibei, XIANG Yuxuan, LIU Chao. Advances in erosion and sediment generation processes and related model algorithms in cold region. SSWC, 2024, 22(4): 1-13.

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